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==Users==
==Users==
*{{flag|Austria-Hungary}} – seized during World War I,<ref name="lugosi2008">Lugosi, József (2008). "Gyalogsági fegyverek 1868–2008". In Lugosi, József; Markó, György. Hazánk dicsőségére: 160 éves a Magyar Honvédség. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. p. 382-383. {{ISBN|978-963-327-461-3}}.</ref>
*{{flag|Austria-Hungary}} – seized during World War I.<ref name="lugosi2008">Lugosi, József (2008). "Gyalogsági fegyverek 1868–2008". In Lugosi, József; Markó, György. Hazánk dicsőségére: 160 éves a Magyar Honvédség. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. p. 382-383. {{ISBN|978-963-327-461-3}}.</ref>
*{{flag|Kingdom of Bulgaria}},<ref name="Gaz">{{cite magazine|title=La mitrailleuse russe Maxim modèle 1910 |first=Roger|last= Out |url=http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-365-mai-2005/page-46-47-texte-integral|page=47|magazine=Gazette des armes|language=fr|issue=365|date=May 2005}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]<ref name="Gaz">{{cite magazine|title=La mitrailleuse russe Maxim modèle 1910 |first=Roger|last= Out |url=http://fr.1001mags.com/parution/gazette-des-armes/numero-365-mai-2005/page-46-47-texte-integral|page=47|magazine=Gazette des armes|language=fr|issue=365|date=May 2005}}</ref>
⚫
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[China]]<ref name="Korea" />
* {{flag|First Czechoslovak Republic}} – in January 1942 first twelve Soviet Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were given from USSR to 1st Czechoslovak Independent Infantry Battalion, later additional quantity was given to other units of the [[1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union|1st Czechoslovak Army Corps]],<ref>Ермаков В. Ф. Из истории советско-чехословацкого боевого содружества // «Военно-исторический журнал», 1988, № 3. стр.11-16</ref>
* {{flagicon|First Czechoslovak Republic}} [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] – in January 1942 first twelve Soviet Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were given from USSR to 1st Czechoslovak Independent Infantry Battalion, later additional quantity was given to other units of the [[1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union|1st Czechoslovak Army Corps]].<ref>Ермаков В. Ф. Из истории советско-чехословацкого боевого содружества // «Военно-исторический журнал», 1988, № 3. стр.11-16</ref>
⚫
*{{flag|North Korea}},<ref name="Korea">{{cite book|last=Kinard|first=Jeff|url=https://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A1645C|title=The Encyclopedia of the Korean War: A Political, Social, and Military History|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-85109-849-1|editor-last1=Tucker|editor-first1=Spencer C.|edition=2nd|volume=1. A-L|page=535|chapter=Machine guns|date=9 April 2010|editor-last2=Pierpaoli|editor-first2=Paul G. Jr. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZNxDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA535}}</ref>
* {{flag|Finland}},<ref name="Finland"/>
* {{flag|Finland}}<ref name="Finland"/>
*{{flag|German Empire}} – a quantity of machine guns was seized during World War I,
*{{flag|German Empire}} – a quantity of machine guns was seized during World War I.
*{{flag|Kingdom of Hungary}} – after June 22, 1941, a quantity of machine guns was seized by Hungarian troops during [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion in USSR]]. Since 1945, Soviet Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were given from USSR to [[People's Republic of Hungary]],<ref name="lugosi2008"/>
*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Hungary}} [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] – after June 22, 1941, a quantity of machine guns was seized by Hungarian troops during [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion in USSR]]. Since 1945, Soviet Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were given from the Soviet Union to the [[People's Republic of Hungary]].<ref name="lugosi2008"/>
*{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolian People's Republic]],
*{{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolian People's Republic|Mongolia]]
* {{flag|Nazi Germany}} – in September 1939 a quantity of Polish ''wz. 1910'' and ''wz. 1910/28'' was seized by the [[Wehrmacht]]. After June 22, 1941, a quantity of Soviet machine guns was seized by German troops during [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion in USSR]], they were used as schweres Maschinengewehr 216(r),<ref>Terry Gander, Peter Chamberlain. Enzyklopädie deutscher Waffen 1939–1945. Handwaffen, Artillerie, Beutewaffen, Sonderwaffen. Motorbuch Verlag, 2008.</ref>
* {{flag|Nazi Germany}} – in September 1939 a quantity of Polish ''wz. 1910'' and ''wz. 1910/28'' was seized by the [[Wehrmacht]]. After June 22, 1941, a quantity of Soviet machine guns was seized by German troops during [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion in USSR]], they were used as schweres Maschinengewehr 216(r).<ref>Terry Gander, Peter Chamberlain. Enzyklopädie deutscher Waffen 1939–1945. Handwaffen, Artillerie, Beutewaffen, Sonderwaffen. Motorbuch Verlag, 2008.</ref>
⚫
*{{flag|North Korea}}<ref name="Korea">{{cite book|last=Kinard|first=Jeff|url=https://www.abc-clio.com/ABC-CLIOCorporate/product.aspx?pc=A1645C|title=The Encyclopedia of the Korean War: A Political, Social, and Military History|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|isbn=978-1-85109-849-1|editor-last1=Tucker|editor-first1=Spencer C.|edition=2nd|volume=1. A-L|page=535|chapter=Machine guns|date=9 April 2010|editor-last2=Pierpaoli|editor-first2=Paul G. Jr. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZNxDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA535}}</ref>
*
⚫
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] – Maxim wz. 1910 and Maxim wz. 1910/28<ref>Andrzej Konstankiewicz. Broń strzelecka i sprzęt artyleryjski formacji polskich i Wojska Polskiego w latach 1914-1939. Warszawa, 2003. str.113</ref>
⚫
* {{flag|People's Republic of China}},<ref name="Korea" />
⚫
*{{flagicon|Kingdom of Romania}} [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] – at least several machine guns were captured during the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] and disarmament of retreating armed anti-Soviet groups crossing the Romanian border in 1917 - 1920s. After June 22, 1941, an additional quantity was seized by Romanian troops during [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion in USSR]]. In 1944 several Soviet Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were given from USSR to [[Tudor Vladimirescu Division|Romanian 1st Volunteer Infantry Division]].<ref>Сведения штаба Московского военного округа о материальном обеспечении 1-й румынской пехотной дивизии, 1 апреля 1944 г. // Освободительная миссия Советских Вооружённых Сил в Европе во второй мировой войне: документы и материалы. М., Воениздат, 1985. стр.87-88</ref> After [[King Michael's Coup|23 August 1944 coup d'état]] additional Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were transferred from the Soviet Union to the Romanian Army.
⚫
* {{flag|Republic of China}},<ref name="China">{{cite book|title=China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949|series=General Military|first= Philip|last= Jowett|date=20 Nov 2013 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=9781782004073 |pages=129, 147}}</ref>
* {{flag|Russian Empire}},<ref name="autogenerated3" />
* {{flag|Russian Empire}}<ref name="autogenerated3" />
*{{flagicon image|War flag of Novorussia.svg}} [[Russian separatist forces in Donbas]],<ref name="Ukrainian" />
*{{flagicon image|War flag of Novorussia.svg}} [[Russian separatist forces in Donbas]]<ref name="Ukrainian" />
*{{flag|Soviet Union}},<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref name=autogenerated2 />
*{{flag|Soviet Union}}<ref name=autogenerated3 /><ref name=autogenerated2 />
⚫
* {{flagicon|Republic of China}} [[Taiwan]]<ref name="China">{{cite book|title=China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949|series=General Military|first= Philip|last= Jowett|date=20 Nov 2013 |publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=9781782004073 |pages=129, 147}}</ref>
⚫
*{{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} – at least several machine guns were captured during the [[Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War]] and disarmament of retreating armed anti-Soviet groups crossing the Romanian border in 1917 - 1920s. After June 22, 1941, an additional quantity was seized by Romanian troops during [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion in USSR]]. In 1944 several Soviet Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were given from USSR to [[Tudor Vladimirescu Division|Romanian 1st Volunteer Infantry Division]].<ref>Сведения штаба Московского военного округа о материальном обеспечении 1-й румынской пехотной дивизии, 1 апреля 1944 г. // Освободительная миссия Советских Вооружённых Сил в Европе во второй мировой войне: документы и материалы. М., Воениздат, 1985. стр.87-88</ref> After [[King Michael's Coup|23 August 1944 coup d'état]] additional Maxim 1910/30 machine guns were transferred from USSR to the Romanian Army,
⚫
*{{flagicon|Poland}} [[Second Polish Republic]] – Maxim wz. 1910 and Maxim wz. 1910/28,<ref>Andrzej Konstankiewicz. Broń strzelecka i sprzęt artyleryjski formacji polskich i Wojska Polskiego w latach 1914-1939. Warszawa, 2003. str.113</ref>
*{{flag|Ukraine}} – in August 2011, 35 000 ex-Soviet Maxim machine guns were stored in the warehouses of the [[Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)|Ministry of Defense of Ukraine]]<ref>"''7,62 мм кулемет Максим - 35 000 штук''"<br />[http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/22%D0%B0-2011-%D1%80/ розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 1022-р від 15 серпня 2011 р. "Перелік військового майна Збройних Сил, яке може бути відчужено"]</ref> although at least four of them were written off and scrapped later.<ref>[http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/108-2012-%D1%80 Розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 108-р від 29 лютого 2012 р. "Про утилізацію стрілецької зброї"]</ref><ref>"''7,62 мм кулемет Максим - 2''"<br />[https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/687-2013-%D1%80 Розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 687-р від 14 серпня 2013 р. "Про затвердження додаткового переліку військового майна Збройних Сил, яке може бути відчужено"].</ref> They were used during the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]] by Ukrainian troops. In December 2016 they were officially adopted by the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]].<ref>[https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/3845791 Минобороны Украины вернуло на вооружение пулемет "Максим"]</ref> The Maxim has been used in combat following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boffey |first=Daniel |date=2023-06-21 |title=Zelenskiy admits counteroffensive may be going ‘slower than desired’ |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/21/volodymyr-zelenskiy-admits-ukrainian-counter-offensive-going-slower-than-desired |access-date=2023-06-21 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gault |first=Matthew |date=2023-03-21 |title=Ukraine Is Successfully Using a 140-Year-Old Machine Gun Against Russia |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxjqx4/ukraine-is-successfully-using-a-140-year-old-machine-gun-against-russia |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> proving useful for defending Ukrainian positions against Russian infantry assaults by permitting continuous fire without overheating. Ukrainian forces have been seen using a Maxim gun equipped with modern accessories like optics and a [[suppressor]].<ref name=":0" />
*{{flag|Ukraine}} – in August 2011, 35 000 ex-Soviet Maxim machine guns were stored in the warehouses of the [[Ministry of Defence (Ukraine)|Ministry of Defense of Ukraine]]<ref>"''7,62 мм кулемет Максим - 35 000 штук''"<br />[http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/22%D0%B0-2011-%D1%80/ розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 1022-р від 15 серпня 2011 р. "Перелік військового майна Збройних Сил, яке може бути відчужено"]</ref> although at least four of them were written off and scrapped later.<ref>[http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/108-2012-%D1%80 Розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 108-р від 29 лютого 2012 р. "Про утилізацію стрілецької зброї"]</ref><ref>"''7,62 мм кулемет Максим - 2''"<br />[https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/687-2013-%D1%80 Розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 687-р від 14 серпня 2013 р. "Про затвердження додаткового переліку військового майна Збройних Сил, яке може бути відчужено"].</ref> They were used during the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]] by Ukrainian troops. In December 2016 they were officially adopted by the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]].<ref>[https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/3845791 Минобороны Украины вернуло на вооружение пулемет "Максим"]</ref> The Maxim has been used in combat following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Boffey |first=Daniel |date=2023-06-21 |title=Zelenskiy admits counteroffensive may be going ‘slower than desired’ |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/21/volodymyr-zelenskiy-admits-ukrainian-counter-offensive-going-slower-than-desired |access-date=2023-06-21 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gault |first=Matthew |date=2023-03-21 |title=Ukraine Is Successfully Using a 140-Year-Old Machine Gun Against Russia |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/wxjqx4/ukraine-is-successfully-using-a-140-year-old-machine-gun-against-russia |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Vice |language=en}}</ref> proving useful for defending Ukrainian positions against Russian infantry assaults by permitting continuous fire without overheating. Ukrainian forces have been seen using a Maxim gun equipped with modern accessories like optics and a [[suppressor]].<ref name=":0" />


Revision as of 15:29, 20 July 2024

Pulyemyot Maksima PM1910
TypeHeavy machine gun
Place of originRussian Empire[1]
Service history
In service1910–present
Used bySee Users
WarsWorld War I[2]
Russian Revolution
Russian Civil War[1]
Turkish War of Independence
Polish–Soviet War
Finnish Civil War
Estonian War of Independence
Warlord Era[3]
Spanish Civil War
Winter War
Chinese Civil War
World War II[4]
Second Sino-Japanese War
Korean War
Vietnam War
Syrian Civil War[citation needed]
War in Donbas[5]
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[6]
Production history
Designed1909–1910[2]
Produced1910–1939
1941–1945
No. builtat least 176,000[citation needed]
Specifications
Mass62.66 kg (138.1 lb)[1]
Length1,067 mm (42 in)
Barrel length721 mm (28.4 in)
Cartridge7.62×54mmR[4][1]
ActionShort recoil, toggle locked
Rate of fire600 round/min[1]
Muzzle velocity740 m/s (2,427 ft/s)
Feed system250-round belt[1]

The Pulyemyot Maksima PM1910 (Russian: Пулемёт Максима образца 1910 года, romanized: Pulemyot Maksima obraztsa 1910 goda, lit. 'Maxim's machine gun Model 1910'), or PM M1910, is a heavy machine gun that was used by the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and the Red Army during the Russian Civil War and World War II. Later the gun saw service in the Korean War, the Vietnam War and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

History

It was adopted in August 1910 and was derived from Hiram Maxim's Maxim gun, chambered for the standard Russian 7.62×54mmR rifle cartridge. The M1910 was mounted on a wheeled mount with a gun shield.[4]

In 1918–1920, 21,000 new Maxim 1910 machine guns were manufactured in the Soviet Union for the Red Army.[1]

In 1930, a modernized version 1910/30 was adopted by the Red Army.[4] M1910/30 can be equipped with optical sight.[7]

In 1941, the gun was modernized once again.[4]

In May 1942, an order was given to begin the development of a new machine gun to replace the Maxim 1910/30. On May 15, 1943, the SG-43 Goryunov was adopted and since summer 1943 Maxim guns were replaced in Soviet service by the SG-43, which retained the wheeled and shielded carriage. However, production of the Maxim did not end until 1945.[4]

In addition to the main infantry version, there were aircraft-mounted and naval variants. Some were fitted with a tractor radiator cap fitted on top of the water jacket to allow handfuls of snow to be packed in to melt while firing.

After World War II, the Maxim was phased out of service, but was still sent in some quantities to the Korean War and Vietnam War. In 2014 during the war in Donbas, some Maxims in stock were captured by the Pro-Russian separatists while others were taken from storage to be used by the Ukrainian Armed Forces.[5] A number were used by the Ukrainian military during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine due to their reputation for accuracy and reliability.[8]

Variants

  • Russian Empire
    • "Maxim's machine gun model 1910 on a wheeled Sokolov's mount" (Пулемёт Максима обр. 1910 года на колёсном станке А. А. Соколова обр. 1910 года)[2]
    • "Maxim's machine gun model 1915 on a wheeled Kolesnikov's mount" (Пулемёт Максима обр. 1910 года на колёсном станке Колесникова обр. 1915 года)[2]
  • Soviet Union
    • "Maxim's machine gun model 1910 on an antiaircraft tripod" (Пулемёт Максима образца 1910 года на зенитной треноге М. Н. Кондакова обр. 1928 года)[2]
    • "Maxim's machine gun model 1910/30 on a wheeled Vladimirov's mount" (Пулемёт Максима образца 1910/30 года на колёсном станке С. В. Владимирова обр. 1931 года)[2]
    • Maxim-Tokarev
    • PV-1 machine gun
    • ZPU-4 (Зенитная пулемётная установка М-4 образца 1931 года) - quadruple anti-aircraft mount.
  • Finland
  • Second Polish Republic

Users

  • Soviet troops receiving instruction on the M1910/30.
    Soviet troops receiving instruction on the M1910/30.
  • Soviet Red Army machinegunners with a M1910/30 in the Battle of Kursk.
    Soviet Red Army machinegunners with a M1910/30 in the Battle of Kursk.
  • A Red Army tachanka on display. Notice that it is mounted with a PM M1910/30.
    A Red Army tachanka on display. Notice that it is mounted with a PM M1910/30.
  • Quad mounted Maxim M1910/30 guns—the first ZPU.
    Quad mounted Maxim M1910/30 guns—the first ZPU.
  • Ottoman soldiers with captured Russian machine gun during WW1
    Ottoman soldiers with captured Russian machine gun during WW1

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Пулемёты // Гражданская война и военная интервенция в СССР. Энциклопедия / редколл., гл. ред. С. С. Хромов. — 2-е изд. — М., «Советская энциклопедия», 1987. стр.490-491
  2. ^ a b c d e f Семён Федосеев. Столетие легендарного "Максима" // журнал "Мастер-ружьё", № 11 (164), ноябрь 2010. стр.40-46
  3. ^ a b Jowett, Philip (20 Nov 2013). China's Wars: Rousing the Dragon 1894-1949. General Military. Osprey Publishing. pp. 129, 147. ISBN 9781782004073.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "На вооружении Советской Армии состояли станковые пулемёты Максима образца 1910, модернизированные в 1930 и 1941"
    Пулемёты // Великая Отечественная война 1941 - 1945. Энциклопедия. / редколл., гл. ред. М. М. Козлов. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1985. стр.594-595
  5. ^ a b c Trevithick, Joseph (5 February 2020). "Ukrainian Troops Are Still Using This Pre-World War I-Era Maxim Machine Gun In Combat". The Drive.
  6. ^ "Age old weapons are shaping Russia-Ukraine war, here is the list".
  7. ^ Описание пулемётного оптического прицела обр. 1930. Москва, Ленинград; Отдел Издательства Народного Комиссариата Обороны Союза ССР. 1951 г.
  8. ^ "Why Ukraine's army still uses a 100-year-old machinegun". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  9. ^ a b c "The Finnish Maxims: M09/21 & M32/33". mosinnagant.net. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  10. ^ a b Lugosi, József (2008). "Gyalogsági fegyverek 1868–2008". In Lugosi, József; Markó, György. Hazánk dicsőségére: 160 éves a Magyar Honvédség. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó. p. 382-383. ISBN 978-963-327-461-3.
  11. ^ Out, Roger (May 2005). "La mitrailleuse russe Maxim modèle 1910". Gazette des armes (in French). No. 365. p. 47.
  12. ^ a b Kinard, Jeff (9 April 2010). "Machine guns". In Tucker, Spencer C.; Pierpaoli, Paul G. Jr. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of the Korean War: A Political, Social, and Military History. Vol. 1. A-L (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 535. ISBN 978-1-85109-849-1.
  13. ^ Ермаков В. Ф. Из истории советско-чехословацкого боевого содружества // «Военно-исторический журнал», 1988, № 3. стр.11-16
  14. ^ Terry Gander, Peter Chamberlain. Enzyklopädie deutscher Waffen 1939–1945. Handwaffen, Artillerie, Beutewaffen, Sonderwaffen. Motorbuch Verlag, 2008.
  15. ^ Andrzej Konstankiewicz. Broń strzelecka i sprzęt artyleryjski formacji polskich i Wojska Polskiego w latach 1914-1939. Warszawa, 2003. str.113
  16. ^ Сведения штаба Московского военного округа о материальном обеспечении 1-й румынской пехотной дивизии, 1 апреля 1944 г. // Освободительная миссия Советских Вооружённых Сил в Европе во второй мировой войне: документы и материалы. М., Воениздат, 1985. стр.87-88
  17. ^ "7,62 мм кулемет Максим - 35 000 штук"
    розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 1022-р від 15 серпня 2011 р. "Перелік військового майна Збройних Сил, яке може бути відчужено"
  18. ^ Розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 108-р від 29 лютого 2012 р. "Про утилізацію стрілецької зброї"
  19. ^ "7,62 мм кулемет Максим - 2"
    Розпорядження Кабінету міністрів України № 687-р від 14 серпня 2013 р. "Про затвердження додаткового переліку військового майна Збройних Сил, яке може бути відчужено".
  20. ^ Минобороны Украины вернуло на вооружение пулемет "Максим"
  21. ^ Boffey, Daniel (2023-06-21). "Zelenskiy admits counteroffensive may be going 'slower than desired'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
  22. ^ a b Gault, Matthew (2023-03-21). "Ukraine Is Successfully Using a 140-Year-Old Machine Gun Against Russia". Vice. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
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