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| format = PDF | title = Biographical sketch of Hassan Nasrallah: “The Nasrallah Enigma” | date = [[2003-11-10]] | publisher = ''Al-Bawaba'' | accessdate = 2006-07-30 }}</ref> where Hasan Nasrallah completed his secondary education at the public school of Sour(Tyre). Here he joined the [[Amal Movement]], a [[militia]] representing [[Shiites]] (Shias) in Lebanon.<ref name = AlJazeeraprofile /><ref name = Al-Bawaba />
| format = PDF | title = Biographical sketch of Hassan Nasrallah: “The Nasrallah Enigma” | date = [[2003-11-10]] | publisher = ''Al-Bawaba'' | accessdate = 2006-07-30 }}</ref> where Hasan Nasrallah completed his secondary education at the public school of Sour(Tyre). Here he joined the [[Amal Movement]], a [[militia]] representing [[Shiites]] (Shias) in Lebanon.<ref name = AlJazeeraprofile /><ref name = Al-Bawaba />


Nasrallah and Hezbollah spiritual leader [[Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah]] studied at a theological college in the [[Beqaa Valley]] town of [[Baalbek]]. The school followed the teachings of Lebanese-born Ayatollah [[Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr]] (Mohammad Baqir Al-Sadr was born in Kazmiya, Iraq; not in Lebanon) , who founded the [[Dawa]] movement in [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]] during the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite web
Nasrallah and Hezbollah spiritual leader [[Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah]] studied at a theological college in the [[Beqaa Valley]] town of [[Baalbek]]. The school followed the teachings of Lebanese-born Ayatollah [[Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr]] (Mohammad Baqir Al-Sadr was born in Kazmiya, Iraq; not in Lebanon; which shows the ignorance of the author) , who founded the [[Dawa]] movement in [[Najaf]], [[Iraq]] during the early 1960s.<ref>{{cite web
|last = O'Dwyer
|last = O'Dwyer
|first = Thomas
|first = Thomas

Revision as of 03:01, 1 October 2007

Hasan Nasrallah
السيد حسن نصرالله
File:Hassan Nasrallah.jpg
Secretary-General of Hezbollah
Shi'a Cleric
In office
1992–present
Preceded byAbbas al-Musawi
Personal details
Born (1960-08-30) August 30, 1960 (age 64)
Bourj Hammoud, Beirut, Lebanon
Political partyHezbollah

Hasan Nasrallah (Arabic: حسن نصرالله) (b. August 30 1960, Bourj Hammoud,[1] Beirut, Lebanon)[2] is the current Secretary General of the Lebanese Islamist party Hezbollah. He is also a Shi'a cleric who is a protege of Ali Khamenei.[3] Nasrallah is considered a terrorist by the U.S. and U.K. governments.[4]

Personal life

Hasan Nasrallah was born the ninth of ten children in East Beirut's Bourj Hammoud neighborhood on August 30, 1960. His father, Abdul Karim, was a vegetable vendor in a small village near the city of Tyre in Jabal Amel in South Lebanon. Although his family was not particularly religious, Nasrallah was interested in religious studies. He attended Al-Najah school and later a public school in Sin el-Fil, Beirut.

In 1975, the civil war in Lebanon forced the family to move to their ancestral home in Bassouriyeh,[2][5] where Hasan Nasrallah completed his secondary education at the public school of Sour(Tyre). Here he joined the Amal Movement, a militia representing Shiites (Shias) in Lebanon.[2][5]

Nasrallah and Hezbollah spiritual leader Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah studied at a theological college in the Beqaa Valley town of Baalbek. The school followed the teachings of Lebanese-born Ayatollah Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr (Mohammad Baqir Al-Sadr was born in Kazmiya, Iraq; not in Lebanon; which shows the ignorance of the author) , who founded the Dawa movement in Najaf, Iraq during the early 1960s.[6] Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein had Sadr executed in 1980. After a period of Islamic study in Najaf, Nasrallah returned to Lebanon in 1978 when Iraq expelled hundreds of Lebanese religious students. He studied and taught at the school of Amal’s leader Abbas al-Musawi, later being selected as Amal's political delegate in Beqaa, and making him a member of the central political office.

Nasrallah joined Hezbollah after the Israeli invasion in 1982.[7] His fiery sermons drew the admiration of Shiite followers who joined Nasrallah in organizing Hezbollah. In 1987, Nasrallah traveled to a seminary in Qum, Iran for religious studies. He returned to the war in Lebanon in 1989 and later that year, went back to Iran to represent Hezbollah.

In 1991, Musawi became secretary general of Hezbollah and Nasrallah returned to Lebanon. Nasrallah replaced Musawi as Hezbollah's leader after the latter was killed with his wife and child by Israeli forces.[2][8] Nasrallah lived in South Beirut with his wife Fatimah Yasin (who comes from the Lebanese village of Al-Abbasiyah)[5] and five children: Muhammad Haadi (d. 1997), Muhammad Jawaad, Zainab, Muhammad Ali and Muhammad Mahdi. In September 1997, his eldest son Muhammad Haadi was killed by Israeli forces in Jabal al-Rafei in southern Lebanon.[5]

In the mid-1970s he moved to a Shiite Hawzah (Islamic Seminary) in the Iraqi city of Najaf to study the Qur'an, completing the first stage of his studies in 1978 before being forced to leave by the Iraqi authorities.[2] Despite his ongoing commitment to Hezbollah, in 1989 Nasrallah resumed his efforts to become a religious jurist by moving to the Iranian city of Qom to further his studies. Nasrallah believes that Islam holds the solution to the problems of any society, once saying, “With respect to us, briefly, Islam is not a simple religion including only praises and prayers, rather it is a divine message that was designed for humanity, and it can answer any question man might ask concerning his general and private life. Islam is a religion designed for a society that can revolt and build a state.”[9]

Leadership of Hezbollah

Nasrallah became the leader of Hezbollah after Israel assassinated the movement’s leader Abbas al-Musawi in 1992.[2][5] Under Nasrallah's leadership, Hezbollah became a serious opponent of the Israel Defense Forces in Southern Lebanon, managing to improve the organization's military capabilities and increasing the killing rate to approximately two dozen Israeli soldiers per year[citation needed]. Hezbollah's military campaigns of the late 1990s were believed to be one of the main factors that led to the Israeli decision to withdraw from Southern Lebanon in 2000, thus ending 18 years of occupation.[2]

Consequently, Nasrallah is widely credited in Lebanon and the Arab world for ending the Israeli occupation in Southern Lebanon, something which has greatly bolstered the party's political standing within Lebanon.[10]

Nasrallah also played a major role in a complex prisoner exchange deal between Israel and Hezbollah in 2004, resulting in hundreds of Palestinian and Lebanese prisoners being freed and the dead body of his son with many more returning to Lebanon. The agreement was described across the Arab world as a great victory for Hezbollah with Nasrallah being personally praised for achieving these gains.[11]

National compact with Free Patriotic Movement of Michel Aoun

Nasrallah negotiated a compact with the Free Patriotic Movement of Michel Aoun, the former premier and a Maronite Christian. Aoun described the ten-point compact in an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal published July 31, 2006. A key point is that Hezbollah agreed to disarm upon the return of its prisoners and the occupied Shebaa Farms. It also agreed to the pardon and return of fugitive South Lebanon Army (SLA) members now declared traitors. The Free Patriotic Movement in turn agreed to work for reform of the confessional electoral system of the Parliament of Lebanon and move it in the direction of one man, one vote. Aoun made the point that the political process was in effect disarming Hezbollah without any loss in lives from unnecessary wars.[12] Critics of this agreement say that is not very clear concerning the disarmament, and that it strengthened Hezbollah internally, giving it a non-Shiite cover.

2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict

Main article: 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
File:Raising arms.jpg
Hassan Nasrallah

On August 3, 2006,Hassan Nasrallah vowed to strike Tel Aviv in retaliation for Israel's bombardment of Lebanon's capital, Beirut. "If you hit Beirut, the Islamic resistance will hit Tel Aviv and is able to do that with God's help," Nasrallah said in a televised address. He said in his television address Hezbollah forces were inflicting maximum casualties on Israeli ground troops.[13]

Even before the conflict ended, Nasrallah came under intense criticism from pro-Western Arab regimes, including Jordan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Jordan's King Abdullah II and Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak warned on July 14th of the risk of "the region being dragged into adventurism that does not serve Arab interests," while Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud Al-Faisal called the Hezbollah attacks "unexpected, inappropriate and irresponsible acts." He went further, saying, "These acts will pull the whole region back to years ago, and we cannot simply accept them."[14]

Nasrallah also came under intense criticism from some in Lebanon. Walid Jumblatt, leader of the Progressive Socialist Party of Lebanon and the most prominent leader of the Druze community, spoke out quite forcefully: "Great, so he's a hero. But I'd like to challenge this heroism of his. I have the right to challenge it, because my country is in flames. Besides, we did not agree..."[15] Jumblatt is also quoted as saying: "He is willing to let the Lebanese capital burn while he haggles over terms of surrender."

Following the cease-fire, which Nasrallah and Hezbollah declared a great victory, came what is known as the "Green Flood" (Al-sayl al-akhdhar), according to Iranian-born journalist Amir Taheri. "This refers to the massive amounts of U.S. dollar notes that Hezbollah is distributing among Shiites in Beirut and the south. The dollars from Iran are ferried to Beirut via Syria and distributed through networks of militants. Anyone who can prove that his home was damaged in the war receives $12,000, a tidy sum in wartorn Lebanon."[16]

In a TV interview aired on Lebanon's New TV station, Sunday, 27 August, Nasrallah said that he would not have ordered the capture of two Israeli soldiers if he had known it would lead to such a war: "We did not think, even 1 percent, that the capture would lead to a war at this time and of this magnitude. You ask me, if I had known on July 11 ... that the operation would lead to such a war, would I do it? I say no, absolutely not."[17]

Views on international politics

The Arab-Israeli conflict

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"There is no solution to the conflict in this region except with the disappearance of Israel," said Nasrallah.[18]

Despite declaring "death to Israel" in his public appearances, Nasrallah said in an interview to The New Yorker, "At the end of the road no one can go to war on behalf of the Palestinians, even if that one is not in agreement with what the Palestinians agreed on."[19] When asked whether he was prepared to live with a two-state settlement between Israel and Palestine, he said he would not sabotage what is a Palestinian matter.[20]

In another interview with The Washington Post, Nasrallah said "I am against any reconciliation with Israel. I do not even recognize the presence of a state that is called 'Israel.' I consider its presence both unjust and unlawful. That is why if Lebanon concludes a peace agreement with Israel and brings that accord to the Parliament our deputies will reject it; Hezbollah refuses any conciliation with Israel in principle.".[21]

According to Nasrallah's website Wa3ad.org in regard to the State of Israel he is quoted as saying, "We do not want to kill anyone. We do not want to throw anyone in the sea. Give the houses back to their owners, the fields back to their landlords, and the homes back to the people. Release the prisoners, and leave us alone to live in this region in security, peace and dignity.".[22]

On 9/11

  • "What do the people who worked in those two World Trade Center towers, along with thousands of employees, women and men, have to do with war that is taking place in the Middle East? Or the war that Mr. George Bush may wage on people in the Islamic world? ... Therefore we condemned this act -- and any similar act we condemn. ... I said nothing about the Pentagon, meaning we remain silent. We neither favored nor opposed that act .... Well, of course, the method of Osama bin Laden, and the fashion of bin Laden, we do not endorse them. And many of the operations that they have carried out, we condemned them very clearly."[23]

The Palestinian refugees in Lebanon

  • "The Lebanese refuse to give the Palestinians residing in Lebanon Lebanese citizenship, and we refuse their resettlement in Lebanon. There is Lebanese consensus on this...we thank God that we all agree on one clear and definite result; namely, that we reject the resettlement of the Palestinians in Lebanon."[24]

Pre-2000 Israeli occupation of Lebanon

  • "If we are to expel the Israeli occupation from our country, how do we do this? We noticed what happened in Palestine, in the West Bank, in the Gaza Strip, in the Golan, in the Sinai. We reached a conclusion that we cannot rely on the Arab League states, nor on the United Nations .... The only way that we have is to take up arms and fight the occupation forces."[23]

The Taliban

  • "The worst, the most dangerous thing that this Islamic revival has encountered ... was the Taliban .... The Taliban state presented a very hideous example of an 'Islamic state'."[23]

Antisemitism and Holocaust denial

According to Nasrallah, "Jews invented the legend of the Holocaust."[25][26][27] The Beirut-based Daily Star quoted Nasrallah as saying "if [Jews] all gather in Israel, it will save us the trouble of going after them worldwide."[28][29] However, Charles Glass writes in the The London Review of Books that this "quote" is in all likelihood a fabrication. "The Star's managing editor writes of Chayban's article on Nasrallah, that 'I have faith in neither the accuracy of the translation [from Arabic to English] nor the agenda of the translator [Chayban].' The editor-in-chief and publisher of the Star, Jamil Mrowe, adds that Chayban was 'a reporter and briefly local desk sub and certainly did not interview Nasrallah or anyone else.' The account of Nasrallah's speech in the Lebanese daily As Safir for the same day makes no reference to any anti-semitic comments.".[30] Amal Saad-Ghorayeb, a Lebanese author and expert on Hezbollah, quoted him as saying, "If we searched the entire world for a person more cowardly, despicable, weak and feeble in psyche, mind, ideology and religion, we would not find anyone like the Jew. Notice, I do not say the Israeli."[31] Regarding the official public stance of Hezbollah as a whole, she argues that while Hezbollah, "tries to mask its anti-Judaism for public-relations reasons... a study of its language, spoken and written, reveals an underlying truth." In her book, Hezbollah: Politics & Religion, she states that Hezbollah "believes that Jews, by the nature of Judaism, possess fatal character flaws," and that "Hezbollah's Quranic reading of Jewish history has led its leaders to believe that Jewish theology is evil."[31]

Two popular songs were written about Nasrallah during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, with vastly different views of the Hezbollah leader: The Hawk of Lebanon in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and Yalla Ya Nasrallah in Israel. More recently in 2007, Lebanese singer Alaa Zalzali composed a tribute song entitled Ya Nasrallah.

References

  1. ^ TKB profile of Hassan Nasrallah
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Profile: Sayid Hasan Nasrallah". Al Jazeera. 2000-07-17. Retrieved 2006-07-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Walid Jumblatt Attacks Hizbullah, Iran, and Syria, and Says: I Support a Two-State Solution, Not the Liberation of Jerusalem 31 January 2007
  4. ^ "The new face of jihadism: To many Arabs, he's revered as the next Nasser. But in the West, Hezbollah leader Sheik Hassan Nasrallah is vilified as the next Osama bin Laden". Ottawa Citizen. CanWest MediaWorks Publication Inc. 2006-07-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |access= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e "Biographical sketch of Hassan Nasrallah: "The Nasrallah Enigma"" (PDF). Al-Bawaba. 2003-11-10. Retrieved 2006-07-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help) Cite error: The named reference "Al-Bawaba" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ O'Dwyer, Thomas. "Hizbullah's ruthless realist". Violence and Terrorism 2000, p. 70. Dushkin/McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-031072. - "He has lived up to our initial assessment," said an Israeli intelligence source. "He is tough, but more intellectual in a broader sense than Musawi. But he has steered close to Musawi's line and kept good relations with Amal, the Syrians, and [Iran]" The source said Nasrallah has kept an eye on making Hizbullah a legitimate political force as well as a military one.
  7. ^ Profile: Hasan Nasrallah
  8. ^ Profile: Hasan Nasrallah
  9. ^ Profile: Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah
  10. ^ The Brooking Institution - Hezbollah's Popularity Exposes al-Qaeda's Failure to Win the Hearts
  11. ^ "Hizbullah, Vanguard and liberator". 2004-03-04. Retrieved 2006-08-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ See History Will Judge Us All On Our Actions
  13. ^ "Hezbollah threatens to strike Tel Aviv". 2006-08-03. Retrieved 2006-08-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ "Correct the damage". 2006-07-16. Retrieved 2006-08-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ "Lebanese Druze Leader Walid Jumblatt Accuses Hizbullah, Iran, and Syria for Lebanon Crisis". 2006-07-20. Retrieved 2006-08-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ "Hezbollah Didn't Win". 2006-07-25. Retrieved 2006-08-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ "Hezbollah leader says he never thought capture would lead to war". 2006-08-28. Retrieved 2006-08-28. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Markus, Andrew (July 15, 2006). "Little choice for a defiant Israel". The Age. Retrieved 2006-07-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  19. ^ Hersh, Seymour M. (July 18, 2003). "The Syrian Bet". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
  20. ^ Shatz, Adam (April 29, 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
  21. ^ "Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah Q&A: What Hezbollah Will Do". The Washington Post. February 20, 2000. Retrieved 2006-08-08. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  22. ^ "Promise For the Support of Resistance Movement". Retrieved 2007-01-07.
  23. ^ a b c Wright, Robin. "Inside the Mind of Hezbollah." washingtonpost.com. 16 July 2006. 18 November 2006.
  24. ^ Passner, Deborah. "Hassan Nasrallah: In His Own Words." CAMERA: Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America. 26 July 2006. 18 November 2006. This article was reprinted in CAMERA's On Campus magazine in the Fall 2006 issue.
  25. ^ Satloff, Robert (2006). "The Holocaust's Arab Heroes". The Washington Post. The Washington Post Company. Retrieved 2007-03-08. - Virtually alone among peoples of the world, Arabs appear to have won a free pass when it comes to denying or minimizing the Holocaust. Hezbollah leader Hasan Nasrallah has declared to his supporters that "Jews invented the legend of the Holocaust." Syrian President Bashar al-Assad recently told an interviewer that he doesn't have "any clue how [Jews] were killed or how many were killed." And Hamas's official Web site labels the Nazi effort to exterminate Jews "an alleged and invented story with no basis."
  26. ^ Butcher, Tim (2006). "Political fighter". The Daily Telegraph (London). Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2007-03-08. - Nasrallah, now 46, has called the Holocaust a "myth" and declared peace to be impossible while Israel exists.
  27. ^ Stalinsky, Steven (2006). "Hezbollah's Nazi Tactics". The New York Sun. The New York Sun, One SL, LLC. Retrieved 2007-03-08. - Hezbollah celebrates Holocaust denial, as well. "Jews invented the legend of the Holocaust," the leader of Hezbollah, Sheik Hassan Nasrallah, said on April 9, 2000. During an appearance on Al-Manar on February 3, Sheik Nasrallah called Europe's leading Holocaust denier, Roger Garaudy, "a great French philosopher." On February 23, Sheik Nasrallah appeared on Al-Manar and praised another leading European Holocaust denier, David Irving, for having "denied the existence of gas chambers."
  28. ^ "The Enemy Within". New York Times. 2004-05-23.
  29. ^ Chayban, Badih "Nasrallah alleges 'Christian Zionist' plot." Free Republic - (linking to dead link to The Daily Star (Beirut newspaper). 23 October 2002
  30. ^ Learning from Its Mistakes: Charles Glass on Hizbullah
  31. ^ a b "IN THE PARTY OF GOD Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war? by Jeffrey Goldberg". The New Yorker. October 14, 2002. Retrieved 2007-03-03. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)

Official Websites

Wikiquote has quotations related to Hassan Nasrallah.

Speeches and interviews

Preceded by Secretary-General of Hezbollah
1992-present 		Succeeded by
Incumbent


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