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| accessdate = 2008-05-04 }}</ref>
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*[[Ham-Kam]] &ndash; BBB <ref name="nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=105084">
{{cite news
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| first = Nilas
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| title = Nytt fenomen i Hamar
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| date = [[2008-05-06]]
| url = http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=105084
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*[[I.K. Start]] &ndash; Christianssands Herreekvipasje<ref name="nettavisen1303561">

Revision as of 14:10, 1 August 2008

This article provides a list of recognised hooligan firms or football firms, which are groups that have been verified as participating in football hooliganism or other sports-related hooliganism.

Football hooliganism has no legal definition. The term football hooliganism was created by the British media, particularly the tabloid press in the 1960s. Football hooliganism tends to be seen as simply meaning violence and/or disorder involving football fans.[1] However, the University of Liverpool's Football Advisory Group, which conducts academic research into the social, economic, historical, business, cultural and political aspects of football in the United Kingdom and other countries,[2] distinguishes two very specific types of football hooliganism. The first being "Spontaneous and usually low level disorder caused by fans at or around football matches". The second being "Deliberate and intentional violence involving organised gangs (or firms) who attach themselves to football clubs and fight firms from other clubs, sometimes a long way in time and space from a match".[1] It is the second type, football hooligan firms, which this list comprises.

Firms

Organised football hooligan firms exist in a number of countries. Whilst in countries such as England and Poland firms are clearly defined, in South America the situation is less clear cut. Therefore for groups in South America, see Barra Brava and Torcida.

Bulgaria

England

France

Israel

Northern Ireland

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Russia

Scotland

Sweden

GAIS GM (Gärningsmänen)GB (Gais Babys)

IFK Norrköping NG (Norrköpings Grabbar) NYG ( Norrköpings yngre grabbar)

Wales

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Pearson, Geoff (December, 2007). "FIG Factsheet Four - hooliganism". What is football hooliganism?. University of Liverpool Football Industry Group. Retrieved 2008-03-22. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  2. ^ "The work of the Football Industry Group". University of Liverpool Football Industry Group. Retrieved 2008-03-22.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference G56431 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference GR76531 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference GRtr31 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Lowles, Nick (2005). Hooligans: A-L of Britain's Football Gangs. Wrea Green: Milo Books. p. 25. ISBN 1903854415. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Brown, Danny (2006). Villains: The Inside Story of Aston Villa's Hooligan Gangs. Wrea Green: Milo Books. ISBN 978-1903854594. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Gall, Carolin (2005). Zulus: A Football Hooligan Gang. Wrea Green: Milo Books. ISBN 1-903854-48-2.
  14. ^ Stocks, Rob (2006-11-23). "Hooligans not welcome here". Blackpool Gazette. Retrieved 2006-11-23. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Giulianotti, Richard (1994). Football, Violence and Social Identity. Routledge. p. 209. ISBN 0415098386. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ "Police prove they're on the ball at Moss Rose". Macclesfield Express. 2001-08-29. Retrieved 2007-08-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  17. ^ Lowles, Nick (2005). Hooligans: A-L of Britain's Football Gangs. Wrea Green: Milo Books. p. 94. ISBN 1903854415. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ Porter, Andrew (2005). Suicide Squad: The story of a hooligan firm. Wrea Green: Milo Books. ISBN 978-1903854464.
  19. ^ McNee (1999). England's number One. P.I.G. ISBN 10096661030X. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help); Unknown parameter |First= ignored (|first= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Ward, Colin (2000). Armed for the Match: The Troubles and Trials of the Chelsea Headhunters. London: Headline Books. ISBN 0-7472-6292-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ Lowles, Nick (2005). Hooligans: A-L of Britain's Football Gangs. Wrea Green: Milo Books. p. 174. ISBN 1903854415. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "Match ban after football violence". BBC News. 2004-11-29. Retrieved 2007-04-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ Nicholls, Andy (2004). Scally: Confessions of a Category C Football Hooligan. Wrea Green: Milo Books. ISBN 1903854253. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  24. ^ "Bremner statue targeted by vandals". Huddersfield Daily. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  25. ^ Tordoff, Shaun (2002). City Psychos: From the Monte Carlo Mob to the Silver Cod Squad, Four Decades of Terrace Terror. Wrea Green: Milo Books. ISBN 1-903854-13-X.
  26. ^ Lowles, Nick (2005). Hooligans: A-L of Britain's Football Gangs. Wrea Green: Milo Books. p. 174. ISBN 1903854415. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ Brown, Jonathan (2005-07-16). "London Bombings: Muslim fears of revenge attacks grow". The Independent. Retrieved 2006-10-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "Hooligans troublespots - Leicester City". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  29. ^ Lowles, Nick (2005). Hooligans: The A-L of Britain's Football Hooligan Gangs. Wrea Green: Milo Books. p. 305. ISBN 1903854415. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Robinson, Tommy (2006). MIG Down. Pennant Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0955039409.
  31. ^ Francis, Michael (1997-12-03). Guvnors: Story of a Soccer Hooligan Gang by the Man Who Led It. Milo Books. ISBN 095308471X. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ O'Neill, Tony (2004). Red Army General: The Inside Story of the World's Most Infamous Football Firm. Wrea Green: Milo Books. ISBN 1-903854-32-6.
  33. ^ Debrick, Paul (2005). The Brick: A Hooligan's Story. Wrea Green: Milo Books. ISBN 1-903854-47-4.
  34. ^ "Injured officer describes 'battlefield'". BBC News. 2002-05-03. Retrieved 2007-04-04. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ a b "Fight like 'scene from Braveheart'". BBC News. 2002-03-12. Retrieved 2008-01-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ Clarke, Gary (2005). Inside the Forest Executive Crew. Headhunter. ISBN 978-0954854232.
  37. ^ Nicholls, Andy (2006). Hooligans Volume 2: The M-Z of Britain's Football Hooligan gangs. London: Milo Books. ISBN 1903854644. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ "Hooligans troublespots - Oldham Athletic". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  39. ^ "Five jailed over attack on fans". BBC News. 2005-09-18. Retrieved 2007-07-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  40. ^ Pennant, Cass (2004). Rolling with the 6.57 Crew. Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1844540723. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "Football violence website collapses". Lancashire Evening Post. 2003-05-26. Retrieved 2007-01-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ Nicholls, Andy (2006). HOOLIGANS VOL.2: M-Z of Britain's Football Hooligan Gangs. London: Milo Books. ISBN 1903854644. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "Hooligans troublespots - Sheffield United". BBC News. 2002. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  44. ^ Cowens, Steve (2001). Blades Business Crew: The Inside Story of a Football Hooligan Gang. Wrea Green: Milo Books. ISBN 978-0953084784. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ Allen, Paul (2005). Flying with the Owls Crime Squad. London: John Blake. ISBN 1-84454-093-6. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ "South Essex: We'll stop Euro 2004 hooligans". Clacton Gazette. 2004-03-23. Retrieved 2008-05-25. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  47. ^ McMullan, Laura (2003-10-01). "Reformed Naughty Forty hooligan tells his tale". BBC. Retrieved 2007-01-01. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ "Not so beautiful". Swindon Advertiser. 2006-06-21. Retrieved 2008-02-14. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  50. ^ Kelly, John (2002-05-19). "Woz on the telly: Bunch of cowards". The Sunday Mirror. Retrieved 2007-08-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ^ Pennant, Cass (2003). Congratulations You Have Just Met the ICF. Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1904034858.
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  53. ^ Thiolay, Boris (2003-05-08). "Moi Fred hooligan du PSG". l'Express. Retrieved 2006-11-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  54. ^ Pugmire, Jerome (2006-04-20). "Racist insults infiltrate French soccer stadium". The Boston - Bay State Banner. Retrieved 2006-11-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  55. ^ "200 Rockets, riots and rivalry". The Guardian. 2006-11-26. Retrieved 2007-05-20. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  56. ^ Mcguigan, Ciaran (2008-04-06). "Police closing in on vicious gang". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-04-29. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  57. ^ Olsen, Bjørn Thomas (2006-04-30). "Gjengoppgjør midt i sentrum" (in Template:No icon). Bergensavisen. Retrieved 2007-09-16. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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  65. ^ Dowdalls, Alex (2006-11-17). "Airdrie fan banned from every UK football ground". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2007-08-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  66. ^ a b O'Kane, John (2006-09-10). "No beef with United in my 21 years in Celtic hooligan firm". Scotsman. Retrieved 2007-04-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  67. ^ a b McEwen, Alan (2006-10-24). "Police hunt city derby casuals". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2007-08-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  68. ^ Mikael Priks (2007-06-01). "Are thugs affected by external nuisance? Evidence from the Swedish hooligan scene" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-08-21. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  69. ^ Walmsley, Andrew (2007-08-08). "Social nuances hold sway in search (30 seconds on hooliganism)". TMCnet News. Retrieved 2007-08-21. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  75. ^ King, Martin (2007-11-08). The Swansea Jacks: From Skinheads to Stone Island - Forty Years of One of Britain's Most Notorious Hooligan Gangs. Manchester: Headhunter Books. ISBN 1906085056. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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