The Sun Also Rises: Difference between revisions

The Sun Also Rises
	First edition cover
Author	Ernest Hemingway
Language	English
Genre	Novel
Publisher	Charles Scribner's Sons (USA) & Jonathan Cape (UK as ¡Fiesta!)
Publication date	June 1926 (USA) & 1927 (UK)
Publication place	United States
Media type	Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Pages	259 pp (hardback first edition)
ISBN	NA Parameter error in {{ISBNT}}: invalid character

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The Sun Also Rises is considered the first significant novel by Ernest Hemingway. Published in 1926, the plot centers on a group of expatriate Americans in Europe during the 1920s. The book's title, selected by Hemingway's publisher, is taken from Ecclesiastes 1:5: "the sun also ariseth." Hemingway's own title for the novel was ¡Fiesta!, which was used in the UK and Spanish edition of the novel.

Plot introduction

The novel is a powerful insight in to the lives and values of the so called 'lost generation', a generation supposedly scarred by the effects of World War I. The main characters are Jake Barnes and Brett Ashley. Barnes suffered an injury during World War I which makes him unable to consummate a sexual relationship with Brett. The action follows Jake and his various companions across France and Spain. Here Jake manages to find peace away from Brett and her followers, by taking a fishing trip deep in the Spanish hills. The Corrida in Pamplona is the setting for a meeting of all the characters, who play out their various desires and anxieties, alongside a great deal of drinking. This takes place amongst the rituals and action of the bull fight festival. The novel ends ambiguously, with people going their separate ways, and Jake going off to help out Brett.

Major themes

The novel has heavy undercurrents of suppressed emotions and buried values. Its weary and aimless expatriates serve as metaphors for society's lost optimism and innocence after the war. The topic of war is rarely discussed explicitly by any of the characters, but its effects are alluded to through the sexual impotence of Jake and his war wound, and the behaviour of the other characters. Carlos Baker described them as "floundering in an emulsion of ennui and alcohol." (Carlos Baker Hemingway: The Writer as Artist Princeton University Press, 1973) Whilst the war is never overtly discussed, it is prevalent as the tragedy that affects the way characters are able to deal with themselves, and post-war society. The themes of the novel are portrayed by the quotation at the opening of the book: "One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh; but the earth abideth forever." A famous scene from the book, graphically describing the running of the bulls in Pamplona, Spain, helped popularize that event in English-speaking cultures.^{[citation needed]}

Allusions/references to actual history, geography

The novel was a roman à clef, as many of the characters were based on Hemingway and his friends who accompanied him to Spain in 1925. The character of Robert Cohn is a savage portrait of novelist Harold Loeb, who aroused the anger of Hemingway by indulging in a tryst with Lady Duff Twysden in Normandy before bringing her to Spain. Twysden was the model for Brett Ashley. Kathleen Eaton Cannell was the model for Frances Clyne. Ford Madox Ford was the model for Braddocks. Hemingway based the character of Barnes on himself. Jacob Barnes is also considered to be an allusion to Jacob in the Old Testament.

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 ==Allusions/references to actual history, geography==
-The novel was a [[roman à clef]], as many of the characters were based on Hemingway and his friends who accompanied him to [[Spain]] in 1925.  The character of [[Robert Cohn]] is a savage portrait of novelist [[Harold Loeb]], who aroused the anger of Hemingway by indulging in a [[tryst]] with [[Lady Duff Twysden]] in [[Normandy]] before bringing her to [[Spain]]. Twysden was the model for Brett Ashley; Hemingway based the character of Barnes on himself. Jacob Barnes is also considered to be an [[allusion]] to [[Jacob]] in [[the Old Testament]].
+The novel was a [[roman à clef]], as many of the characters were based on Hemingway and his friends who accompanied him to [[Spain]] in 1925.  The character of [[Robert Cohn]] is a savage portrait of novelist [[Harold Loeb]], who aroused the anger of Hemingway by indulging in a [[tryst]] with [[Lady Duff Twysden]] in [[Normandy]] before bringing her to [[Spain]].  Twysden was the model for Brett Ashley.  [[Kathleen Eaton Cannell]] was the model for Frances Clyne.  [[Ford Madox Ford]] was the model for Braddocks.  Hemingway based the character of Barnes on himself. Jacob Barnes is also considered to be an [[allusion]] to [[Jacob]] in [[the Old Testament]].
 ==See also==