Lupinus: Difference between revisions
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The species are mostly [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s 0.3-1.5 [[Metre|m]] tall, but some are [[annual plant]]s and a few are [[shrub]]s up to 3 m tall, with one tree species: ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'', a tree 8 m high with a trunk 20 cm in diameter, from the Mexican state of Oaxaca. They have a characteristic and easily recognised [[leaf]] shape, with soft green to grey-green or silvery leaves with the blades usually palmately divided into 5–17 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States. In many species, the leaves are hairy with silvery hairs, often densely so. The [[flower]]s are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 [[centimeter|cm]] long, with a typical [[pea]]flower shape with an upper 'standard', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petals fused as a 'keel'. The [[fruit]] is a [[legume|pod]] containing several [[seed]]s. |
The species are mostly [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s 0.3-1.5 [[Metre|m]] tall, but some are [[annual plant]]s and a few are [[shrub]]s up to 3 m tall, with one tree species: ''Lupinus jaimehintoniana'', a tree 8 m high with a trunk 20 cm in diameter, from the Mexican state of Oaxaca. They have a characteristic and easily recognised [[leaf]] shape, with soft green to grey-green or silvery leaves with the blades usually palmately divided into 5–17 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States. In many species, the leaves are hairy with silvery hairs, often densely so. The [[flower]]s are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 [[centimeter|cm]] long, with a typical [[pea]]flower shape with an upper 'standard', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petals fused as a 'keel'. The [[fruit]] is a [[legume|pod]] containing several [[seed]]s. |
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Like most members of this family, lupins can [[Nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] from the atmosphere into [[ammonia]], fertilizing the [[soil]] for other plants |
Like most members of this family, lupins can [[Nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] from the atmosphere into [[ammonia]], fertilizing the [[soil]] for other plants. The genus '''''Lupinus''''' is nodulated by the soil microorganism [http://lupins-bk.blogspot.com/2006/07/nitrogen-fixation.html Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus).] Some species have a long central tap root. |
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===Cultivation and uses=== |
===Cultivation and uses=== |
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Revision as of 21:18, 27 September 2007
| Lupin | |
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| Wild Perennial Lupin (Lupinus perennis) | |
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| Genus: | Lupinus |
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Lupin, often spelled lupine in North America, is the common name for members of the genus Lupinus in the family Fabaceae. The genus comprises between 200-600 species, with major centers of diversity in South America and western North America [1]
The species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants 0.3-1.5 m tall, but some are annual plants and a few are shrubs up to 3 m tall, with one tree species: Lupinus jaimehintoniana, a tree 8 m high with a trunk 20 cm in diameter, from the Mexican state of Oaxaca. They have a characteristic and easily recognised leaf shape, with soft green to grey-green or silvery leaves with the blades usually palmately divided into 5–17 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States. In many species, the leaves are hairy with silvery hairs, often densely so. The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 cm long, with a typical peaflower shape with an upper 'standard', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petals fused as a 'keel'. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds.
Like most members of this family, lupins can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into ammonia, fertilizing the soil for other plants. The genus Lupinus is nodulated by the soil microorganism Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus). Some species have a long central tap root.
Cultivation and uses
The yellow legume seeds of Lupins, commonly called Lupini beans, were quite popular with the Romans and they spread the cultivation of them throughout the Roman Empire.There is even an Indian company by the name of Lupin. Today, Lupini are most commonly found in Mediterranean countries, especially in Portugal, Egypt, and Italy, and also in Brazil and in Spanish Harlem, where it is popular along with beer. In Portuguese the Lupini Beans are known as "tremoços". In Antalya, Turkey it is known as Tirmis amongst the local people. The Andean American variety of this bean is the Lupinus mutabilis, a widespread food during the Incan Empire. They are commonly sold in a salty solution in jars (like olives and pickles) and can be eaten with or without the skin.
Lupins are popular ornamental plants in gardens. There are numerous hybrids and cultivars. Some species, such as Lupinus polyphyllus and hybrids like the Rainbow Lupin (Lupinus × regalis) are common garden flowers. Others, such as the Yellow Bush Lupin L. arboreus are considered invasive weeds when they appear outside their native range.
Lupins are also cultivated as forage and grain legumes. Three Mediterranean species of lupin, Lupinus angustifolius (Blue Lupin), Lupinus albus (White Lupin) and Lupinus luteus (Yellow Lupin) are cultivated for livestock and poultry feed and for human consumption. The Andean Lupin Lupinus mutabilis and the Mediterranean L. albus, L. angustifolius[2] and L. hirsutus[3](these varieties are known locally as altramuz in Spain and Argentina) are also edible after soaking the seeds for some days in salted water [4]. These lupins are referred to as sweet lupins because they contain smaller amounts of toxic alkaloids than the bitter varieties. Newly bred variants of "sweet lupins" are grown in Germany without any bitter taste and which require no soaking in salt solution. The seeds are used for different foods from vegan sausages to lupin-tofu or baking enhancing lupin-flour. Given that lupin seeds have the full range of essential amino acids and that they, contrary to soy can be grown in more temperate to cool climates, lupins are becoming increasingly recognized as a cash crop alternative to soy.
Both sweet and bitter lupins in feed can cause livestock poisoning. Lupin poisoning is a nervous syndrome caused by alkaloids in bitter lupins, similar to Neurolathyrism. Mycotoxic lupinosis is a disease caused by lupin material that is infected with the fungus Diaporthe toxica[5]; the fungus produces mycotoxins called phomopsins, which cause liver damage. The worst damage to lupin is caused by anthracnose, fusarium wilt, fusarium and other root rot, bacteria and viruses.
Lupinus nootkatensis (Nootka Lupin) is common on the west coast of North America, and is one of the species from which the garden hybrids are derived, being valued in Britain for its tolerance of cool, wet summers.
The Kincaid's Lupin (Lupinus sulphureus subsp. kincaidii) is native to the Willamette Valley of Oregon as well as parts of Washington. It is a threatened species.
Lupinus tidestromii (Tidestrom's Lupin) is a rare and endangered species inhabiting areas around the northern coast of California, for example in the Monterey area.
Lupinus perennis (Sundial Lupin) is an eastern North American native that generally grows in sandy areas with acidic soil and copious sunlight. It is the sole oviposition site and larval food source for the endangered Karner Blue and Frosted Elfin butterflies. Other Lepidoptera species whose larvae feed on lupins include Schinia suetus (which feeds exclusively on Lupinus spp), Chionodes braunella, Phymatopus behrensii, Dot Moth and The Streak (the latter recorded on L. arboreus).
Lupin milk is a milk substitute made from the lupin family of plant [citation needed].
Lupins as an introduced pest
In New Zealand lupins have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams in South Island. The seeds are carried by car tires and water flow, and unfortunately, some tourist shops in the major tourist areas have been reported to have sold packets of lupin seeds to tourists, with the instructions to plant, water and watch them grow into a giant beanstalk. They are principally blue, pink and violet, with some yellow, and are very attractive, providing colourful vistas with a backdrop of mountains and lakes. The New Zealand environment authorities have a campaign to reduce their numbers, although this seems a hopeless task, especially when faced with such ignorance as mentioned above. In fields they seem to be eradicated by sheep, and hence remain largely restricted to ungrazed roadside verges and stream banks.
Lupins in popular culture
- The Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis and other similar species) is the state flower of Texas, USA.
- A Monty Python sketch featured a would-be Robin Hood named Dennis Moore, who stole lupins from the rich and gave them to the poor. Although he was very successful, the poor argued that money or food would be more practical.
- The lupin has also lent its name to Arsène Lupin, the main character in a series of stories by Maurice Leblanc (the name is a parody of Edgar Allan Poe's C. Auguste Dupin). He was a gentleman thief who first appeared in 1905. The popular Japanese comic book/Anime character Lupin III is an unofficial spin-off of this series.
- In the British adventure series The Avengers, in the episode "Who's Who" from 1967 it is revealed the British Secret Service code names their agents by flowers worn on the lapel (ie; tulip, daffodill, rose). Though he is only seen dead, one is clearly wearing a lupin.
- In the children's book 'Miss Rumphius' by Barbara Cooney, the title character plants lupins to make the world a more beautiful place.
- In the Japanese magical girl anime, Ojamajo Doremi, the character Onpu Segawa frequently sings a lullaby titled "LUPINUS no Komoriuta" (English: Lullaby of the Lupinus) to baby Hana during season 2.
- In The Diary of a Nobody Charles And Carrie Pooter's son is named Lupin.
Species
200-600 species, including:
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References
- ^ Ainouche et al. 1999. American Journal of Botany 86(4): 590 –607.
- ^ http://www.zonaverde.net/lupinusangustifolius.htm Lupinus angustifolius: Características y aplicaciones (in Spanish)
- ^ http://www.swsbm.com/Ephemera/Sturtevants_Edible_Plants.pdf HEDRICK, U. P. (ed.) (1919): Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. pp. 387-388. Lewis Sturtevant (1842-1898), farmer, botanist, physician and author, was one of the giants of his time in the science of agriculture.
- ^ http://www.historiacocina.com/historia/articulos/altramuces.htm Historia de los altramuces. Un humilde aperitivo (in Spanish)
- ^ Williamson et al. 1994. Diaporthe toxica sp.nov., the cause of lupinosis in sheep. Mycological Research 98 (12) 1364-1365.
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