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Conflicts arose with leading members of the [[Sindhi people|Bhaibund community]] <ref name=John_Wallis_Negotiation_of_Identity>{{Citation
Conflicts arose with leading members of the [[Sindhi people|Bhaibund community]].<ref name=John_Wallis_Negotiation_of_Identity>{{Citation
| last = Walliss | first = John
| last = Walliss | first = John
| title = Reflexive Traditions: New Religious Movements and the 'Negotiation' of Identity
| title = Reflexive Traditions: New Religious Movements and the 'Negotiation' of Identity
| pages = 4-5
| pages = 4-5
| year = 2001 }}
| year = 2001 }}
</ref>
</ref> after Dada Lekhraj created controversies over the marriages of his daughters confronting the authority of his local community and taking his daughter back. There was also concern over the involvement of children in the organization. His demands for women followers to remain celibate or leave their marriages challenged the prevailing social expectations that such renunciation was proper only for men breaking apart families. The 'Anti-Om Mandali Committee' formed by male family members persecuted Dada Lekhraj's (Brahma Baba) group, prompting their flight from Hyderabad to Karachi and the group's subsequent withdrawal from society.


Some Hindu members of the Sindh Assembly threatened to resign unless the Om Mandali was outlawed. So, the Sindh Government used the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908 to declare the Om Mandali an unlawful association.<ref name="Hardayal_Hardy_Struggles"/> Under further pressure from the Hindu leaders in the Assembly, the Government also ordered the Om Mandali to close and vacate its premises.<ref name="Indian_Problem">{{cite book
Some Hindu members of the Sindh Assembly threatened to resign unless the Om Mandali was outlawed. So, the Sindh Government used the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908 to declare the Om Mandali an unlawful association.<ref name="Hardayal_Hardy_Struggles"/> Under further pressure from the Hindu leaders in the Assembly, the Government also ordered the Om Mandali to close and vacate its premises.<ref name="Indian_Problem">{{cite book

Revision as of 17:02, 26 August 2007

Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University
Formation1930s
Typemillenarianist New Religious Movement
HeadquartersRajasthan, India
Official language
Hindi, English
Founder
Lekhraj Kripalani (1876-1969), known as "Brahma Baba" to the followers
Key people
Janki Kripalani, Jayanti Kirpalani
Websitebkwsu.org

Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University (BKWSU) or Prajapita Brahma Kumaris Ishwariya Vishwa Vidyalaya is a monastic, renunciate [1] Millenarian[2][3] new religious movement (NRM) of Indian origin. It teaches a meditation it calls Raja Yoga although not classical Raja Yoga [4][1]. Brahma Kumari (literally: "daughters of Brahma") followers are knows as "BKs". The religion promotes four main principles of life; Yoga, Gyan, Darna, Seva (meditation, knowledge, practice, service) and advocates a vegetarian diet, celibacy, and avoidance of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco [3][5].

Early history

See also: Lekhraj Kripalani

The origin of BKWSU can be traced to the group "Om Mandali", founded by Lekhraj Kripalani (1876-1969)[6][7] in Hyderabad, Sindh in the 1930s. Lekhraj Kripalani, known as "Dada Lekhraj" and later known as "Brahma Baba" to his followers, was a Bhaibund merchant and follower of the Vaishnavite Vallabhacharya Sect.[8] [9] Dada Lekhraj (Brahma Baba) retired from his business in 1932 with assets of 1,000,000 Indian rupees[6] to turn to spirituality. The BKWSU profess that God entered and started speaking through him as a medium. They believed that this God was called Shiva, describing as the Supreme Soul, and teach that he is one God of all other religions as well. From the beginning, the group has used a number trance-messengers[10]. Lekhraj started holding satsangs which attracted many people and the group became known as Om Mandali. In 1937, he named some of his followers to a managing committee, then reportedly transferred his fortune to the committee.[11] Several women joined Om Mandali, and contributed their wealth to the association as well.[6]

Conflicts arose with leading members of the Bhaibund community.[12]

Some Hindu members of the Sindh Assembly threatened to resign unless the Om Mandali was outlawed. So, the Sindh Government used the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908 to declare the Om Mandali an unlawful association.[6] Under further pressure from the Hindu leaders in the Assembly, the Government also ordered the Om Mandali to close and vacate its premises.[13] The Om Mandali successfully appealed against the Government order in court.

In April 1950, after the partition of India, the Brahma Kumaris moved to Mount Abu in India, saying that they had been instructed by God to do so.[9] After Dada Lekhraj's (Brahma Baba) death in 1969, his followers expanded the movement to other countries.[14]

Expansion

Om Shanti Bawan, the main hall at the Brahma Kumaris headquarters

Beginning in the 1950s, the Brahma Kumaris began an internationalization expansion program, [15] establishing centers across India with female teachers. From 1964 to 1969 methods of outreach began involving exhibitions, seminars and conferences in different parts of India.[16]

The leadership of the BK movement remains primarily female. For example, in the UK, only one-third of the 42 centers are run by males.[17] According to the BKWSU website, there are currently 825,000 students and over 8,500 Raja Yoga centres in 100 countries and territories.[18]According to sources quoted in the Adherents website, worldwide membership ranges from 35,000 (in 1993) to 400,000 (in 1998) [19].

Activities

The Brahma Kumaris conduct their traditional seven one-hour-long courses in their philosophy and open-eyed meditation technique. The organization offers courses in "positive thinking," "self management leadership", and "living values."[20]

The Brahma Kumaris also have a number of voluntary outreach programs in prisons[21].

Lifestyle

The movement teaches that the world is approaching a time of great change that will be heralded by war, natural calamities and suffering.[3] As a form of developing inner spiritual resilience, the Brahma Kumaris adopt a disciplined lifestyle[22][23] which involves:

  • Celibacy, including no sex within marriage.[24][3]. So long as chastity is followed, marriage and family life will be allowed[24]
  • Sattvic vegetarianism, a strict lacto-vegetarian diet.[25] (excluding eggs, onions, garlic and/or spicy food) cooked only by the self or other members[3][5]
  • Keeping a "Daily Chart" or journal as a means of spiritual self-progress.
  • Abstaining from alcohol, tobacco and non-prescription drugs.[25][3]
  • A high degree of physical cleanliness.[citation needed]
  • Regular early morning meditation at 4:00[3] to 4:45 am, called 'Amrit Vela.'
  • Regular morning class at approximately 6:30 am.[26]
  • A practice known as 'Traffic Control,' which is when one engages in moments of meditation interspersed throughout the day.
  • Men and women traditionally sit on separate sides of the room at the centers during classes.[3]
  • Brahma Kumaris can be identified by their frequent adoption of wearing white clothes, to symbolize purity.[27][28][29]
  • Recommends that companions (friends/family) be other BKs as opposed to non-BKs given over to worldly pleasures, known as bhogis.[3]

Beliefs

File:Wdivinedecree.jpg

This file may be deleted at any time. "Divine Decree. A Revelation as to How and Through which Divine Dictator Bharat attains complete Self-Rule". Prajapati Brahma-kumaris, Karachi. 1943

In 1952, after a 14 year period of retreat during which Dada Lekhraj (Brahma Baba) published numerous pamphlets, newspaper articles and wrote letters to important national and international figures, a more structured form of teaching began to be offered to the public by way of a seven lesson course [8]. The movement separates itself from Hinduism and projects itself as a "vehicle for spiritual teaching" instead[26][4].

God

File:Cycle and Trimurti A4.jpg

This file may be deleted at any time. "Truth about The Creator and The Creation"

God (Shiva) is considered to be an eternal soul like human souls but the Supreme one. He is knowledgeful and His purpose is to awaken humanity and restore harmony, giving power through the Brahma Kumaris' practise of Raja Yoga and eliminating evil and negativity. He is not the creator of matter which is itself considered to be eternal.[4]

Self

Human and even animal souls are called atmas by the BKs and said to be an infinitesimal point of spiritual light residing in the forehead of the body it occupies. Souls are believed to originally exist with God Shiva in the "Soul World," a world of infinite light, peace and silence the BKs call Nirvana where they are believed to be in a state of rest and beyond experience. Souls enter bodies to take birth in order to experience life and give expression to their personality. Unlike other Eastern traditions, the soul is not thought to transmigrate into other species and does not evolve but rather devolves birth after birth. Within this "point of light" all aspects of the personality are contained and is said to enter the human body in the 4th to 5th month of pregnancy.[30]

Cycle of time

File:Brahmakumaris-cycle.jpg

This file may be deleted at any time. "Key to World Sovereignity, How the Preordained World Drama Repeats Every Kalpa (5000 years)". Prajapati Brahma-kumaris, Karachi. 1949

Time is considered to be cyclic, repeating identically every 5,000 years, and is composed of five ages (yugas): the Golden Age (Sat Yuga), the Silver Age (Treta Yuga), the Copper Age (Dwapar Yuga), the Iron Age (Kali Yuga) each exactly 1,250 years long,[31] and the Confluence Age (Sangam Yuga). The Confluence Age is said to be 100 years long, and believed to have begun again in 1936 with the descent of Shiva, during which present day civilization is to be completely destroyed by natural disasters, civil and nuclear war.[32] Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi states this information is generally hidden from non-members.[33]

During the first half of the cycle, procreation is believed to be possible through the power of yoga without sexual intercourse.[34] The Universe is said to never transformed into primordial or atomic state matter, nor does the world ever becomes devoid of human beings.[35]

Tree of humanity

It is taught that all of life will die and return to Nirvana, then take birth in the forthcoming cycle at their predestined time and place. This is portrayed as the "Kalpa Vriksha Tree", or the "Tree of Humanity", in which the founder Brahma Baba (Dada Lekhraj) and his Brahma Kumaris followers are shown as the roots of the humanity. A new world order starting with the birth of Krishna and a population of 900,000 is believed to go on to enjoy 2,500 years of paradise as living dieties before humanity splits and the religious founders incarnate. Each creates their own branch and brings with them their own followers from the Infinite Light, until they too decline and splits, schisms, cults and sects appear at the end of the Iron Age [8][35].

File:Woriginaltree.jpg

This file may be deleted at any time. "The Kalpa Vriksha Tree is 5000 Years Old". Prajapati Brahma-kumaris, Karachi "estd by Divine Father God Brahma, The Creator, The Seed of Humanity". 1949

The aim of the individual Brahma Kumari is to gain a high status in the coming paradise, perhaps even a select 108 who are 'totally victorious' and will rule there. Members of the physical families of Brahma Kumaris who have contact with the University are said to become members of the 16,000 top souls and at the end of each Cycle, everyone will see visions in which their personal destinies will be fully disclosed [8].

Brahma Kumari Raja Yoga meditation

The Brahma Kumaris teach a form of meditation[1] they call Raja Yoga, which is not the same as classical Raja Yoga as described by Patanjali[36] through which members are encouraged to purify their minds. This may be done by sitting tranquilly in front of a screen on to which Dada Lekhraj's image is projected, then making affirmations regarding the eternal nature of the soul.[37]

Lawrence Babbs described another practise where "the student or students sit in a semi-darkened room facing the teacher (usually a woman). Just above and behind the teacher's head is a red plastic ovoid that glows from a lightbulb within, in its center is a tiny hole which appears as an intense whitelight against the red glow[3]. This device represents the Supreme Soul (known as Shiv Baba) who is the presiding deity of the universe. With devotional songs playing softly in the background, student and teacher gaze intently at each other, either in the eyes or at the forehead. While doing this the student is supposed to imagine him or herself as a soul and not as a body. The student is told to think of themself as separate from the body, as bodiless, as light, as power, as bathed in the love and light of the Supreme Soul, and so on. This might continue for fifteen or twenty minutes"[38]. Babb also states that while staring (gazing into the eyes of an adept) at the teacher, many students experience visual hallucinations involving lights[3].

Murlis

David Barret states, "Unlike traditional forms of Hinduism, the Brahma Kumaris' teachings come not so much from ancient scriptures but from revelations given in trance states"[39]. However, the mediumistic messages known by Brahma Kumaris as "Murlis" read at the 6.30 am meetings are slowly developing the nature of potential scriptures[26]. The earlier ones channeled by Lekhraj Kripalani while he was alive, are now repeated in a five year cycle. They are supplemented by later murlis channelled by Hirday Mohini of Delhi in trance states, and these too are written down.

There are two types of mediumistic messages; sakar and avyakt;

  • Sakar Murlis refer to the original classes said to be spoken by "Shiva" through the medium of Lekhraj Kripalani in the 1960’s, before he died of a heart attack on 18 January 1969[40]. These include teachings by Shiva and the life of personal experience of Lekhraj.
  • Avyakt Vanis, or Murlis, refer to the teachings of Shiva and the soul of the deceased Lekhraj Kripalani combined through a medium named Hirday Mohini, or "Dadi Gulzar"[41]. The Brahma Kumaris believe that the soul of Lekhraj Kripalani has become perfect and now has the role of an angel. These messages are understood by members of the BKWSU to be the words of God. The Murli's are what the Brahma Kumaris use to direct their personal spiritual effort and institutional service.

One must complete the Brahma Kumaris foundation course before starting to attend morning murli class and visiting the headquarters in India during the period when according to Howell and Nelson, God Shiva and the deceased founder (BapDada) communicate by entering the organisation's trance-medium[42].

Central beliefs

Central to its faith are the beliefs that:

  • The human being is an eternal soul living within a physical body and is not the physical body which is dualistic "I am a soul, my body is a garment"[24].
  • Reincarnation happens from one human body to another only[3].
  • Time is not linear but rather cyclical and the physical world manifests as an eternally repeating and identical 5,000 year cycle at which end the material world is destroyed by a nuclear war and then re-created every time.
  • Each repeating cycle is exactly the same as the previous one.
  • Humanity is currently reaching the end of the current cycle and thus the world will be destroyed, a time they call "Destruction" [22].
  • God incarnates personally onto the Earth and speaks through their founder Dada Lekhraj which is believed to be the same individual that was historically or mythically known as Krishna and Adam but is now known as "Brahma".
  • India Subcontinent will be the site of the future Golden Aged paradise and that a form of Hindi is the original language of humanity, all other continents being destroyed. Followers are taught that only they will live in the coming Golden Age paradise[43] as Gods and Goddesses[38].

Achievements

In India, the BKWSU is noted for its charitable Village Outreach Programme in Mount Abu and its administration of the Global Hospital and Research Centre (GHRC), established in 1991 and funded by the J. Wattammull Memorial Trust. In 2004, the Brahma Kumaris established the G.V. Mody Rural Health Care Centre & Eye Hospital, located at the base of Mount Abu[44]. The Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University is an international non–governmental organization (NGO) in general consultative status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations[45] and UNICEF[46]. It is associated with the UN Department of Public Information [47].

The Brahma Kumaris have undertaken two major international projects; ‘The Million Minutes for Peace’ in 1986 for which they received 7 Peace Messenger Awards and ‘Global Cooperation for a Better World’ in 1988.

The organization now has 100s of branches internationally and ;

  • most level management and the majority of local management and teaching is done by women.
  • was awarded 7 UN Peace Messenger Awards 1987 for its co-ordination of the ‘Million Minutes of Peace’ project.[48]
  • Pioneering work in solar energy and sustainable energy, including developing the world's largest solar cooker[49].
  • Chief administrator Prakashmani awarded Peace Medal of the United Nations for the year 1981 for the ‘Million Minutes of Peace’ project.[50]
  • granted International Peace Messenger Initiative status by the U.N.for the Global Co-operation for a Better World campaign[51].
  • does not charge but accepts donations and government grants to support its services.

Use of mediumship

The BKWSU is believed by its members to have been established by Shiva Baba (God-Father Shiva, described as the Supreme Soul and conceived as the one God of all religions) through the medium of the group's founder Lekhraj Kripalani.The group has used more than one medium and a number of trance-messengers[52] to receive messages. According to an account by Sister Denise, who was at that time Director of the San Francisco Center, a medium has been used to directly channel a message from a deceased senior Brahma Kumari, Didi Manmohini[53]. In its early days, children would commonly go into trances, having visions of Krishna and Vaikunth (Golden Age Heaven) and engaging in ecstatic dances for as long as 7 days[3]. A number of mediumistic female followers known as Sandeshputris (trance messengers) also helped add to the group's spiritual knowledge through psychic visions and direct contact with God.[citation needed]

The deceased human founder Lekhraj Kripalani continues to be channelled through a senior sister (Hirdaya Mohini, referred to familiarly as Dadi Gulzar) at the organization's Rajasthan headquarters. The combined presence of the BKWSU's human founder and the spiritual being the BKWSU profess is God are referred to as BapDada (meaning Father and Grandfather) by BKs, especially in the context of their manifestation via this trance medium, through which the pair continue to direct the organization to this day[54].

Divine indication

Pratibha Patil, the UPA-Left candidate and current president of India said on camera during the Indian presidential election, 2007, that she spoke to the spirit of the deceased leader[55] of the Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University at their headquarters in Mount Abu, Rajasthan[56]. Patil stated that she had received a mediumistic message indicating great responsibility coming her way during the last season in which the spirits called "Bapdada" communicated with the faithful of the Brahma Kumaris sect[55][57][58]. She had gone to seek the blessings of Hirday Mohini, also known as Dadi Gulzar or Dadiji[59].

Controversies and criticism

  • Dr. John Wallis wrote an article critical of the group, focusing on recruitment methods, the issue of celibacy, failure of end of the world prophecies, re-editing of the messages it says are from God. (Please see reference for details). [60]
  • According to Kościańska, of the Institute of Ethnology and Cultural Anthropology, Warsaw University[61], the BKWSU's stance on celibacy was found to cause conflict within some families of followers.[62]
  • In a paper for the Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Howell writes that teenage girls surrendering to the organisation require to pay the equivalent of a dowry. This payment is also meant to prevent parents "dumping" daughters at the BKWSU to the costs of ordinary marriages. Returning to the world for girls who have such dowries paid for them is difficult.[63]
  • Dr Wallis reports that the BKWSU claims its religion is the precursor to all world religions, including those that historically predate it [64].
  • The religion is listed as a destructive sect by the French, Austrian and other governments. In France, followers have been imprisoned for promoting its teachings to children.
  • It has been accused of breaking up families since its formation in the 1930s [65][66].
  • Attitudes toward sex. According to the movement, male domination of women in the sexual relationship is the parent of all other vices and the prime cause of the unhappy state of humanity[67]. Sexual passion, more than anything else, entrenches and confirms in our false identification with the body therefore celibacy plays a vital role in liberating women[68].

Relationships with Splinter groups

Main article: AIVV

There are a number of BKWSU splinter groups. Dr. John Walliss mentions one, referring to them as the "Advance Party"[69], elsewhere they are referred to as the Prajapita Brahma Kumaris or PBKs[70]. He goes on to state that as Lekhraj Kripalani's original message of separation, spiritual introversion and violent destruction becomes repackaged as the emergence of a New Age through self-understanding and self-development, this direction has caused discontent within certain segments of the Brahma Kumari movement, likening them to the "Protestant Reformers to the medieval Catholic Church". The PBKs offer a radicalised rendition of the BKWSU's original millenarian message and the BKWSU restricts its members knowledge and access to the group so as to prevent defections. Its founder Baba Dev Dixit and other PBK are debarred from the BKWSU centres and the author reports an "irate" hostility shown towards them by BKWSU spokespersons.

Other groups include the Atma (Soul) Foundation founded by a formerly leading BK Heidi Fittkau [71].

See also

Concepts associated with Brahama Kumaris

References

  1. ^ a b c Bartholomeusz, Tessa J.; Clayton, John; Collins; de Lange, Nicholas (1994). Women under the Bo Tree: Buddhist nuns in Sri Lanka. Cambridge Studies in Religious Traditions. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521461290. {{cite book}}: |first4= missing |last4= (help)
  2. ^ Robbins, Thomas (1997). Millennium, Messiahs, and Mayhem: Contemporary Apocalyptic Movements. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415916486.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Babb, Lawrence A. (1987). Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition (Comparative Studies in Religion and Society). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0706925637.
  4. ^ a b c "Brahma Kumaris: A New Religion?". Reender Kranenborg, Free University of Amsterdam. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  5. ^ a b "Brahma Kumaris: Conquering A Callous World with Purity". Hinduism Today. Retrieved 2007-07-28. The most strict will not eat food which is not prepared by a BK. While traveling they abstain from public fard(sic) and carry their own utensils for cooking. Cite error: The named reference "Fard" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ a b c d Hardy, Hardayal (1984). Struggles and Sorrows: The Personal Testimony of a Chief Justice. Vikas Publishing House. pp. 37–39. ISBN 0706925637.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference Radhe_is_this_justice was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b c d Walliss, John (2002). The Brahma Kumaris As a Reflexive Tradition: Responding to Late Modernity. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 99–129. ISBN 978-0754609513.
  9. ^ a b Chander, B. K Jagdish (1981). Adi Dev: The first man. B.K. Raja Yoga Center for the Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University.
  10. ^ "BKWSU History". BKWSU. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  11. ^ Abbott, Elizabeth (2001). A History of Celibacy. James Clarke & Co. pp. 172–174. ISBN 0718830067.
  12. ^ Walliss, John (2001), Reflexive Traditions: New Religious Movements and the 'Negotiation' of Identity, pp. 4–5
  13. ^ Coupland, Reginald (1944). The Indian Problem: Report on the Constitutional Problem in India. Oxford University Press.
  14. ^ Hunt, Stephen J. (2003). Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 120. ISBN 0754634108.
  15. ^ Howell, Julia (1998). "Gender Role Experimentation in New Religious Movements". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 37 (3): 453–461. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Whaling, Frank (1995). "The Brahma Kumaris". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 10 (1): 10.
  17. ^ Howell, Julia Day (1998). "Gender Role Experimentation in New Religious Movements: Clarification of the Brahma Kumari Case". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 37 (3): 453–461. doi:10.2307/1388052. Today the leadership of the BK movement in India remains heavily female. Sisters, or kumaris (daughters), are still "put in front", that is favored for the position of "center-in-charge" (head of a local center). As of Dec 1995 all Indian centers were run by "sisters." However, "brothers" also reside in many of the centers run by "sisters." Brothers are expected to work to earn an outside income, which provides a substantial share of the support of the centers, and do the domestic work other than cooking. This frees the sisters to engage full-time in service to the organization as teachers, leaders of meditation sessions and spiritual directors. Indian migrants made up half the number of Brahmins in the UK. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ^ "Brahma Kumaris Administration". BKWSU. Retrieved 2007-08-10. Present statistics indicate that the University has 825,000 students and over 8,500 centres in 100 countries and territories.
  19. ^ "Adherent Statistic Citations". Adherents.com. Retrieved 2007-08-20. Worldwide, this path has 4000 centres and approximately 400,000 members.
  20. ^ Nesbitt, Eleanor (2003). "Religious Organisations in the UK and Values Education Programmes for Schools". Journal of Beliefs and Values,. 24 (1): 75–88. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  21. ^ Bedi, Kiran (2007). It's Always Possible : One Woman's Transformation of India's Prison System. Himalayan Institute Press. ISBN 978-0893892586.
  22. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Liz_Hodgkinson_Peace was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ Lochtefeld, Ph.D., James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol. I, entry "Brahma Kumaris". Rosen, New York. ISBN 0-8239-3179-X.
  24. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference Bryan_Wilson_NRM was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ a b Bartholomeusz, Tessa J. (1994). Women Under the Bo Tree,:Cambridge Studies in Religious Traditions. Edited by John Clayton (University of Lancaster), Steven Collins (University of Chicago) and Nicholas de Lange (University of Cambridge). Rosen, New York. ISBN 0-521-46129-4.
  26. ^ a b c Whaling, Prof Frank (2004). Encyclopedia of New Religions; New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. Edited by Christopher Partridge and Gorden Melton. Rosen, New York. ISBN 0-745-95073-6. Cite error: The named reference "Enc_New" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  27. ^ Hinnells, John (1997). The Penguin Dictionary of Religions. Extract by Eileen Barker. Rosen, New York. ISBN 0-14-051261-6.
  28. ^ Barker, Eileen (1989). New Religious Movement: A Practical Introduction. HMSO, London. pp. 168–70. ISBN 0-14-051261-6.
  29. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (1993). The Encyclopedia of American Religions. 4th edition. Gale, Detroit. pp. 909–10.
  30. ^ "Hindus In America Speak out on Abortion Issues". Hinduism Today. Retrieved 2007-07-18. The Brahma Kumaris view the body as a physical vehicle for the immortal soul, and therefore the issue is not "pro-life" or "anti-life" but a choice between the amount of suffering caused to the souls of the parents and child in either course, abortion or motherhood. They view existing legislation in America as fair and reasonable, with the proviso that abortion after the 4th month should be avoided except in medical emergencies, since in their view the soul enters the fetus in the 4th to 5th month.
  31. ^ Barrett, David V (2001). The New Believers. Cassell & Co. p. 265. ISBN 0-304-35592-5. Time is cyclical with each 5,000 year cycle consisting of a perfect Golden Age, a slightly degraded Silver age, a decadent Copper Age, and an Iron Age which is characterized by violence, greed, and lust. Each of these lasts for exactly 1,250 years. Our current Iron Age will shortly come to an end, after which the cycle will begin again.
  32. ^ "Brahma Kumaris: Conquering A Callous World with Purity". Hinduism Today. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  33. ^ Beit-Hallahmi, Benjaminin (2003). Apocalyptic Dreams and Religious Ideologies: Losing and Saving Self and World. PSYCHOANALYTIC REVIEW, VOL 90; PART 4. pp. 403–439. ISBN 0-304-35592-5. A case study of Brahma Kumaris, a contemporary group characterized by an apocalyptic vision (kept hidden from nonmembers).
  34. ^ Babb, Lawrence A. (1987). Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition (Comparative Studies in Religion and Society). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0706925637. Sexual intercourse is unnecessary for reproduction because the souls that enter the world during the first half of the Cycle are in possession of a special yogic power (yog bal) by which they conceive children
  35. ^ a b Lalrinawma, V.S. (2003). The Liberation of Women in and through the Movement of the Prajapita Brahma Kumaris. ISPCK. Cambridge Press, Delhi. p. 13. ISBN 81-7214-771-6. Cite error: The named reference "Lib" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  36. ^ Reender Kranenborg. "Brahma Kumaris: A New Religion?". Center for Studies on New Religions (CESNUR). Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  37. ^ Chryssides, George. Members are encouraged to purify their minds by the practise of Raja Yoga. This can entail sitting tranquilly, in front of a screen which Dada Lehkraj's picture projected, then making a number of "affirmations," regarding the eternal nature of the soul (atma), the original purity of one's nature, and the nature of God (paramatmā Shiva). The Brahma Kumaris believe that practice of Raja Yoga enables spiritual progress as well as having pragmatic benefits, for example, business success. Brahma Kumaris frequently organize seminars on business management and on developing personal life skills {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  38. ^ a b Babb, Lawrence A. (1981). "On celibate marriages: the Polish Catholics' encounter with Hindu spirituality". Glancing: Visual Interaction in Hinduism", Journal of Anthropological Research. Winter (4): 387–401. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  39. ^ Cite error: The named reference David_Barrett_New_Believers was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ Ratan, Vishwa (2000). A Unique Experience. Autobiography of Dada Vishwa Ratan. Om Shanti Press. p. 57. ISBN 955-95823-3-X.
  41. ^ "Brahma Kumaris: Landmarks in History". BKWSU. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
  42. ^ Howell and Nelson (1998). "On celibate marriages: the Polish Catholics' encounter with Hindu spirituality". Glancing: Visual Interaction in Hinduism", Journal of Anthropological Research. in order to progress to the next stage of membership - the visit to the University's headquarters in Rajasthan during the period where its deceased founder communicates via trance-medium - they have to not only demonstrate their commitment by following the recommended lifestyle but also, more importantly, be seen to be doing so by the university. this is instrinsicly linked with the second technique, the utilisation and negotiation of different metaphors or readings of the university's theodicy at the different events and in different types of literature in relation to its intended (core or periphery) audience" ... "amongst committed, core members "...the tradition is lived [and expressed] without apology, translation or dilution". {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  43. ^ Howell, Julia Day (2005). Peter Clarke (ed.). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Routledge. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0415267076. The BK teachings revise Hindu beliefs in a Golden Age that deteriorates into successive ages in an endlessly recurring cycle of time; according to the movement, we are now in the worst age, on the eve of destruction, and only BKs who have purified themselves through a vegetarian diet and chastity and cultivated 'soul consciousness', will be reborn into the Golden Age.
  44. ^ "Brahma Kumaris: Global Hospital". BKWSU. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
  45. ^ "ECOSOC". UNO. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  46. ^ "List of UN NGO and respective status within UNICEF" (PDF). UNO. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  47. ^ "DPI/NGO Directory". United Nations Department of Public Information. Retrieved 2007-08-20. NGO in consultative status with ECOSOC; associated with DPI
  48. ^ Walliss, John (1999). When Prophecy Fails: The Brahma Kumaris and the Pursuit of the Millennium(s). p. 5. ...The Million Minutes of Peace which raised over one billion 'minutes of peace' people in 88 countries participating in prayer, meditation and positive thoughts. For this the University was awarded one International and six UN National 'Peace Messenger' Awards. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  49. ^ "BBC". BBC. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  50. ^ "The Sunday". Indian Express. Retrieved 2007-08-21. Current head is Dadi Prakashmani. Recipient of UN Peace Medal for her efforts to spread across the message of peace and goodwill.
  51. ^ "Hinduism Today". Hinduism Today. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  52. ^ "BKWSU History". BKWSU. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  53. ^ "Beloved "Didi," Sivabhaktar and Co-Head of Brahma Kumaris, Passes In Bombay". Hinduism Today. Retrieved 2007-07-22. Sister Denise, Director of the San Francisco Center, flew right away to Mt. Abu, and shared this very intimate account of the traditional 13-day period of sacred ritual and vigil which honored Didi: "Large piles of red rose petals covered her - offered by nearly 1,500 devotees who managed the difficult ascent up Mt. Abu, braving the driving rains. After two days, we put her on a wooden litter and carried her through the city of Mt. Abu, pinnacled high above the flat plains of Rajasthan far below. Ghee, sandalwood and other substances were applied to her body. She was placed on the wood pyre and cremated. Soon afterward, messages began to come from Didi through one of previous month, while apparently in a coma state, had been in trance, in total God-consciousness, enjoying the fulfillment of all her deep spiritual sadhanas. Didi shared detailed accounts of everything that was transpiring in the so-called "transition experience.' One message said that the sincere and deep meditations performed by so many of the Brahma Kumaris worldwide during this time had purified the womb that Didi would enter for her next birth on the 13th day. On that 13th day, rather than just deliver a message through the medium, she came fully into the body. I was there and saw this.
  54. ^ "Hinduism Today". Hinduism Today. Retrieved 2007-07-22. Prajapita Brahma gave up his physical frame on January 18, 1969. This day is celebrated as the day of his spiritual ascension. It is believed that he continues to aid the organization from inner worlds, but the ultimate guidance and authority still comes directly from God Siva, who has since chosen another to be His "trance messenger." Currently Sister Raday Mohini serves as the instrument to give voice to Siva's messages, but this is viewed as a temporary assignment given by God. Every year, around February/March, a gathering occurs in Mt. Abu where Siva speaks, guides and gives blessings. This sets the patterns for the coming year as the guidance is distributed to the centers around the world, including through their intra-organizational e-mail
  55. ^ a b "Race for Raisina: Shekhawat vs Patil". IBN. Retrieved 2007-07-22. Dadiji ke shareer mein Baba aye ... Maine unse baat ki ("Baba entered Dadi's body and he communicated to me through her")
  56. ^ "Patil kicks up another row". IBN. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  57. ^ ["Battle for the palace". The Pioneer. Retrieved 2007-07-22. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  58. ^ "Pratibha believes in spirits?". Times of India. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  59. ^ "Dadi Hirdaya Mohini- Joint Administrative Head". BKWSU. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  60. ^ Walliss, John (1999). "When Prophecy Fails: The Brahma Kumaris and the Pursuit of the Millennium(s)". British Association for the Advancement of Science, Sheffield. In addition, they accuse the University hierarchy of actively censoring or altering murlis that could potentially undermine their privileged position or which 'don't suit their philosophy'. The 'Special instruments' (senior members are, they allege 'constantly revising Murlis" to the extent that, for example, a passage from a 1969 murli referring to Shiva being unable to 'mount a virgin' was altered in the 1990 revised edition before being removed completely in the 1993 revision..." Dr. Walliss also notes that while the BKWSU was, "originally a reclusive, world-rejecting organization, over the last 30 years the Brahma Kumaris have begun a campaign of active proselytizing and international growth. Thus, whilst still retaining its original millenarianism, currently within the West the organization promotes itself as part of the New Age movement and emphasizes ideas around the issues of self-development, empowerment and personal success." Finally, Dr. Wallis disputes BKWSU's belief that Raja Yoga is the precursor to all world religions, including those that historically predate it. Specifically, "This is part of a lengthy answer to the question of how the University could claim that Raja Yoga is the precursor to and influence of world religions that historically predate it often by a few thousand years. Again, 'Baba' is cited as the source of ultimate authority." {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  61. ^ "Individual member profile: Agnieszka Koscianska". NECEN. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  62. ^ Kościańska, Agnieszka Z. (2003). "On celibate marriages: the Polish Catholics' encounter with Hindu spirituality". Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology. To be successful on this path one must fulfil very strict requirements, which totally reorganise everyday life of both members and their families. Families of converts become arenas of conflict between spirituality rooted in Hindu tradition {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  63. ^ Howell, Julia Day (1998). "Gender Role Experimentation in New Religious Movements: clarification of the Brahma Kumari case". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 37 (3): 453–461. The likelihood that surrendered sisters in India will remain Brahmins throughout their lives is increased by the practise of parent giving dowries to the Brahma Kumaris for daughters they concede will not marry. This practise goes back to the early days of the organization but it is not clear how common it was. Whaling and Babb report it as an occasional practise. Recently the pattern has been formalized, with retreats at Mount Abu being offered for girls in their mid-teens who may wish to undertake a fuller commitment to the organization. The girls are offered a short period of taking classes and living near Senior Sisters, at the end of which they may nominate to undertake a year trial as surrendered sisters. A payment equivalent to a dowry is required from the girls' natural families to cover their living expenses over the trail period. This payment is also meant to prevent parent "dumping" daughters on the Brahma Kumaris to avoid the dowries and other costs of ordinary marriages. Return to the world for women who have has such a dowry paid for them is difficult. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  64. ^ Walliss, John (2002). "This is part of a lengthy answer to the question of how the University could claim that Raja Yoga is the precursor to and influence of world religions that historically predate it often by a few thousand years. Again, 'Baba' is cited as the source of ultimate authority". {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  65. ^ Anti Om Mandli Committee (1940). Om Mandli : a true authenticated story about its activities being a reply to "Is This Justice". Anti Om Mandli Committee, Hyderabad. OCLC 32117471. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  66. ^ "The PM's wife, the Druid priestess and the no-sex guru". The Daily Mail. Retrieved 2007-07-22. 'Former members and the families of members have told me that [BKWSU] has driven a wedge between husband and wife,' said Graham Baldwin, a cult expert who has counselled former Brahma Kumari members. 'There have also been complaints that it encourages single women and widows to donate property and savings to Brahma and move into a group house.' Ian Howarth, of the Cult Information Centre, said: 'I have the same concerns about this group that I have about the Moonies. People have come to us complaining that some loved ones who have got involved with it have undergone personality changes and have become alienated from their families'.
  67. ^ Pavitra, B.K. (2000). "Nari Uthan Samaya Ki Avsayakta". Prgati Path Pradarshak. 6 (3–6): 8. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  68. ^ Babb, Lawrence A. (1984)). "Indigenous Feminism in a Modern Hindu Sect". Signs. 9 (3): 399–416. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  69. ^ Walliss, John (2002). The Brahma Kumaris As a Reflexive Tradition: Responding to Late Modernity. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0754609513. Another rendition of the University's Millenarianism [is] put forward by a group named the Advance Party. This group is made up of predominantly disaffected ex-members of the University and are highly critical of what they allege to be the increasing worldliness and corruptness of the University's hierarchy. The Brahma Kumaris, they claim, have become a true Ravan Rajya (Kingdom of Devil) where pomp and show and grandeur are given preference over true godly knowledge. At a deeper level, the Advance Party's critique is aimed at the BK theodicy and the manner in which they allege its knowledge and end of the world predictions have been understood.
  70. ^ "Advance Knowledge". Retrieved 2007-07-22.
  71. ^ Introvigne, Richardson, Massimo, James T (2001). "Brainwashing theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reposts on Cults and Sects". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. the reference to "alternation and control of the personality" hides a notion of brainwashing, as evidence by the district attorney Fiscal of Tenrife Canary Islands, in the 1999 case that he hopes will become a landmark example of prosecuting an association accused of practising "alternation and control of the personality" of its members. the District Attorney states that the new provision introduced in the criminal code represents an in-depth modification of Spanish law and offers the possibility of prosecuting a 'destructive cult' whose features are group dynamic "hypnotic procedures" ("turning the attention of the member from outside to inside") and "mind control (Casanovas 1999). The case refers to the Atman Foundation (originally a splinter group form the Brahma Kumaris). {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Further reading

Brahma Kumaris publications

  • Chander, B.K. Jagdish (1977). Easy Raja Yoga: Taught by God Shiva. Prajapita Brahma Kumaris Ishwariya Visha-Vidyalay.
  • Chander, B.K. Jagdish (1969). Versions of God Almighty for Attainment of God-Fatherly Birthright of Heavenly Happiness. Prajapita Brahma Kumaris Ishwariya Vishva-Vidyalaya (Abu, India). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • BKWSU (1984). The Song Divine (II) : God the Supreme, Speaking with the Angel Brahma to his Brahman Children in Madhuban during the 1979-80 Season. Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University (London, England). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • O'Donnell, Ken. New Beginnings. BKWSU. ISBN 0-9637396-4-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Chander, B.K. Jagdish (1983). Brahma Baba, the Corporeal Medium of Shiva Baba. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Chander, B.K. Jagdish (1984). The Descent of incorporeal God into the Human Body of Brahma : a Brief Biographical Account. Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University, Mount Abu, India. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Chander, B.K. Jagdish (1977). Observance of Brahmacharya and Conquest of Sex-Lust. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Chander, B.K. Jagdish (1978). Moral Values, Attitudes and Moods: a book on ethics for a new world order. BKWSU. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Chander, B.K. Jagdish (1980). Human values, Moral values, and Spiritual values: A book on divine values for the coming Golden Age. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • BKWSU (1999). Inner Beauty. Brahma Kumaris Ishwariya Vishwa Vidyalaya. ASIN B000JVYGT6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • BKWSU (1995). Practical Meditation. Brahma Kumaris Ishwariya Vishwa Vidyalaya. ISBN 09637396-0-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • BKWSU (2000). Blessings. BKWSU. ISBN 15587483-8-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • BKWSU (1996). Just a Moment. Brahma Kumaris Ishwariya Vishwa Vidyalaya. ASIN B000JMA3OW. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • BKWSU (1995). Power and Effect of Thoughts. Brahma Kumaris Ishwariya Vishwa Vidyalaya. ASIN B000JI7MJK. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • BKWSU (2000). Kaleidoscopic View of Issues, Ideas, Events, Intentions, Attitudes, Individuals, and Institutions. Prajapita Brahma Kumaris. ASIN B000FVUAGI. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Radhe, Brahma-kumari Om (1938). Is this justice? Being an account of the founding of the Om Mandli & the Om Nivas and their suppression, by application of the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908. Pharmacy Printing Press. ASIN B00089UWHE. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • The Arts of Life. BKWSU. 1998. ISBN 09637396-2-X. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Kumaris, Brahma (1975). Future of Mankind. Brahma Kumaris Ishwariya Vishwa Vidyalaya. ISBN B0007CBK0U. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Chander, B.K. Jagdish (1975). Raj Yoga Illustrated (Raja Yoga, The Science for Attaining Purity, Peace, and Bliss). Brahma Kumaris Ishwariya Vishwa Vidyalaya. ASIN B000M3EGEQ. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Janki, Dadi. Pearls of Wisdom. ISBN 15587472-3-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Janki, Dadi. Perlas de Sabiduria. ISBN 15587479-1-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Janki, Dadi. Wings of Soul. 1999. ISBN 15587467-2-2. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Janki, Dadi (2000). Las Alas del Espiritu. ISBN 15587478-2-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Janki, Dadi (2003). InsideOut a better way of living, learning, and loving. ASIN 000H7LIPM. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • The Correspondence Course. BKWSU. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • O'Donnell, Ken (1987). Raja Yoga for beginners. ISBN 0-340-82915-X. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Janki, Dadi (1996). Companion of God. Brahma Kumaris World Spiritual University, Literature Dept. (London). ISBN 1886872023. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Stephan, Nagel (1999). Brahmas geheime Schöpfung. Die indische Reformbewegung der "Brahma Kumaris. Theion. ISBN 3-631-35484-3. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • B.K. Jayanti, Kirpalani (1999). Valuing the Future : Education for Spiritual Development. {{cite book}}: Check |authorlink= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); External link in |authorlink= (help)

Other publications

  • Anti Om Mandli Committee (1940). Om Mandli : a true authenticated story about its activities being a reply to "Is This Justice". Anti Om Mandli Committee, Hyderabad. OCLC 32117471. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Lalrinawma, V.S. The Liberation of Women in and through the Movement of the Prajapita Brahma Kumaris. ISPCK, Cambridge Press, Dehli. ISBN 81-7214-771-6. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Howell, Dr Julia D.; Nelson, Peter L. "Surviving Transplantation: The Brahma Kumaris in the Western World". Nelson Center for Humanities and Human Science. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Howell, Dr Julia D. (2003). "Changing Meanings of Religious Pluralism". {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Howell, Dr Julia D. (1997). "Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) Induction and New Religious Movements". Sociology of Religion. 58: 141–164. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Kranenborg, Reender (1999), Brahma Kumaris: A New Religion?, Free University of Amsterdam {{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Shaw, William (1994). Spying in Guruland: Inside Britain’s Cults. Fourth Estate, London. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Babb, Lawrence A (1986). Redemptive encounters : three modern styles in the Hindu tradition. Berkeley : University of California Press. ISBN 0520056450. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Babb, Lawrence A. (1982). "Amnesia and Remembrance in a Hindu Theory of History". Asian Folklore Studies. 41 (1): 49–66. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Babb, Lawrence A. (1981). "Glancing: Visual Interaction in Hinduism". Journal of Anthropological Research. 37 (4): 387–401. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Mayer, Jean-François; Kranenborg, Reender. La Naissance des Nouvelles Religions. Geneve, Suisse. ISBN 2-8257-0877-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Whaling, Dr Frank (2007). ISBN 1-903765-51-X. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  • Varughese, Suma (1998). "Satyug is as Sure as Death". Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  • Varughese, Suma (1998). "Brahma Kumaris, World Spiritual University" (PDF). Interreligious Insight. Retrieved 2007-07-28.


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