Quantum Leap (1989 TV series)

Quantum Leap
File:Quantum Leap.jpg Series stars Dean Stockwell & Scott Bakula
Created by	Donald P. Bellisario
Starring	Scott Bakula Dean Stockwell
Country of origin	United States
No. of seasons	5
No. of episodes	96 (list of episodes)
Production
Running time	approx. 45 minutes
Production companies	Belisarius Productions Universal TV
Original release
Network	NBC
Release	March 26, 1989 – May 5, 1993

Quantum Leap is an American science fiction television series that ran for 96 episodes from March 1989 to May 1993 on the NBC network. Reruns began airing on ION Television Monday, April 7, 2008 [1].

The plot involves scientist Sam Beckett (Scott Bakula) leaping to various points in time, and into the life of a different person, constrained within the period of his own lifetime. His only link with his own time is the cigar smoking, womanising Al (Dean Stockwell), who appears to Sam as a hologram that nobody else can see.

The show overlaps a number of genres, including science fiction, family drama, comedy, social commentary and nostalgia, thereby acquiring a broad range of fans.

At the end of each episode, Sam leaps into another person, giving viewers a teaser of the following episode (or occasionally a red herring). As part of a running gag, after Sam's leap, in awe or dismay about his new situation, he often utters the catch phrase "Oh boy!".

Opening narration

After the pilot, the first season episodes open with an introductory narration by Sam Beckett:

It all started when a time travel experiment I was conducting went... "a little caca". In the blink of a cosmic clock, I went from quantum physicist, to Air force test-pilot. Which could have been fun... if I knew how to fly. Fortunately, I had help - an observer from the Project named Al. Unfortunately Al's a hologram, so all he can lend is moral support. Anyway here I am, bouncing around in time, putting things right that once went wrong, a sort of time traveling Lone Ranger, with Al as my Tonto. And I don't even need a mask... ("Oh boy!").

Beginning with the thirteenth episode of the second season ("Another Mother"), each episode begins with a spoken introduction which explains the series' broader premise. On its first appearance, this introduction was spoken by actor Lance LeGault (who appears in the show's first season episode "How the Tess Was Won"). For the remaining episodes of the season, it was read by Deborah Pratt (Bellisario's then wife).

Theorizing that one could time-travel within his own lifetime, Dr. Sam Beckett led an elite group of scientists into the desert, to develop a top-secret project known as Quantum Leap. Pressured to prove his theories or lose funding, Dr. Beckett prematurely stepped into the project accelerator, and vanished. He awoke to find himself in the past, suffering from partial amnesia and facing a mirror image that was not his own. Fortunately, contact with his own time was maintained through brain-wave transmissions with Al, the project observer, who appears in the form of a hologram, that only Dr. Beckett can see and hear. Trapped in the past, Dr. Beckett finds himself leaping from life to life, putting things right that once went wrong, and hoping each time that his next leap will be the leap home.

Some versions of these second season episodes, such as some first run broadcasts, and those originally shown by BBC Two in the United Kingdom, did not have the opening narration, instead going straight into the episode as Sam leaps.

A shorter version of the second season introduction with slightly different wording, read by Deborah Pratt but without the echo effect, was used in the third to fifth seasons, and in syndication:

Theorizing that one could time travel within his own lifetime, Dr. Sam Beckett stepped into the Quantum Leap accelerator and vanished. He awoke to find himself trapped in the past, facing mirror images that were not his own and driven by an unknown force to change history for the better. His only guide on this journey is Al, an observer from his own time, who appears in the form of a hologram that only Sam can see and hear. And so Dr. Beckett finds himself leaping from life to life, striving to put right what once went wrong, and hoping each time that his next leap will be the leap home.

The show's first season was a mid-season replacement, and consisted of the pilot and six separate episodes. These first season episodes were presented in a pseudo-serialized format, wherein the last few minutes of the previous episode was shown before Sam would leap into the current episode's storyline. This helped viewers understand that Sam was leaping directly from one life to another. The practice was dropped in the second season so that episodes could be run (and rerun) in a random order; all episodes now began at the point of leap-in. The first season episodes were re-edited into this format.

Plot

In the near future (1999), at a highly classified U.S. government-funded research facility somewhere in the desert near the small ranching town of Stallion's Gate, New Mexico, physicist Sam Beckett (Scott Bakula) is working on a grand experiment to prove his time-travel theory. Sam is working alongside Gushie (Dennis Wolfberg), the lead programmer of Project Quantum Leap. Gushie also works the controls for the imaging chamber. However, the funding for the project is about to be cut. Sam's colleagues protest that they're not ready, but in a last-ditch effort to prove that his theories are correct, Sam steps into the project's "accelerator chamber" too early and vanishes.

Sam appears in the past with no memory of who he is or where he is. This side-effect amnesia is called Swiss-cheesing or (as a technical term in the show's universe) magnafluxing, which prevents him from remembering most of the details of his own life. His best friend from his original time, Albert "Al" Calavicci (Dean Stockwell), appears to him as a holographic projection from the "imaging chamber," usually only visible and audible to Sam, but also to small children, animals (Al often jokes "blondes" too), the mentally challenged, and, in one case, a man whose brainwaves are a near match to Sam's. Al is the Quantum Leap Project's observer and a retired U.S. Navy Rear Admiral. It is revealed that Gushie made a frantic call to Al when Sam vanished in the project accelerator and called him in to work on the situation. Gushie continues to work alongside Al in Sam's original time. Along with the (possibly sentient) supercomputer named Ziggy, Al is able to help Sam "set right what once went wrong" before he leaps out into the next person. At the beginning and end of nearly every episode, as Sam leaps into a new person he speaks his catch phrase, "Oh, boy!" and sees his 'new' reflection in a mirror. A notable exception is in the episode "Dr. Ruth," in which the leap is shown from the leapees' point of view rather than Sam's. When the leap takes place, we are with Dr. Ruth in the waiting room, who gives Al counseling about his own relationships.

In the pilot episode, Sam has leapt to the year 1956 as an X-2 test pilot, Captain Tom Stratton, based on real life Captain Milburn G. Apt. In one of his holographic visits, Al tells Sam about Ziggy's theory that "God or Time, was just waiting for your quantum leap to…correct a mistake." Al thinks that this is "a load of crap," but "if Ziggy's right, all you have to do is break Mach 3 and live." (Al also suggests that he wait forty years and Sam will be in "the present"). But as more of these seemingly random leaps put Sam in a position to fix something that once went wrong, Al gradually comes to believe that the experiment has been mysteriously co-opted by an unidentified higher power, to use Sam to avert tragedies in ordinary people's lives. The revelation that God was controlling these leaps is confirmed in "The Honeymoon Express." The Quantum Leap project is in danger of losing its funding unless Al can convince the committee of Sam's existence and of Sam's influence on past events. Mid-episode, Al presses upon Sam to forget about the actual purpose of the leap and focus on preventing the American U-2 scandal. Forgetting that this would mean that Sam would no longer be able to interact with Al, Sam brushes off its importance by reminding Al that it is not the project leaping him from person to person, but God. It is reconfirmed when Sam meets the devil, temporarily assuming Al's appearance to torment Sam before trying to kill him, who asks of Sam, "Who gave you the right to go bungling around in time, putting right what I made wrong?" It is re-confirmed indirectly when Sam meets an "evil leaper" who knows that her job is to set wrong what once went right. It is never explained exactly how the evil counterpart of Project Quantum Leap came to be, or who runs it. All we know of the evil Quantum Leap Project is that its counterpart of Ziggy is called Lothos, and that evil leapers manifest themselves with a red energy field, in contrast to the 'good' Sam, who leaps with a blue energy.

Another episode supporting the idea that a higher power is in charge is one in which Sam happens to encounter Al's first wife, Beth. At Al's insistence, Sam tries to prevent her from falling in love with the man she would marry while Al was a POW in Vietnam. But every time Sam thinks he has gotten rid of the man, he winds up running into Beth again, as if it were meant to be. Finally, Sam finds out Al's true motive and makes Al tell him his true mission. In the series finale, Sam reassures Beth that Al is alive and will come home; this episode also explicitly states that Sam himself is the only one in control of the leaps, though it is implied that the character who explains this is, in fact, God.

The term holographic projection is used in the program, although it is not the same as real holography. The show's "hologram" is a three dimensional, neurological projection "created by an agitation of subatomic carbon quarks tuned to the mesons of my optic and otic neurons." To project the hologram, Al enters an "Imaging Chamber" in which the image of Al and anything he is touching, e.g., a person or cigar (but not the ground or chamber), are visible to Sam and Sam can hear Al speak, and correspondingly events in the past are visible and audible to Al. However, throughout the series, it has been found that animals, young children, the mentally ill and the fatally wounded can see Al. This is used to Sam's advantage on a few occasions, such as Al soothing a crying child, leading a dog away from Sam, or speaking directly with an asylum inmate. This last proves very useful when Sam is unable to perform his usual leap duties due to electro-shock therapy disrupting his ego and causing him to revert to the personalities of some of his past hosts. Fortunately, in this case, Al is able to talk to the person Sam is there to help and deals with the situation for him.

In what may be a form of paradox, in one episode Sam leaps into a younger Al, when Al is on trial for the rape and murder of a commander's wife. Although in the original history, Al was acquitted, Sam's actions cause the case to begin turning against Al. Part of the way through the episode, when Ziggy projects that the odds are 100% that Al will be convicted, Al disappears in mid-sentence and is replaced by Edward St John, a character played by Roddy McDowall, with only Sam remembering that Al was the observer, implying that Al was convicted and executed. In this new continuity, the staff at Quantum Leap appeared less emotionally involved with Sam's various hosts, and Sam and St. John have no apparent connection beyond a professional relationship. St. John calls Sam 'Samuel,' a name that Sam hasn't been called since he last saw his great-aunt. Fortunately, as soon as the odds jump back in favor of Al surviving, he is restored, with only Sam remembering that Edward St. John was ever there. This confirms that Project Quantum Leap would still exist without Al, though it would be a radically different project.

The Quantum Leap generator is run by a supercomputer named Ziggy which can use its immense database to pinpoint where, when, and who Sam is. Ziggy can also help Al figure out why he is there and what he must do so everything can be put right. Almost every episode centers on what Ziggy is trying to tell Sam to do, and giving him a clear objective, such as making sure someone doesn't end up in a car that will crash, saving a child's life, or having someone stand up for him- or herself after an attack like a rape or hate crime. Almost always, what Ziggy said was confusing and left Sam and Al to figure out in the last minute what had to be done. Ziggy is apparently self-aware, and in early seasons is generally referred to as "he." In one episode in season four though, in which Sam "returns home" to his own time, Ziggy is revealed to speak with a female voice, though Sam still refers to it as "he" (and, after experiencing "his" sarcasm, regrets programming "him" with "Barbra Streisand's ego"). Interestingly, in the aforementioned confrontation between Sam and the devil, Ziggy was reported as malfunctioning and unable to locate Sam, but the team could not determine what was the cause of such a serious malfunction. When Al eventually arrived on the scene (to see what appeared to be himself) he stated in a horrified tone that "Ziggy says there's definitely something there Sam!" in reference to the spot the devil was standing. Ziggy's power seems far more potent than simple artificial intelligence.

Leaping: mind or body?

In early episodes of the series, it is unclear whether it is only Sam's mind that leaps (into other people's bodies) or if Sam's mind and body leap together. Subsequent episodes make it clear that both Sam's mind and body leap, and that an 'aura' surrounds him, making him look and sound like whoever he's leaped into (back home, the 'leap-ee' is infused with a similar aura, and looks/sounds like Sam). It is established elsewhere in the series that Sam's mind often merges with that of the leapee as part of the Swisscheesing.Some examples of this include:

"Blind Faith"

Sam assumes the life of a blind concert pianist. Sam, however, can still see, and must pretend to be blind in order to complete his mission. Later in the episode, Sam is blinded by a flash bulb, and Al makes it clear that he is risking his own sight if he does not seek medical attention immediately.

"8½ Months"

Sam poses as a pregnant teenage girl. Sam incredulously asks Al how he could possibly be giving birth, to which Al replies that this is impossible—"it's your body, not hers." However, Sam theorizes that even though the mother Billie Jean has leapt to the future and is in the waiting room, the baby did not leap. This is confirmed by Al that although Billie Jean is in labor, there is no baby present.

"The Wrong Stuff"

Sam leaps into a chimpanzee in the space program. The episode makes it clear that chimpanzees are unable to swim, yet Sam is able to dive into the water to rescue a drowning man.

"Nowhere to Run"

Sam leaps in as a Vietnam vet who has no legs. However, Sam can still walk, and actually does so in the episode (to outside observers he appeared to be floating in midair).

"Killin' Time"

Sam explains to his hostages that he leaps into people's lives and his body is there with him.

"Trilogy (Part 3)"

Al informs Sam that he is the father of Samantha Josephine "Sammy Jo" Fuller, a child he fathered ten years earlier in "Trilogy (Part 2)." He also tells Sam that Sammy Jo inherited his intelligence (with an IQ of 194), proving that Sam is the biological father rather than the leapee.

"Revenge of the Evil Leaper"

Toward the end of the episode, Sam shoots the former observer, Zoey, and kills her, but when the person she had leapt into returns, he is clearly alive and well; also, when Zoey attempts to shoot Alia, the first evil leaper, neither Alia nor her host are harmed, presumably because Alia leapt out just before the bullets hit and her host leapt back after the bullets passed through them.

• Zoey's fate also confirms that Sam could theoretically die during a leap. However, Alia's fate suggests that Sam would be leapt out of any such situation before he could actually die. Indeed, there are two episodes ("Last Dance Before an Execution" and "Trilogy, Part 1") in which Sam's host actually dies; in both situations, Sam leaps out just in time to avoid dying himself (though it should be noted that having accomplished his mission, Sam would have been due to leap out anyway).

There are numerous other episodes in which Sam performs feats of strength that are suggested to be beyond the abilities of the people leapt into. For instance, in "Runaway," despite being a young boy, Sam is able to easily suspend his older and stronger sister over a well. Several other episodes feature Sam as a woman beating up male attackers while witnesses look on in amazement. Also, in an episode where Sam leaped into a woman being attacked by her son's kidnappers, Sam's blouse is ripped open and one of the kidnappers leers at "her" exposed cleavage, allowing Sam the distraction he needed to defeat them.

If Sam leaps into someone whose body is physically a different size from Sam's own, Sam is 'refracted' and temporarily made larger or smaller to fit (similar to the effect of light being refracted through a prism), most notably in "The Wrong Stuff" when he became a chimpanzee. However, a simpler explanation of this would be mere dramatic license.

Sam's neurons and mesons are linked through Ziggy to Al. These are physical elements of the human body which would prove that Sam's physical body is leaping with Sam. This is also proven in the episode "A Leap for Lisa" when "Project: Quantum Leap" leaps young Al into himself.

It is established early in the show's run that Al sees Sam as the leapee rather than as Sam. However, later episodes indicate that he clearly sees Sam as Sam. In the episode "What Price, Gloria," Al becomes smitten with Sam's appearance as a woman. However, later in "Miss Deep South," Al mocks Sam's attempts to imitate a gorgeous beauty pageant contestant. He refers to Sam/Darlene as "Scarlett O'Hara on steroids" at one point. And in the episode "Nowhere to Run" in the fifth season Al tells Sam, "Nobody sees you except me."

Sam's memory

At the beginning of the series Sam has severe amnesia, not even knowing his own name or origin, or recognizing Al upon his first appearance. With some prompting, Sam comes to recognize his situation but continues to suffer from a brain that is commonly referred to an being "Swiss Cheesed" (ie. full of holes). Complex technical skills (such as his medical and scientific training and his knowledge of foreign languages) survive intact, yet he is unable to recall more mundane or personal things, including his life experiences predating his first leap and many historical details. Al's projection is crucial for filling in these gaps when they become relevant.

It is often implied that the "holes" in Sam's memory are temporarily filled by aspects from the mind of the person he is currently replacing, allowing him to assume the mannerisms of his host or intuitively know where to find items or locations relevant to them (ie, knowing where "home" is and where their car keys are). This is expressed most strongly when Sam takes Al's place, and is inundated with his lecherous friend's lascivious instincts, and when he leaps into Lee Harvey Oswald and finds his own personality dominated by that of the infamous assassin.

As the show unfolds in the second season, Sam slowly but steadily begins to remember more personal information, such as having a brother who was killed in Vietnam in a story arc that spans much of the season. Generally from the third season onwards, Sam is able to remember much more. This can be explained by him slowly becoming accustomed to leaping and his memory gradually returning, though in real-life, it was as much to do with writers expanding new plots which allowed Sam to be able to do more without having to have everything explained to him. Yet, Sam's memory of his loving wife is kept hidden from him, presumably by the unknown force that directs his leaps and by agreement between Mrs. Beckett and Al, so that he can continue his missions unhindered by the burden of this knowledge.

Kisses with history

Also common are so-called "kisses with history," where Sam briefly encounters a famous or infamous person or event in a manner irrelevant to the story. For example:

• In "Star-Crossed," Sam has to get his future fiancée (and eventual wife due to the success of the leap) (Teri Hatcher) to reconnect with her father, who is a colonel in the army. On June 17, 1972, Sam tries to bluff his way past the security guards in the lobby of the Watergate Hotel. He is ejected, but Sam manages to find a door with a piece of tape over the latch. He and his future wife sneak in, but the guard, noticing their car, does a check of the outside doors and reports a break-in.
• In "How the Tess Was Won," Sam leads a young Buddy Holly to write the song "Peggy Sue."
• In "Double Identity," Sam causes the Northeast Blackout of 1965 when he asks someone to plug in a 1000 watt hair dryer at a fraternity house at 111 Erie Drive, Buffalo, New York at 22:15 GMT (5:15 EST) on November 9, 1965.
• In the episode "Kamikazi Kid," Sam meets a boy called "Mikey," ostensibly Michael Jackson, and demonstrates how to do the moonwalk.
• In "Play it again Seymour," Sam leaps into a man who looks a lot like Humphrey Bogart and in 1953 New York runs into a young Woody Allen.
• In "Good Morning, Peoria," Sam teaches Chubby Checker how to do the Twist.
• In "Thou Shalt Not…," Sam performs the Heimlich Maneuver on a choking man who is addressed as Dr Heimlich; no one else present recognizes the technique as it had not yet been invented.
• In "Sea Bride," a voice can be heard over the ship's intercom saying, "Calling Mrs. Thatcher, Mrs. Margaret Thatcher," a reference to the British Prime Minister.
• In "Leap Of Faith," Sam recounts to a young boxer a scene from the film Rocky—the young boxer's locker door is tagged with S. Stallone—a reference to Sylvester Stallone. This could potentially be a continuity error, as the episode takes place in Philadelphia but Stallone grew up in New York City.
• In the episode "The Boogieman," Sam's actions help inspire a young horror writer, Stephen King.
• In "Rebel without a Clue," Sam pleads with Jack Kerouac to talk a young woman out of pursuing a dangerous life on the road.
• In "It's a Wonderful Leap," Sam as a cab driver in 1958, advises a 12-year-old Donald Trump that investing in New York City real estate would be a good way to get rich, and that there will one day be a crystal tower on 57th Street and 5th Aveune. That building is the Trump Tower. Note: In the same episode, Donald's father, Fred Trump, is played by Scott Bakula's future Star Trek: Enterprise costar Vaughn Armstrong.
• In "Goodbye Norma Jean," Sam inspires the title of the last film Marilyn Monroe ever completed. In Sam's universe she died before The Misfits was made.
• In "Dr. Ruth," Sam leaps into Dr. Ruth Westheimer. While Sam deals with a case of sexual harassment in the past, the real Dr. Ruth (in the waiting room) helps Al get over his inability to express his love to a woman, ever since his first wife left him. It appears that the point of Sam leaping into Dr. Ruth was for Dr. Ruth to help Al, rather than Sam to help the victim (Westheimer appeared as herself in this role). However, while defending a victim of sexual harassment from her harasser, a woman stops to listen to what Sam is saying, and when her companion speaks to her, we see that the woman listening is Anita Hill.
• In "The Leap Between the States," Sam leaps into his own great-grandfather during the American Civil War, who is charged with helping runaway slaves escape through the Underground Railroad. The house servant and conductor of the stop gives himself the last name of "King," implying that he is the ancestor of Martin Luther King, Jr..
• In the episode "Memphis Melody," where Sam leaps into Elvis Presley, a young saxophonist in a music contest from Hope, Arkansas is addressed as "little Billy C," a reference to Bill Clinton.
• In the second season episode "All Americans," Al notes that he is watching Super Bowl XXX and that the Steelers are three points behind. The game did in fact feature the Steelers, who trailed the Dallas Cowboys by exactly three points at two different points in the game. This is notable because the episode was filmed over six years before the game actually took place.

Series conclusion

The series (created by Donald Bellisario) is somewhat unusual in that it has a science fiction premise, but little science fiction- or fantasy-oriented storytelling, instead focusing on the personal journeys of Sam Beckett and those he encounters. Even in its final episode, the show refuses to resolve many of its own technical and holistic questions, choosing instead to leave things open-ended and focus tightly on what is arguably the series' overarching message: that a single person can change the world one life at a time.

The final episode was in fact intended to be an end-of-season cliffhanger, but after the series was not renewed by the network, it was re-edited to function as the series finale. This may account for some of its ambiguous nature. The original ending has Sam leaping into 1969, a mere minute or two after he and Al leapt out in the episode "M.I.A.," to tell Al's first wife, Beth, that Al is coming home. His Vietnam-era picture begins to "leap" (this is where the final episode cuts off), and then we see a modern picture of Al sitting with Beth and their four daughters. This ending somehow made it out of the studio and has been circulated on the Internet. In the ending that was actually broadcast, we are told that Al was reunited with Beth, that they remain married, and that "Dr. Sam Beckett never returned home." Fans have speculated that this would have erased Project Quantum Leap, Sam and Al's relationship, or even Sam himself from the altered timeline. However, the original script and subsequent statements by Bellisario leave all of these intact.

In its second season in the USA, it was forced to compete with the Top 20 hits Full House and Family Matters, both on ABC in the same time slot, and came close to being canceled in its third season due to low ratings. However, a letter writing campaign helped save the series, and it continued for another two seasons, ending after the fifth season. In the summer of 1991 and 1992 NBC aired "Quantum Leap Week"s, showing one episode of QL each night for a week Monday through Friday in order to help promote the show.

Episodes

Main article: List of Quantum Leap episodes

Guest stars

A number of celebrities guest-starred on the series over the course of its run, including Debbie Allen, Bob Saget, Charles Rocket, Neil Patrick Harris, Brooke Shields, Roddy McDowall and others; Chubby Checker, Dr. Laura Schlessinger, and Dr. Ruth Westheimer appeared in episodes as themselves. Several future stars made guest appearances, including Jennifer Aniston, Michael Beach, Terry Farrell, Diedrich Bader, Robert Duncan McNeill, Jason Priestley, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Carla Gugino, Teri Hatcher, Marcia Cross, Eriq La Salle, Patricia Richardson, Patrick Warburton, Claudia Christian, James Morrison, Gregory Itzin, Lauren Tom, Jane Sibbett, Amy Yasbeck, Michael Stoyanov, and Beverley Mitchell.

Awards

• Emmy Awards
  • 1989: Outstanding Achievement in Hairstyling for a Series (for "Double Identity")
  • 1990: Outstanding Cinematography for a Series ("Pool Hall Blues")
  • 1991: Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Series ("The Leap Home" (Part 1))
  • 1991: Outstanding Cinematography for a Series ("The Leap Home" (Part 2))
  • 1993: Outstanding Individual Achievement in Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production ("Lee Harvey Oswald")
• Golden Globe Awards
  • 1990: Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV (Stockwell)
  • 1992: Best Performance by an Actor in a TV-Series - Drama (Bakula)
• Directors Guild of America Awards
  • 1991: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Shows - Night (Michael Zinberg, for "Vietnam")
• Edgar Awards
  • 1991: Best Episode in a TV Series Teleplay (Paul Brown, for "Goodnight, Dear Heart")

Other Media

Non-fiction

• Julie Barrett: The A–Z of Quantum Leap. Boxtree, London 1995. ISBN 0-7522-0628-1
• Louis Chunovic: Quantum Leap Book. Boxtree, London 1993. ISBN 1-85283-866-3
• Hal Schuster: The Making of Quantum Leap. HarperCollins, London 1996. ISBN 0-06-105438-0

Novels

Ace Books published a series of novels due to the show's popularity, beginning in 1992 and continuing until the year 2000. While not considered canon, the novels were met with approval from Bellisarius Productions and Universal Studios. Being non-canon, the novels tended to deviate from series norms and also attempted to provide explanations for conventions that went unexplained in series episodes. For example, in Quantum Leap: The Novel (a.k.a. Carny Knowledge):

• Sam is depicted as exchanging bodies with subjects he leaps into; he suffers from the degenerative results of polio on the 'leap-ee's' body for the duration of the story's leap.

• Ziggy is identified as female both in personality and by reference as "her" and "she" by those present at Project Quantum Leap.

• The novel states that Sam used brain cells from himself and Al in the creation of Ziggy (implying that Ziggy is a form of wetware computer), and that this "link" was the reason why Ziggy could transmit an image of Al to Sam's mind. This is also used to explain why Al can recognize changes in the present due to Sam's actions while others remain unaware.

Novels in order of publication:

• Julie Robitaille: The Ghost and the Gumshoe. CORGI BOOKS, London 1990. ISBN 1-85283-397-1
  • Re-published in U.K. by BOXTREE LIMITED, London 1994

• Ashley McConnell: Quantum Leap: The Novel. ACE, 1992. ISBN 0-441-69322-9.
  • Re-published in the UK as Carny Knowledge. Boxtree Limited, London 1993. ISBN 1 85283 871 X

• Ashley McConnell: Too Close for Comfort. ACE, 1993. ISBN 0-441-69323-7

• Julie Robitaille: The Beginning. BOXTREE LIMITED, London 1994. ISBN 1-85283-392-0

• Ashley McConnell: The Wall. ACE, 1994. ISBN 0-441-00015-0

• Ashley McConnell: Prelude. ACE, 1994. ISBN 0-441-00076-2

• Melanie Rawn: Knights of the Morningstar. ACE, 1994. ISBN 0-441-00092-4

• Melissa Crendall: Search and Rescue. ACE, 1994. ISBN 0-441-00122-X

• Ashley McConnell: Random Measures. ACE, 1995. ISBN 0-441-00182-3

• L. Elizabeth Storm: Pulitzer. ACE, 1995. ISBN 1-57297-022-7

• C. J. Henderson: Double or Nothing. ACE, 1995. ISBN 1-57297-055-3

• Barbara E. Walton: Odyssey. BOULEVARD, 1996. ISBN 1-57297-092-8

• John Peel: Independence. BOULEVARD, 1996. ISBN 1-57297-150-9
  • Re-published in the U.K. as Leap Into the Unknown. BOXTREE LIMITED, London 1996 ISBN 0-75220-137-9

• L. Elizabeth Storm: Angels Unaware. BOULEVARD, 1997. ISBN 1-57297-206-8

• Carol Davis: Obsessions. BOULEVARD, 1997. ISBN 1-57297-241-6

• Sandy Schofield: Loch Ness Leap. BOULEVARD, 1997 ISBN 1-57297-231-9

• Melanie Kent: Heat Wave. BOULEVARD, 1997 ISBN 1-57297-312-9

• Christo Defillipis: Foreknowledge. BOULEVARD, 1998 ISBN 0-42516-487-X

• Mindy Peterman: Song And Dance. BOULEVARD, 1998 ISBN 0-42516-577-9

• Carol Davis, Esther D. Reese: Mirror's Edge. BOULEVARD, 2000 ISBN 0-42517-351-8

Comics

File:QuantumLeap10Cover.JPG

Cover of Quantum Leap #10, art by C. Winston Taylor

Innovation Publishing produced a series of comic books which ran for thirteen issues from September 1991 through August 1993. As with the television series, each issue ended with a teaser preview of the following issue and Sam's exclamation of "Oh, boy." Among the people Sam found himself leaping into in this series were:

Issue	Person	Date
1	High school teacher in Memphis, Tennessee	March 25, 1968
2	Death row inmate who must prevent a murder on the outside	June 11, 1962
3A	Part-time Santa Claus	December 20, 1963
3B	Student researching sub-atomic physics	April 2, 1968
4	Contestant amid the quiz show scandals	August 15, 1958
5	Reporter whose daughter claims to have seen a UFO	November 14, 1957
6	Teenage girl with an identical twin sister	February 12, 1959
7A	Professional golfer with the mob after him	1974
7B	Bus driver who discovers child abuse	May 19, 1953
8	Bank robber, while the leapee tours the Project with Al	1958
9	Lesbian on parole after twelve years in prison for murder	June 22, 1969
10	Stand-up comedian who befriends a fading silent movie star	June 13, 1966
11	Doctor studying the effects of LSD on human subjects	July 1958
12	Gas station attendant with a lot of time on his hands	April 24, 1958
13	Alien aboard an orbiting craft	June 5, 1963

Few of the comic stories referenced episodes of the television series, with the notable exception of #9, "Up Against A Stonewall": Sam leaps into Stephanie Haywood, a central character in the episode "Good Night, Dear Heart". The story in the comic book begins with her parole, about a week before the Stonewall riots.

Home video releases

In the 1990s, a few of the episodes were released on VHS. In the United States, these included "The Pilot Episode" ("Genesis"), "Camikazi Kid", "The Color of Truth", "What Price Gloria?", "Catch a Falling Star", "Jimmy", "The Leap Home", "Dreams", and "Shock Theater". In the United Kingdom, they were mostly released in pairs, selling as "The Pilot Episode" (on its own), "The Color of Truth" and "Camikazi Kid"; "The Americanization of Machiko" and "What Price Gloria?"; "Catch a Falling Star" and "Jimmy"; "The Leap Home" and "The Leap Home Part II - Vietnam"; and "Dreams" and "Shock Theater".

1998 brought the DVD release of "The Pilot Episode", containing only the episode "Genesis" and chapter selection.

For many years, despite many requests from fans, the official word from Universal was that more releases (such as season box sets) would be very unlikely due the the high level of music recordings used in episodes, creating numerous copyright problems. This was resolved with the DVD releases in 2004, which replaced much of the library music with generic music (causing a protest by fans in the process).

The Region 1 version of "Quantum Leap: The Complete First Season" came out in North America on June 7 2004, containing all of the episodes as they originally aired (except for "Play It Again, Seymour"), along with some bonus features.

Universal was unable to obtain music rights for all of the music in Quantum Leap: The Complete Second Season, in the case of the Region 1 version. Some were replaced with generic instrumental music. This, as mentioned above, outraged many fans and inspired a letter-writing campaign, demanding such a modification be corrected. The most criticized instance was the removal of Ray Charles's "Georgia on My Mind" from the season two finalé, "M.I.A.", during a scene in which Al dances with his first wife Beth. Subsequent Region 1 DVD releases continued to feature music replacement, but Universal did begin including a disclaimer on the package indicating such (this disclaimer also began to appear on other releases of various other Universal series, such as Magnum, p.i. and The A-Team).

All seasons have been released on DVD in the UK; Season 1 was released on November 8 2004 (music intact), Season 2 on October 31 2005 (music intact), Season 3 on December 12 2005 (music intact),Season 4 on June 26 2006 (music partially intact) and Season 5 on December 26 2006 (music unknown).

All Five seasons are available on DVD in Australia; Season 1 was released on May 2 2005 (music intact), Season 2 on February 7 2006 (music intact) and Season 3 on June 7 2006.

Quantum Leap: The Complete Fifth season was released on DVD November 14 2006 in North America, with 'Blueprints from the original Time/Imaging chamber set' as the only extra. This release was not affected by music replacement.

DVD releases

Universal Studios Home Entertainment has released the entire series on DVD in Region 1, 2, and 4.

Season	Region 1	Region 2	Region 4
The Complete First Season	June 8 2004	November 8 2004	May 2 2005
The Complete Second Season	December 14 2004	October 31 2004	February 7 2006
The Complete Third Season	May 10 2005	December 12 2005	June 7 2006
The Complete Fourth Season	March 28 2006	June 26 2006	November 2006
The Complete Fifth Season	November 14 2006	December 26 2006	February 21 2007
Seasons One - Five (The Ultimate Collection)	N/A*	October 8 2007 (only available in R2)	N/A*

• There is however a region free boxset.

See also

• List of Quantum Leap characters
• The Time Tunnel, Another show about a time-travel experiment with unexpected results.
• Journeyman
• Seven Days
• Voyagers! (TV series)
• Tru Calling

External links

• The Leap Back 2009 Convention for Quantum Leap
• Al's Place Quantum Leap Fan Site
• Quantum Leap on TV IV - Information and Episode Guides
• Project Quantum Wiki, A Wiki project based on the series.
• The Accelerator Chamber - Informative Site