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A '''Jesus bloodline''' is a [[hypothesis|hypothetical]] sequence of direct descendants of the [[historical Jesus]] and [[Mary Magdalene]] or some other woman usually portrayed as his alleged wife or a [[hierodule]]. According to a qualified majority of professional historians and scholars from related fields, there is no [[Historicity (Bible Studies)|historical]], [[New Testament|biblical]], [[New Testament apocrypha|apocryphal]], [[biblical archaeology|archaeological]], [[genealogy|genealogical]] or [[genetic genealogy|genetic]] evidence which conclusively supports this modern hypothesis. Differing and contradictory versions of a Jesus bloodline hypothesis have been promoted by numerous books, websites and films of non-fiction and fiction in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, which have almost all been dismissed as works of [[pseudohistory]] and [[conspiracy theory]].<ref>Bart Ehrman, ''Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine'', Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0195181401, quoted at [http://www.religionfacts.com/da_vinci_code/jesus_married.htm]</ref> Hypothetical Jesus bloodlines should not be confused with the biblical [[genealogy of Jesus]] or the alleged historical relatives of Jesus and their descendants known as the ''[[Desposyni]]''.
A '''Jesus bloodline''' is a [[hypothesis|hypothetical]] sequence of direct descendants of the [[historical Jesus]] and [[Mary Magdalene]] or some other woman usually portrayed as his alleged wife or a [[hierodule]]. According to a qualified majority of professional historians and scholars from related fields, there is no [[Historicity (Bible Studies)|historical]],<ref>Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, ''The Da Vinci Hoax'' (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1). </ref><ref>''The Real Da Vinci Code'', [[Channel 4]] Television, presented by [[Tony Robinson]], transmitted on 3 February 2005.</ref> [[New Testament|biblical]], <ref>Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, ''The Da Vinci Hoax'' (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1). </ref><ref>''The Real Da Vinci Code'', [[Channel 4]] Television, presented by [[Tony Robinson]], transmitted on 3 February 2005.</ref>[[heresy|heretical]],<ref>Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, ''The Da Vinci Hoax'' (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1). </ref><ref>''The Real Da Vinci Code'', [[Channel 4]] Television, presented by [[Tony Robinson]], transmitted on 3 February 2005.</ref> [[Gnostic]],<ref>Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, ''The Da Vinci Hoax'' (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1). </ref><ref>''The Real Da Vinci Code'', [[Channel 4]] Television, presented by [[Tony Robinson]], transmitted on 3 February 2005.</ref> [[New Testament apocrypha|apocryphal]], <ref>Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, ''The Da Vinci Hoax'' (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1). </ref><ref>''The Real Da Vinci Code'', [[Channel 4]] Television, presented by [[Tony Robinson]], transmitted on 3 February 2005.</ref>[[biblical archaeology|archaeological]],<ref>Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, ''The Da Vinci Hoax'' (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1). </ref><ref>''The Real Da Vinci Code'', [[Channel 4]] Television, presented by [[Tony Robinson]], transmitted on 3 February 2005.</ref> [[genealogy|genealogical]]<ref>Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, ''The Da Vinci Hoax'' (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1). </ref><ref>''The Real Da Vinci Code'', [[Channel 4]] Television, presented by [[Tony Robinson]], transmitted on 3 February 2005.</ref> or [[genetic genealogy|genetic]]{{facts}} evidence which conclusively supports this modern hypothesis. Differing and contradictory versions of a Jesus bloodline hypothesis have been promoted by numerous books, websites and films of non-fiction and fiction in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, which have almost all been dismissed as works of [[pseudohistory]] and [[conspiracy theory]].<ref>Bart Ehrman, ''Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine'', Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0195181401, quoted at [http://www.religionfacts.com/da_vinci_code/jesus_married.htm]</ref> Hypothetical Jesus bloodlines should not be confused with the biblical [[genealogy of Jesus]] or the alleged historical relatives of Jesus and their descendants known as the ''[[Desposyni]]''.


==History of the hypothesis==
==History of the hypothesis==

Revision as of 18:39, 24 July 2008

A Jesus bloodline is a hypothetical sequence of direct descendants of the historical Jesus and Mary Magdalene or some other woman usually portrayed as his alleged wife or a hierodule. According to a qualified majority of professional historians and scholars from related fields, there is no historical,[1][2] biblical, [3][4]heretical,[5][6] Gnostic,[7][8] apocryphal, [9][10]archaeological,[11][12] genealogical[13][14] or genetic[citation needed] evidence which conclusively supports this modern hypothesis. Differing and contradictory versions of a Jesus bloodline hypothesis have been promoted by numerous books, websites and films of non-fiction and fiction in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, which have almost all been dismissed as works of pseudohistory and conspiracy theory.[15] Hypothetical Jesus bloodlines should not be confused with the biblical genealogy of Jesus or the alleged historical relatives of Jesus and their descendants known as the Desposyni.

History of the hypothesis

The Jesus bloodline hypothesis which held that the historical Jesus had married Mary Magdalene and fathered a child with her was first postulated by Donovan Joyce in his 1973 book The Jesus Scroll.[16] In his 1977 book Jesus died in Kashmir: Jesus, Moses and the ten lost tribes of Israel, Andreas Faber-Kaiser explored the legend that Jesus met, married and had several children with a Kashmiri woman. The author also interviewed the late Basharat Saleem who claimed to be a Kashmiri descendant of Jesus.[17] Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh, and Henry Lincoln developed and popularized the hypothesis that a bloodline from Jesus and Mary Magdalene eventually became the Merovingian dynasty in their 1982 controversial non-fiction book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail,[18] in which they asserted:

The symbolic significance of Jesus is that he is God exposed to the spectrum of human experience - exposed to the first-hand knowledge of what being a man entails. But could God, incarnate as Jesus, truly claim to be a man, to encompass the spectrum of human experience, without coming to know two of the most basic, most elemental facets of the human condition? Could God claim to know the totality of human existence without confronting two such essential aspects of humanity as sexuality and paternity? We do not think so. In fact, we do not not think the Incarnation truly symbolises what it is intended to symbolise unless Jesus were married and sired children. The Jesus of the Gospels, and of established Christianity, is ultimately incomplete - a God whose incarnation as man is only partial. The Jesus who emerged from our research enjoys, in our opinion, a much more valid claim to what Christianity would have him be.[18]

In her 1992 book Jesus and the Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Unlocking the Secrets of His Life Story, Barbara Thiering also developed a Jesus and Mary Magdalene bloodline hypothesis, basing her historical conclusions on her application of the so-called Pesher technique to the New Testament.[19][20] In her 1993 book The Woman with the Alabaster Jar: Mary Magdalen and the Holy Grail, Margaret Starbird developed the hypothesis that Saint Sarah was the daughter of Jesus and Mary Magdalene and that this was the source of the legend associated with the cult at Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer. She also claimed that the name "Sarah" meant "Princess" in Hebrew, thus making her the forgotten child of the "sang real", the blood royal of the King of the Jews.[21]

In his 1996 book Bloodline of the Holy Grail: The Hidden Lineage of Jesus Revealed, Laurence Gardner presented pedigree charts of Jesus and Mary Magdalene as the ancestors of all the European royal families of the Common Era.[22] His 2000 sequel Genesis of the Grail Kings: The Explosive Story of Genetic Cloning and the Ancient Bloodline of Jesus is unique in claiming that the Jesus bloodline can truly be traced back to Adam and Eve but that the first man and woman were primate-alien hybrids created by the Anunnaki of ancient astronaut theory.[23] The 2000 book Rex Deus: The True Mystery of Rennes-Le-Chateau and the Dynasty of Jesus, Marylin Hopkins, Graham Simmans and Tim Wallace-Murphy developed the hypothesis that a Jesus and Mary Magdalene bloodline was part of a shadow dynasty descended from twenty-four high priests of the Temple in Jerusalem known as "Rex Deus" - the "Kings of God".[24]

The 2003 conspiracy fiction novel The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown accepted some of the above hypotheses as being valid. Elements of some Jesus bloodline hypotheses were propounded by the 2007 documentary film The Lost Tomb of Jesus by Simcha Jacobovici focusing on the Talpiot Tomb discovery,[25] which was also published as a book entitled The Jesus Family Tomb.[26] In the 2008 documentary film Bloodline, Bruce Burgess, a filmmaker with an interest in the paranormal, claims to have found several mummified corpses (one of which is allegedly Mary Magdalene) in Rennes-le-Château, France, which supposedly prove the existence of a Jesus bloodline.[27]

Claimants

The following is a list of notable persons who have publicly claimed to be from a Jesus bloodline:

Adherence

In reaction to The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, The Da Vinci Code, and other controversial books, websites and films on the same theme, a significant number of individuals in the late 20th and early 21st centuries have adhered to a Jesus bloodline hypothesis despite its lack of substantiation. While some simply entertain it as a novel intellectual proposition, others hold it as an established belief thought to be authoritative and not to be disputed.[34] Prominent among the latter are those who expect a direct descendant of Jesus will eventually emerge as a great man and become a messiah, a sacred king who rules a world government, during an event which they will interpret as a mystical second coming of Christ.[35]

The eclectic spiritual views of these adherents are influenced by the writings of iconoclastic authors from a wide range of perspectives. These writers often seek to challenge modern beliefs and institutions through a re-interpretation of Christian history and mythology.[34] They also seek to advance and understand the equality of men and women spiritually by portraying Mary Magdalene as being the apostle of a Christian feminism,[36] and even the personification of the mother goddess or sacred feminine,[37] usually associating her with the Black Madonna.[38] Some wish the ceremony that celebrated the beginning of the alleged marriage of Jesus and Mary Magdalene to be viewed as a "holy wedding"; and Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and their alleged daughter, Sarah, to be viewed as a "holy family", in order to question traditional gender roles and family values.[39] Almost all these claims are at odds with scholarly Christian apologetics, and have been dismissed as being New Age Gnostic heresies.[40][41]

No mainstream Christian denomination has adhered to a Jesus bloodline hypothesis as a dogma or an object of religious devotion since they maintain that Jesus, believed to be God the Son, was perpetually celibate, continent and chaste, and metaphysically married to the Church; he died, was resurrected, ascended to heavean, and will eventually return bodily and visibly to earth, thereby making all Jesus bloodline hypotheses and related messianic expectations impossible.[34]

Many fundamentalist Christians believe the Antichrist, prophesied in the Book of Revelation, plans to present himself as descended from the Davidic line to bolster his false claim that he is the Jewish Messiah. The intention of such propaganda would be to influence the opinions, emotions, attitudes, and behavior of Jews and philo-Semites to achieve his Satanic objectives.[42] An increasing number of fringe Christian eschatologists believe the Antichrist may also present himself as descended from the Jesus bloodline to capitalize on the popularity of the hypothesis.

Criticism

Jesus bloodline hypotheses parallel other legends about the flight of disciples to distant lands, such as the one depicting Joseph of Arimathea traveling to England after the death of Jesus, taking with him a piece of thorn from the Crown of Thorns, which he later planted in Glastonbury. Historians generally regard these legends as "pious fraud" produced during the Middle Ages.[43][44][45]

The Jesus bloodline hypothesis from the book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail is not contained in any of the "Priory of Sion documents" and was dismissed as fiction by Pierre Plantard in 1982 on a French radio interview, as well as by Philippe de Cherisey in a magazine article.[46][47] Plantard only claimed that the Merovingians were descended from the Tribe of Benjamin,[48] which contradicts the hypothesis of a Jesus bloodline as the missing link between the Merovingian line and the Davidic line from the Tribe of Judah. The notion of a direct bloodline from Jesus and Mary Magdalene, and its supposed relationship to the Merovingians (as well as their alleged modern descendants: House of Habsburg, Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg, Clan Sinclair, House of Stuart, House of Cavendish, and other noble families), is strongly dismissed as pseudohistorical by a qualified majority of Christian and secular historians such as Darrell Bock and Bart Ehrman,[49][50] as have journalists and investigators such as Jean-Luc Chaumeil, who has an extensive archive on this subject matter.

In 2005, UK TV presenter and amateur archaeologist Tony Robinson edited and narrated a detailed rebuttal of the main arguments of Dan Brown and those of Baigent, Leigh, and Lincoln, "The Real Da Vinci Code", shown on Channel 4.[51] The programme featured lengthy interviews with many of the main protagonists, and cast severe doubt on the alleged landing of Mary Magdalene in France, among other related myths, by interviewing on film the inhabitants of Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, the centre of the cult of Saint Sarah.

The Jesus bloodline hypothesis from the book Rex Deus: The True Mystery of Rennes-Le-Chateau and the Dynasty of Jesus hinges on the testimony of the authors' anonymous informant, "Michael", who claimed to be a Rex Deus scion. Evidence supporting the hypothesis was supposedly lost, and therefore cannot be independently verified, because Micheal claimed that it was contained in his late father's bureau, which was sold by his brother unaware of its contents.[24] Some critics point out the informant's account of his family history seems to be based on the dubious work of Barbara Thiering,[52] and identify him as being Michel Roger Lafosse.[citation needed]

Robert Lockwood, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh’s director for communications, sees the notion of the Church conspiring to cover-up the truth about a Jesus bloodline as a deliberate piece of anti-Catholic propaganda. He sees it as part of a long tradition of anti-Catholic sentiment with deep roots in the American Protestant imagination but going back to the very start of the Reformation of 1517.[53]

Although Jesus bloodline hypotheses were not submitted to the judgment of the Jesus Seminar, a group of scholars involved in the quest for the historical Jesus from a liberal Christian perspective, they were unable to determine whether Jesus and Mary Magdalene had a matrimonial relationship due to the dearth of historical evidence. They concluded that the historical Mary Magdalene was not a repentant prostitute but a prominent disciple of Jesus and a leader in the early Christian movement.[54] Bart D. Ehrman, who chairs the Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina, commented that, although there are some historical scholars who claim that it is likely that Jesus was married, the vast majority of New Testament and early Christianity scholars find such a claim to be historically unreliable.[55]

Ultimately, the notion that a person living millennia ago has a small number of descendants living today is statistically improbable.[56] Steve Olson, author of Mapping Human History: Genes, Race, and Our Common Origins, published an article in Nature demonstrating that, as a matter of statistical probability:

[i]f anyone living today is descended from Jesus, so are most of us on the planet.[57]

Historian Ken Mondschein ridiculed the notion that the bloodline of Jesus and Mary Magdalene could have been preserved:

Infant mortality in pre-modern times was ridiculously high, and you'd only need one childhood accident or disease in 2,000 years to wipe out the bloodline … keep the children of Christ marrying each other, on the other hand, and eventually they'd be so inbred that the sons of God would have flippers for feet.[58]

Chris Lovegrove, who reviewed The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail when first published in 1982, dismissed the significance of a Jesus bloodline even it were proven to exist despite all evidence to the contrary:

If there really is a Jesus dynasty - so what? This, I fear, will be the reaction of many of those prepared to accept the authors' thesis as possible, and the book does not really satisfy one's curiosity in this crucial area.[59]

Notes

  1. ^ Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, The Da Vinci Hoax (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1).
  2. ^ The Real Da Vinci Code, Channel 4 Television, presented by Tony Robinson, transmitted on 3 February 2005.
  3. ^ Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, The Da Vinci Hoax (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1).
  4. ^ The Real Da Vinci Code, Channel 4 Television, presented by Tony Robinson, transmitted on 3 February 2005.
  5. ^ Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, The Da Vinci Hoax (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1).
  6. ^ The Real Da Vinci Code, Channel 4 Television, presented by Tony Robinson, transmitted on 3 February 2005.
  7. ^ Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, The Da Vinci Hoax (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1).
  8. ^ The Real Da Vinci Code, Channel 4 Television, presented by Tony Robinson, transmitted on 3 February 2005.
  9. ^ Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, The Da Vinci Hoax (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1).
  10. ^ The Real Da Vinci Code, Channel 4 Television, presented by Tony Robinson, transmitted on 3 February 2005.
  11. ^ Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, The Da Vinci Hoax (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1).
  12. ^ The Real Da Vinci Code, Channel 4 Television, presented by Tony Robinson, transmitted on 3 February 2005.
  13. ^ Carl E. Olson, Sandra Miesel, The Da Vinci Hoax (Ignatius Press, 2004; ISBN 1-58617-034-1).
  14. ^ The Real Da Vinci Code, Channel 4 Television, presented by Tony Robinson, transmitted on 3 February 2005.
  15. ^ Bart Ehrman, Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0195181401, quoted at [1]
  16. ^ Donovan Joyce, The Jesus Scroll, a time bomb for Christianity? p. 97-98 (Sphere Books, 1975; ISBN 0 7221 5103 9).
  17. ^ Andreas Faber-Kaiser, Jesus died in Kashmir: Jesus, Moses and the Ten lost Tribes of Israel (London: Gordon and Cremonesi; 1977).
  18. ^ a b Baigent, Michael; Leigh, Richard; Lincoln, Henry (1982). The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail. Corgi. ISBN 0-552-12138-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ For a discussion between Barbara Thiering and Geza Vermes surrounding this, see http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2065
  20. ^ Thiering, Barbara (April, 2005). The marriage of Jesus
  21. ^ Margaret Starbird, The Woman with the Alabaster Jar: Mary Magdalen and the Holy Grail, Bear & Company, 1993.
  22. ^ Gardner, Laurence (1996). Bloodline of the Holy Grail: The Hidden Lineage of Jesus Revealed. Element Books. ISBN-10: 1852308702.
  23. ^ Gardner, Laurence (2000). Genesis of the Grail Kings: The Explosive Story of Genetic Cloning and the Ancient Bloodline of Jesus. Element Books. ISBN-10: 1862048096.
  24. ^ a b Rex Deus: The True Mystery of Rennes-Le-Chateau. Element Books. 2000. ISBN 1862044724. {{cite book}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  25. ^ The Lost Tomb of Jesus (The Discovery Channel), first transmitted on 4 March 2007.
  26. ^ Simcha Jacobovici and Charles Pellegrino,The Jesus Family Tomb: The Discovery, the Investigation, and the Evidence That Could Change History(HarperOne, 2007).
  27. ^ Cinema Libre Studio, "Tomb Discovered in France Considered Knights Templar - When Excavated, Findings May Challenge the Tenets of Christianity", earthtimes.org, 2008. Retrieved on 2008-04-17.
  28. ^ The Tomb of Jesus Christ
  29. ^ Mystery of the Martyr's Tomb: Part Two
  30. ^ Laurence Gardner, Bloodline of the Holy Grail: The Hidden Lineage of Jesus Revealed p. 338 (Element Books Limited; 1996).
  31. ^ The Man Who Would Be King
  32. ^ Los Angeles Times (2006). "Author takes leap of faith with theory of Mary Magdalene". Retrieved 2008-04-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ^ Carol Memmott (2006). "Is this woman the living 'Code'?". Retrieved 2008-04-15. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  34. ^ a b c Bertrand Ouellet, " “But you, who do you say that I am?” Proclaiming Jesus Christ after the Da Vinci tsunami", officecom.qc.ca, 2006. Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
  35. ^ Baigent, Michael; Leigh, Richard; Lincoln, Henry (1987). The Messianic Legacy. Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0805005684.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Claire Nahmad and Margaret Bailey, The Secret Teachings of Mary Magdalene: Including the Lost Verses of The Gospel of Mary, Revealed and Published for the First Time (Watkins; 2006).
  37. ^ Elizabeth Clare Prophet, Mary Magdalene and the Divine Feminine: Jesus’ Lost Teachings on Woman (Summit University Press; 2005).
  38. ^ Ean Begg, The Cult of the Black Virgin (1985).
  39. ^ Margaret Starbird, The Woman with the Alabaster Jar: Mary Magdalen and the Holy Grail (Bear & Company; 1993).
  40. ^ Bart D. Ehrman, Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code – A Historian Reveals What We Really Know About Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine (Oxford University Press, 2004).
  41. ^ Ben Witherington III, The Gospel Code - Novel Claims about Jesus, Mary Magdalene and Da Vinci, pages 172-173 (InterVarsity Press, Illinois; 2004).
  42. ^ Merrill Simon (1999 (first edition)). Jerry Falwell and the Jews. Jonathan David Pub. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |ISBN-10= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |ISBN-13= ignored (help)
  43. ^ Roger Sherman Loomis (Editor),Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages. A collaborative history. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959.
  44. ^ Reginald Francis Treharne, The Glastonbury Legends: Joseph of Arimathea, the Holy Grail and King Arthur, London, Cresset Press, 1969
  45. ^ Joseph Armitage Robinson, Two Glastonbury Legends: King Arthur and St Joseph of Arimathea, University Press, Cambridge, 1926
  46. ^ Quoting Pierre Plantard: "I admit that 'The Sacred Enigma' (French title for 'The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail') is a good book, but one must say that there is a part that owes more to fiction than to fact, especially in the part that deals with the lineage of Jesus. How can you prove a lineage of four centuries from Jesus to the Merovingians? I have never put myself forward as a descendant of Jesus Christ" (Jacques Pradel radio interview on 'France-Inter', 18 February 1982).
  47. ^ Philippe de Chérisey, Jesus Christ, his wife and the Merovingians (Nostra – 'Bizarre News' N° 584, 1983).
  48. ^ Pierre Jarnac, Les Mystères de Rennes-le-Château: Mèlange Sulfureux (CERT, 1994),
  49. ^ Darrell L. Bock, Was Jesus Married?
  50. ^ Bart Ehrman, Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code: A Historian Reveals What We Really Know about Jesus, Mary Magdalene, and Constantine, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0195181401, quoted at [2]
  51. ^ The Real Da Vinci Code, Channel Four Television, presented by Tony Robinson, transmitted on 3 February 2005
  52. ^ McKeown, Trevor W. What about the Rex Deus dynasty’s influence on Freemasonry? in the Anti-masonry Frequently Asked Questions, 5 May 2004
  53. ^ Maier, Craig. ‘Da Vinci’ proves Catholic in Pittburgh Catholic, April 27, 2006
  54. ^ The Acts of Jesus: The Search for the Authentic Deeds of Jesus (1998), Harper SanFrancisco, ISBN 0-06-062979-7
  55. ^ Bart D. Ehrman, Truth and Fiction in The Da Vinci Code, pages 153, and 195-196 (Oxford University Press, 2004).
  56. ^ F. M. Lancaster, The Ancestor Paradox
  57. ^ Olson, Steve. Why We're All Jesus' Children in Slate, March 15, 2006
  58. ^ Thompson, Damian (2008). "How Da Vinci Code tapped pseudo-fact hunger". Retrieved 2008-03-28. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  59. ^ Chris Lovegrove, "The Magdalene & the Sangraal", in Journal of the Pendragon Society, Volume XV, Number 2 (Spring 1982).
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