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==Sex education==
==Sex education==
{{main|Sex education}}
{{main|Sex education}}
'''Sex education''' is a broad term used to describe [[education]] about human [[sex organ|sexual anatomy]], [[sexual reproduction]], [[sexual intercourse]], and other aspects of [[human sexual behavior]]. Common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers, school programs, and public health campaigns.
'''[[Sex education]]''', also called "Sexuality Education" is a broad term used to describe [[education]] about human [[sex organ|sexual anatomy]], [[sexual reproduction]], [[sexual intercourse]], [[human sexual behavior]], and other aspects of [[sexuality]], such as [[body image]], [[sexual orientation]], [[dating]], and [[relationships]]. Common avenues for sex education are parents, caregivers, friends, school programs, religious groups, popular media, and public health campaigns.


Sexual education in different countries vary. For example, in [[France]] sex education has been part of school curricula since 1973. Schools are expected to provide 30 to 40 hours of sex education, and pass out condoms to students in grades eight and nine. In January, 2000, the French government launched an information campaign on contraception with TV and radio spots and the distribution of five million leaflets on contraception to high school students.<ref name=" britsexed "> [http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_07/uk/apprend.htm Britain: Sex Education Under Fire] ''UNESCO Courier'' </ref>
Sexual education in different countries vary. For example, in [[France]] sex education has been part of school curricula since 1973. Schools are expected to provide 30 to 40 hours of sex education, and pass out condoms to students in grades eight and nine. In January, 2000, the French government launched an information campaign on contraception with TV and radio spots and the distribution of five million leaflets on contraception to high school students.<ref name=" britsexed "> [http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_07/uk/apprend.htm Britain: Sex Education Under Fire] ''UNESCO Courier''</ref>

According to [[SIECUS]], the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States, in most families, parents are the primary sex educators of their adolescents. They found 93% of adults they surveyed support sexuality education in high school and 84% support it in junior high school.<ref>{{cite SIECUS Report of Public Support of Sexuality Education| date =1999-06| url http://www.siecus.org/school/sex_ed/sex_ed0002.html}}</ref> In fact, 88% of parents of junior high school students and 80% of parents of high school students believe that sex education in school makes it easier for them to talk to their adolescents about sex.<ref>Sex Education in America.(Washington, DC: National Public Radio, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, and Kennedy School of Government, 2004), p. 5.</ref> Also, 92% of adolescents report that they want both to talk to their parents about sex and to have comprehensive in-school sex education.<ref>[http://www.sarilocker.com Sari Locker], (2001) Sari Says: The real dirt on everything from sex to school. HarperCollins: New York.</ref>


Almost all U.S. students receive some form of sex education at least once between grades 7 and 12; many schools begin addressing some topics as early as grades 5 or 6.<ref>{{cite journal|coauthors=David J. Landry, Susheela Singh and Jacqueline E. Darroch |year=2000 |month=September/October |title=Sexuality Education in Fifth and Sixth Grades in U.S. Public Schools, 1999 |journal=Family Planning Perspectices |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages= |id= |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3221200.html |accessdate=2007-05-23 }}</ref> However, what students learn varies widely, because curriculum decisions are so decentralized. <ref name="Kaiser 2002">{{cite web |url=http://www.kff.org/youthhivstds/upload/Sex-Education-in-the-U-S-Policy-and-Politics.pdf |title=Sex Education in the U.S.: Policy and Politics |accessdate=2007-05-23 |year=2002 |month=October |format=PDF |work=Issue Update |publisher=Kaiser Family Foundation }}</ref>Two main forms of sex education are taught in American schools: comprehensive and [[Abstinence-only sex education | abstinence-only]]. A 2002 study conducted by the [[Kaiser Family Foundation]] found that 58% of secondary school principals describe their sex education curriculum as comprehensive, while 34% said their school's main message was abstinence-only <ref name="Kaiser 2002"/> The difference between these two approaches, and their impact on teen behavior, remains a controversial subject in the U.S.<ref name="Advocates for Youth">{{cite web |url=http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/stateevaluations/index.htm |title=Five Years of Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education: Assessing the Impact |accessdate=2007-05-23 |last=Hauser |first=Debra |year=2004 |publisher=Advocates for Youth}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title =Mathematica Findings Too Narrow | publisher =National Abstinence Education Association | date =2007-04-13 | url =http://www.abstinenceassociation.org/newsroom/pr_041307_mathematica.html | accessdate =2007-05-25}}</ref> Some studies have shown abstinence-only programs to have no positive effects.<ref>[http://www.topix.net/content/ap/2007/11/report-abstinence-not-curbing-teen-sex Report: Abstinence Not Curbing Teen Sex]</ref> Other studies have shown specific programs to result in more than 2/3 of students maintaining that they will remain abstinent until marriage months after completing such a program<ref>[http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_116666.asp Why Know Says They Are Effective In Increasing Teen Abstinence]</ref>; such "virginity pledges," however, are statistically ineffective, <ref>Bearman PS, Brückner H. Promising the future: virginity pledges and first intercourse. American Journal of Sociology 2001; 106:859-912.</ref><ref>Brückner H, Bearman PS. After the promise: the STI consequences of adolescent virginity pledges. Journal of Adolescent Health 2005; 36:271-278.</ref> and over 95% of Americans do, in fact, have sex before marriage. <ref>Finer L. Trends in premarital sex in the United States, 1954-2003. Public Health Reports, 2007; 23: 73.</ref>
Almost all U.S. students receive some form of sex education at least once between grades 7 and 12; many schools begin addressing some topics as early as grades 5 or 6.<ref>{{cite journal|coauthors=David J. Landry, Susheela Singh and Jacqueline E. Darroch |year=2000 |month=September/October |title=Sexuality Education in Fifth and Sixth Grades in U.S. Public Schools, 1999 |journal=Family Planning Perspectices |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages= |id= |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3221200.html |accessdate=2007-05-23 }}</ref> However, what students learn varies widely, because curriculum decisions are so decentralized. <ref name="Kaiser 2002">{{cite web |url=http://www.kff.org/youthhivstds/upload/Sex-Education-in-the-U-S-Policy-and-Politics.pdf |title=Sex Education in the U.S.: Policy and Politics |accessdate=2007-05-23 |year=2002 |month=October |format=PDF |work=Issue Update |publisher=Kaiser Family Foundation }}</ref>Two main forms of sex education are taught in American schools: comprehensive and [[Abstinence-only sex education | abstinence-only]]. A 2002 study conducted by the [[Kaiser Family Foundation]] found that 58% of secondary school principals describe their sex education curriculum as comprehensive, while 34% said their school's main message was abstinence-only <ref name="Kaiser 2002"/> The difference between these two approaches, and their impact on teen behavior, remains a controversial subject in the U.S.<ref name="Advocates for Youth">{{cite web |url=http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/stateevaluations/index.htm |title=Five Years of Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education: Assessing the Impact |accessdate=2007-05-23 |last=Hauser |first=Debra |year=2004 |publisher=Advocates for Youth}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title =Mathematica Findings Too Narrow | publisher =National Abstinence Education Association | date =2007-04-13 | url =http://www.abstinenceassociation.org/newsroom/pr_041307_mathematica.html | accessdate =2007-05-25}}</ref> Some studies have shown abstinence-only programs to have no positive effects.<ref>[http://www.topix.net/content/ap/2007/11/report-abstinence-not-curbing-teen-sex Report: Abstinence Not Curbing Teen Sex]</ref> Other studies have shown specific programs to result in more than 2/3 of students maintaining that they will remain abstinent until marriage months after completing such a program<ref>[http://www.chattanoogan.com/articles/article_116666.asp Why Know Says They Are Effective In Increasing Teen Abstinence]</ref>; such "virginity pledges," however, are statistically ineffective, <ref>Bearman PS, Brückner H. Promising the future: virginity pledges and first intercourse. American Journal of Sociology 2001; 106:859-912.</ref><ref>Brückner H, Bearman PS. After the promise: the STI consequences of adolescent virginity pledges. Journal of Adolescent Health 2005; 36:271-278.</ref> and over 95% of Americans do, in fact, have sex before marriage. <ref>Finer L. Trends in premarital sex in the United States, 1954-2003. Public Health Reports, 2007; 23: 73.</ref>

Revision as of 15:23, 25 December 2007

Main articles: Human sexuality, Adolescence, and Adolescent sexual behavior

Adolescent sexuality refers to sexual feelings, behavior and development in adolescents and is a stage of human sexuality. Sexuality is a vital aspect of teens' lives.[1] The sexual behavior of adolescents is influenced by their culture's norms and mores, their sexual preference, and the issues of social control such as age of consent laws.

In humans, mature sexual desire usually begins to appear with the onset of puberty. Sexual expression can take the form of masturbation or sex with a partner. Sexual preferences among adolescents, like adults, can vary greatly. Sexual activity in general is associated with a number of risks, including sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV/AIDS), emotional distress, and pregnancy through failure or non-use of birth control. This is particularly true for adolescents as they are not emotionally mature[2] or financially self sufficient.

Teenage pregnancy

Main article: Teenage pregnancy

Adolescent girls become fertile following the menarche (first menstrual period), which occurs in the United States at an average age of 12.5., although it can vary widely between different girls. After menarche, sexual intercourse (especially without contraception) can lead to pregnancy. The pregnant teenager may then miscarry, have an abortion, or carry the child to full term.

Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under 15 and those living in developing countries; for example, obstetric fistula is a particular issue for very young mothers in poorer regions. [3] For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associated with socioeconomic factors; for example pregnant teenagers are less likely than women over 20 to receive early prenatal care. [4]

Worldwide, rates of teenage births range widely. For example, sub-Saharan Africa has a high proportion of teenage mothers whereas industrialized Asian countries such as South Korea and Japan have very low rates. [5] Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma; teenage mothers and their children in developed countries show lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer "life outcomes" compared with older mothers and their children. [6] In the developing world, teenage pregnancy is usually within marriage and does not carry such a stigma. [7]

File:AOCWorldMap.png
Age of consent laws Worldwide
Main articles: Age of consent and Marriageable age

Many countries have an age of consent, the minimum age at which a person is considered to be capable of legally giving informed consent to any kind of sexual behavior. The legal age of consent has varied from being age 13 in Japan, age 14 across Canada, and age 16-18 in many states in the United States. In some jurisdictions, the age of consent for homosexual acts may be different from that for heterosexual acts. The age of consent in a particular jurisdiction is typically the same as the age of majority or several years younger. The age at which one can legally marry is also sometimes different from the legal age of consent.

Sexual relations with a person under the age of consent are generally a criminal offense in the jurisdiction in which the crime was committed, with punishments ranging from token fines to life imprisonment. Many different terms exist for the charges laid and include statutory rape, illegal carnal knowledge, or corruption of a minor. In some cases, sexual activity with someone above the legal age of consent but beneath the age of majority can be punishable under laws against contributing to the delinquency of a minor.

Sex education

Main article: Sex education

Sex education, also called "Sexuality Education" is a broad term used to describe education about human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual intercourse, human sexual behavior, and other aspects of sexuality, such as body image, sexual orientation, dating, and relationships. Common avenues for sex education are parents, caregivers, friends, school programs, religious groups, popular media, and public health campaigns.

Sexual education in different countries vary. For example, in France sex education has been part of school curricula since 1973. Schools are expected to provide 30 to 40 hours of sex education, and pass out condoms to students in grades eight and nine. In January, 2000, the French government launched an information campaign on contraception with TV and radio spots and the distribution of five million leaflets on contraception to high school students.[8]

According to SIECUS, the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States, in most families, parents are the primary sex educators of their adolescents. They found 93% of adults they surveyed support sexuality education in high school and 84% support it in junior high school.[9] In fact, 88% of parents of junior high school students and 80% of parents of high school students believe that sex education in school makes it easier for them to talk to their adolescents about sex.[10] Also, 92% of adolescents report that they want both to talk to their parents about sex and to have comprehensive in-school sex education.[11]

Almost all U.S. students receive some form of sex education at least once between grades 7 and 12; many schools begin addressing some topics as early as grades 5 or 6.[12] However, what students learn varies widely, because curriculum decisions are so decentralized. [13]Two main forms of sex education are taught in American schools: comprehensive and abstinence-only. A 2002 study conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation found that 58% of secondary school principals describe their sex education curriculum as comprehensive, while 34% said their school's main message was abstinence-only [13] The difference between these two approaches, and their impact on teen behavior, remains a controversial subject in the U.S.[14][15] Some studies have shown abstinence-only programs to have no positive effects.[16] Other studies have shown specific programs to result in more than 2/3 of students maintaining that they will remain abstinent until marriage months after completing such a program[17]; such "virginity pledges," however, are statistically ineffective, [18][19] and over 95% of Americans do, in fact, have sex before marriage. [20]

In Asia the state of sex education programs are at various stages of development. Indonesia, Mongolia, South Korea and Sri Lanka have a systematic policy framework for teaching about sex within schools. Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand have assessed adolescent reproductive health needs with a view to developing adolescent-specific training, messages and materials. India has programs that specifically aims at school children at the age group of nine to sixteen years. These are included as subjects in the curriculum and generally involves open and frank interaction with the teachers. Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan have no coordinated sex education programs.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ponton, Lynn (2000). The Sex Lives of Teenagers. New York: Dutton. p. 2. ISBN 0452282608.
  2. ^ John R. Chapman (2000). "Adolescent sex and mass media: a developmental approach". Adolescence. Winter: 799-811.
  3. ^ Pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death in teenage girls in developing countries
  4. ^ Makinson, C. (1985). The health consequences of teenage fertility. Family Planning Perspectives, 17 (3), 132-9. Retrieved May 29, 2006.
  5. ^ Indicator: Births per 1000 women (15-19 ys) – 2002 UNFPA, State of World Population 2003, Retrieved Jan 22, 2007.
  6. ^ The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. (2002). Template:PDFlink. Retrieved May 27, 2006.
  7. ^ Population Council (2006)Unexplored Elements of Adolescence in the Developing World Population Briefs, January 2006, Vol. 12, No. 1. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
  8. ^ Britain: Sex Education Under Fire UNESCO Courier
  9. ^ Template:Cite SIECUS Report of Public Support of Sexuality Education
  10. ^ Sex Education in America.(Washington, DC: National Public Radio, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, and Kennedy School of Government, 2004), p. 5.
  11. ^ Sari Locker, (2001) Sari Says: The real dirt on everything from sex to school. HarperCollins: New York.
  12. ^ "Sexuality Education in Fifth and Sixth Grades in U.S. Public Schools, 1999". Family Planning Perspectices. 32 (5). 2000. Retrieved 2007-05-23. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ a b "Sex Education in the U.S.: Policy and Politics" (PDF). Issue Update. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2002. Retrieved 2007-05-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Hauser, Debra (2004). "Five Years of Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education: Assessing the Impact". Advocates for Youth. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
  15. ^ "Mathematica Findings Too Narrow" (Press release). National Abstinence Education Association. 2007-04-13. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
  16. ^ Report: Abstinence Not Curbing Teen Sex
  17. ^ Why Know Says They Are Effective In Increasing Teen Abstinence
  18. ^ Bearman PS, Brückner H. Promising the future: virginity pledges and first intercourse. American Journal of Sociology 2001; 106:859-912.
  19. ^ Brückner H, Bearman PS. After the promise: the STI consequences of adolescent virginity pledges. Journal of Adolescent Health 2005; 36:271-278.
  20. ^ Finer L. Trends in premarital sex in the United States, 1954-2003. Public Health Reports, 2007; 23: 73.
  21. ^ Adolescents In Changing Times: Issues And Perspectives For Adolescent Reproductive Health In The ESCAP Region United Nations Social and Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific
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