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This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

The Klingon language or Klingonese (tlhIngan Hol in Klingon) is a constructed language created by Marc Okrand for Paramount Pictures and spoken by Klingons in the fictional Star Trek universe. He designed the language with Object Verb Subject (OVS) word order to give an alien feel to the language. Klingon is similar to Native American languages in several aspects. The basic sound (and a very few words) were first devised by James Doohan for Star Trek: The Motion Picture.

Klingon is sometimes referred to as Klingonese, but among the Klingon-speaking community this is often understood to refer to another Klingon language, that is described in John M. Ford's Star Trek novels as Klingonaase.

The Klingon language has the ISO 639 code tlh.

Language

A description of the Klingon language can be found in Okrand's book The Klingon Dictionary (Published by Pocket Books, Simon & Schuster, 1985, second edition with new addendum 1992, ISBN 067174559X). Other notable works include The Klingon Way (with Klingon sayings and proverbs), Klingon for the Galactic Traveler and the two audio productions Conversational Klingon and Power Klingon.

Three books have also been published in the tongue: ghIlghameS (Gilgamesh), Hamlet (Hamlet), and paghmo' tIn mIS (Much Ado About Nothing). These last two choices were inspired by a remark by a Klingon ambassador in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country that Shakespeare is best read in the original Klingon.

Some Trekkers take the time to learn it and at some Star Trek conventions you can hear enthusiasts use it amongst themselves. They often greet each other with the Klingon word "nuqneH" (literally: "What do you want?"), which is said to be the closest thing to a greeting that exists in the language.

d'Armond Speers and his wife began raising a child bilingually in English and Klingon; Speers spoke in Klingon and his wife in English. A few years into his life, the child began rejecting Klingon and gravitating towards English, as he could use English with many more speakers. The fact that Klingon lacked many words for things that were important in a baby's life, such as "diaper", and "pacifier", was a lesser issue. At the time of Speers' attempt, Klingon even lacked words for many objects common around the house, such as "table".

In May 2003, the Multnomah County, Oregon Department of Human Services named Klingon on a list of 55 languages for which it might conceivably need interpreters; this story was circulated out-of-context as an urban legend claiming that the department was looking to hire a Klingon interpreter. County Chair Diane Linn called the listing the "result of an overzealous attempt to ensure that our safety net systems can respond to all customers and clients." [1]

Paramount owns a copyright to the official dictionary and other canonical descriptions of the language. Some people dispute the validity of Paramount's claim of copyright on the language itself in light of the Feist v. Rural decision, but no challenge has actually been brought to court.

A programming language called var'aq was inspired by Klingon.

Google is available in Klingon ([2]).

Phonology

This is a tentative list of the SAMPA and IPA transcription of the Klingon phonemes as listed in Okrand's book. <Angle brackets> represent orthography whereas /slashes/ represent phonemes in SAMPA and [square brackets] phonetic transcription in IPA. (See also [3].) Note that upper and lower case letters are not exchangable in Klingon orthography (see Writing system below).

Consonants:

<b> /b/ ~ [b]
<ch> /t_S/ ~ [ʧ]
<D> /d`/ ~ [ɖ] This phoneme could be realized as a retroflex nasal /n`/ ~ [ɳ]
<gh> /G/ [ɣ]
<H> /x/ ~ [x]
<j> /d_Z/ ~ [ʤ]
<l> /l/ ~ [l]
<m> /m/ ~ [m]
<n> /n/ ~ [n]
<ng> /N/ ~ [ŋ]
<p> /p_h/ [pʰ] even in medial or final position
<q> /q_h/ ~ [qʰ]
<Q> /q_X/ ~ [q͡χ] Rare phoneme, also occurs in several Khoisan languages
<r> /r/ (note that this is trilled) ~ [r]
<S> /s`/ ~ [ʂ]
<t> /t_h/ ~ [tʰ]
<tlh> /t_K/ ~ [t͡ɬ]
<v> /v/ ~ [v]
<w> /w/ ~ [w]
<y> /j/ ~ [j]
<'> /?/ ~ [ʔ]

Vowels:

<a> /A/ ~ [ɑ]
<e> /E/ ~ [ɛ]
<I> /I/ ~ [ɪ]
<o> /o/ ~ [o]
<u> /u/ ~ [u]

Klingon syllable structure is extremely strict: a syllable must start with a consonant (including the glottal stop) followed by one vowel. In prefixes and other more rare syllables, this is enough. More commonly, this consonant-vowel pair is followed by one consonant or one of three biconsonantal codas: /-w' -y' -rgh/. Thus ta record, tar poison and targh targ (a type of animal) are all legal syllable forms, but *tarD and *ar are not. Despite this, there is one suffix that takes the shape vowel+consonant: the endearment suffix -oy.

Grammar

Klingon is an agglutinative language, using mainly affixes in order to alter the function or meaning of words. Some nouns have inherently plural forms (jengva' plate vs ngop plates, for instance).

Klingon nouns take suffixes to indicate grammatical number, gender, two levels of deixis, possession and syntactic function. In all, 29 noun suffixes from five classes may be employed: jupoypu'na'wI'vaD for my beloved true friends. Speakers are limited to no more than one suffix from each class to be added to a word, and the classes have a specific order of appearance.

Gender in Klingon does not indicate sex, as in English, or have an arbitrary assignment as in Danish or many other languages. It indicates whether a noun is a body part, a being capable of using language, or neither of these.

Verbs in Klingon are even more complex, taking a prefix indicating the number and person of the subject and object, plus suffixes from nine ordered classes, plus a special suffix class called rovers. Each of the four known rovers has its own unique rule controlling its position among the suffixes in the verb. Verbs are marked for aspect, certainty, predisposition and volition, dynamic, causative, mode, negation, and honorific, and the Klingon verb has two moods: indicative and imperative.

The most common word order in Klingon is Object Verb Subject, and in some cases the word order is the exact reverse of word order in English:


DaH mojaq.mey.vam DI.vuS.nIS.be' 'e' vI.Har
now-ADV suffix.PL.DEM 1pl-3pl.limit.need.not that 1sg-3sg.believe
I believe that we do not need to limit these suffixes now

Klingons apparently dislike redundancy such that, for example, since the DI prefix in the previous example indicates that the direct object mojaq is plural, a Klingon speaker will quite typically omit the plural suffix mey and say:

DaH mojaqvam DI.vuS.nIS.be' 'e' vI.Har

Most artificial languages seek to either emulate elements of several evolved human languages in order to be easier to learn, or to be more regular with fewer exceptions than is the case in evolved existing languages. The Klingon language tries to break away from the most common features of other languages and embraces the exceptions to its own rules.

Cursing

Cursing is considered to be a fine art among Klingons. That a person swears well is considered something of a compliment in Klingon culture. Some of the more common curse words include:

petaQ--analogous to excrement.
toDsaH--literally "idiot", i.e. analogous to "brainless"
yIntagh--reportedly a native Klingon animal on Qon'oS; analogous to "vermin"
taHqeq--a "situation confused by a toDsaH"; analogous roughly to "SNAFU".
Qu'vatlh--particularly vulgar term describing an offer by one to be "self-romantic".
ghay'cha'--related to subservience--see Romulan term "Veruul."

Others not strictly part of the tlhIngan Hol corpus, but attested from other Trek sources, are:

lo'be'voS--incorporating "be'-" female determinative, roughly analogous to term for female Terran canine (ie. Bitch).
tha'rav'--from Klingonaase, term for lowest of slave population.
thar'av'vul--from Klingonaase, term describing Vulcan slaves, slur describing one as an "educated" subservient; literally, "educated idiot"; see also "toDsaH".
topaH'--usually used in combination with "toDsaH"; analogous to Terran Yiddish term "schlemiel"--person who does a "toDsaH" thing.

Some of the words are general invectives, others are personal epithets. Adding the term jay' intensifies the words.

Writing systems

The official Klingon writing system is the Latin alphabet as used above, but on the television series, the Klingons use their own alien writing system. In The Klingon Dictionary this alphabet is named as pIqaD, but no information is given about it. When Klingon symbols are used in Star Trek productions they are merely decorative graphic elements, designed to emulate real writing and create an appropriate atmosphere.

The Astra Image Corporation designed the symbols (currently used to "write" Klingon) for Star Trek: The Motion Picture, although these symbols are often incorrectly attributed to Michael Okuda. They based the letters on the Klingon battlecruiser hull markings (three letters) first created by Matt Jeffries, and on Tibetan writing because the script had sharp letter forms — used as a testament to the Klingons' love for knives and blades.

KLI pIqaD

Although the Latin alphabet is used officially to write Klingon; the speaking community also makes use an artificial script designed to emulate Klingon writing on the show. This alphabet was created by an anonymous sourse at Paramount, who based their alphabet on letters seen in the show. This "source" sent in their alphabet to KLI (Klingon Language Institute) and the KLI uploaded it onto their website as the Klingons' way of writng their language. this alphabet as gained some acceptance within the speaker and fan community although many Klingonists still prefer the Latin alphabet.

The alphabet is quite simple: It contains twenty-six letters with a one-to-one graphmeme - phoneme correspondance, that is, one letter represents one sound and one sound is written with one letter. There are also ten numerals in the set. It is written from left to right, top top bottom like English. There is no actual punctuation, however those that use punctuation with the alphabet, use Skybox punctuation symbols (see below).

In September 1997, Michael Everson made a proposal for encoding this in Unicode. The Unicode Technical Committee rejected the Klingon proposal in May 2001 on the grounds that research showed almost no use of the script for communication, and the vast majority of the people who did use Klingon employed the Latin alphabet by preference. Everson created a mapping of pIqaD into the Private Use Area of Unicode, which he listed in the ConScript Unicode Registry. Since then several fonts using that encoding have appeared, and software for typing in pIqaD has become available. As a result, blogs in pIqaD have begun to appear, raising the possibility of reapplying for inclusion in Unicode when there is a sufficient corpus. Existing text in Romanization can easily be converted to pIqaD also.

Michael Okuda, the long standing Star Trek scenic arts designer, and other Paramount staff have repudiated the mapping.

Skybox pIqaD

the KLI piqaD isn't the only mapping of Klingon letters. The Astra Image letters were taken and used in the Paramount-endorsed Bitstream font pack. They were used to make a font with ten letters of the english alphabet: "e" to "n" being represented by the ten different klingon letters. This font itself has been used by the Star trek production team when creating Klingon graphics, however it is still used only as random gibberish on the shows.

The trading card company Skybox used this font, when they created the Klingon language cards in their Star Trek: The Next Generation trading card collection. The Klingon cards themselves detail aspects of Klingon culture, and feature pIqaD text, and a transliteration and translation provided by Marc Okrand. Some of these cards, notably S7, S8 and card S9 feature pIqaD, which corresponds to the Latin transcrition.

Other Known cards include s19 and s20 (which contain belittling comments aimed at Blockbuster, probably refering to blockbuster video) the season seven card selection s37, s38 and s39 (which featured no actual tlhingan Hol, but only english written in the alphabet), and finally, the Checklist cards for each seasons' set of cards had the word cards written in Klingon on them when listing the above mentioned cards.

The script is written in horizontal lines running from left to right, top to bottom, just like English. Klingon can be written with spaces between words (a word being defined as any noun, verb or leftover, plus any prefixes and suffixes attached to it) and punctuation. When this is the case, four punctuation marks are used:

An "up-turned triangle" with a function similar to a comma, semi-colon or colon.
A "down-turned" triangle with a function similar to a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark.
A mark similar in appearance to an hyphen (uknown fuction).
A mark similar to an apostrophe (function unknown).

Klingon can also be written with no spaces or punctuation at all, this form is more common on the TV shows. As in English, Klingon text can be left-justified, center-justified, or right-justified, and written in vertical columns on banners.

Due to its nature, the "Skybox" Alphabet is ill suited to writing Klingon, in that ambiguity in the alphabet is apparent, so different words are spelled the same way: these are homographs. The heartiest commendations and the gravest insults could be written identically, though it should be noted that context would go a long way to disambiguating homographs.

Mandel script

A third script; again based more closely on the D7 battlecruiser hull markings, known as the Klinzhai or Mandel script, was included in The U.S.S. Enterprise Officer's Manual (1980), loosely upon the conceptual art of Matt Jeffries", TOS set designer. It maps to various letters and digraphs of English, but the phonemes have no discernable relation to Marc Okrand's Klingon language. Like the other two alphaets, it is probably written in the Same direction as English.

Trivia

In 1999, The Onion published a satirical article claming that the number of Klingon speakers exceeded the number of Navajo speakers.

In the sixth episode of the tenth season of Frasier, "Star-Mitzvah", which first aired November 5, 2002, had Frasier reading a short blessing in Klingon at his son's Bar-Mitzvah having been tricked into believing it was Hebrew. (There are more details at References to Star Trek)

External links

@@ Line 99: / Line 99: @@
 <!--Anyone care to supply the meanings?-->
-==Writing systems==
+== Writing systems==
-[[Image:Klingonalphabet.GIF|thumb|The Klingon "pIqaD" according to Skybox]]
-[[Image:Klingon-text-sample 2.JPG|thumb|A sample of written Klingon]]
-The official Klingon writing system is the [[Latin alphabet]] as used above, but on the television series, the Klingons use their own alien writing system. In ''The Klingon Dictionary'' this alphabet is named as '''pIqaD''', but no information is given about it. When Klingon symbols are used in Star Trek productions they are merely decorative graphic elements, designed to emulate real [[writing]] and create an appropriate atmosphere.
+The official Klingon writing system is the [[Latin alphabet]] as used above, but on the television series, the Klingons use their own alien writing system. In ''The Klingon Dictionary'' this alphabet is named as '''pIqaD''', but no information is given about it. When Klingon symbols are used in Star Trek productions they are merely decorative graphic elements, designed to emulate real [[writing]] and create an appropriate atmosphere.
-The Astra Image Corporation designed the symbols currently used to "write" Klingon for Star Trek: The Motion Picture, although these symbols are often attributed to [[Michael Okuda]]. They based the letters on the [[Klingon starships|Klingon battlecruiser]] hull markings (three letters) first created by [[Matt Jeffries]], and on [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan]] writing because the script had sharp letter forms &mdash; used as a testament to the Klingons' love for knives and blades.
+The Astra Image Corporation designed the symbols (currently used to "write" Klingon) for [[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]], although these symbols are often incorrectly attributed to [[Michael Okuda]]. They based the letters on the [[Klingon starships|Klingon battlecruiser]] hull markings (three letters) first created by [[Matt Jeffries]], and on [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan]] writing because the script had sharp letter forms &mdash; used as a testament to the Klingons' love for knives and blades.
-The Astra Image letters were taken and used in the Paramount-endorsed [[Bitstream Inc|Bitstream]] font pack.  They were used to make a font with ten letters of the english alphabet &mdash; "e" to "n" being represented by the ten different klingon letters. This font was extended to represent the entire English alphabet by [[Skybox]] (with many of the Klingon letters representing more than one English letter and also the inclusion of an upturned and downturned triangle as punctuation) for writing Klingon on numerous Paramount endorsed Skybox [[trading card]]s.
+=== KLI pIqaD ===
-Known cards include '''s7, s8 and s9''' from [[Star Trek: The Next Generation|Star Trek TNG]]'s series 2 trading cards, '''s19''' and '''s20''' (which contain belittling comments aimed at a certain video loans company<!--OK, which one?-->), the season seven card selection '''s37, s38 and s39''', and finally, the Checklist cards for each seasons' set of cards had the word '''cards''' written in Klingon on them when listing the above mentioned cards. These cards exist as the only [[Canon (fiction)|canon]] translation of Klingon writing, though this is not well known.
+[[Image:Kli piqad.GIF|thumb|The KLI piqaD]]
+[[Image:KLI_piqad_text_sample.GIF|thumb|KLI piqaD text sample]]
+Although the '''Latin''' alphabet is used officially to write Klingon; the speaking community also makes use an artificial script designed to emulate Klingon writing on the show.  This alphabet was created by an anonymous sourse at [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]], who based their alphabet on letters seen in the show.  This "source" sent in their alphabet to [http://www.kli.org/ KLI (Klingon Language Institute)] and the KLI uploaded it onto their website as the Klingons' way of writng their language.  this alphabet as gained some acceptance within the speaker and fan community although many ''Klingonists'' still prefer the Latin alphabet.
-The script is written in horizontal lines running from left to right, top to bottom &mdash; just like English. Also like English, Klingon can be written with spaces between words (a word being defined as any noun, verb or leftover, plus any prefixes and suffixes attacted to it) and [[punctuation]]. When this is the case, four punctuation marks are used:
+The alphabet is quite simple:  It contains twenty-six letters with a one-to-one '''graphmeme - phoneme correspondance''', that is, one letter represents one sound and one sound is written with one letter.  There are also ten numerals in the set.  It is written from left to right, top top bottom like English. There is no actual punctuation, however those that use punctuation with the alphabet, use Skybox punctuation symbols (''see below'').
-* An "up-turned triangle" with a function similar to a [[comma]], [[semi-colon]] or [[colon]].
-* A "down-turned" triangle with a function similar to a [[full stop]], [[question mark]] or [[exclamation mark]]
-* A mark similar in appearance and function to a [[hyphen]]
-* A mark similar to an apostrophe (possibly another version of the "hyphen", but exact meaning is uncertain)
-Klingon can also be written with no spaces or punctuation at all, this form is more common than the aforementioned punctuated text.  As in English, Klingon text can be left-justified, center-justified, or right-justified, and written in vertical columns on banners.
+In [[September]] [[1997]], [[Michael Everson]] made a proposal for encoding this in [[Unicode]]. The Unicode Technical Committee rejected the Klingon proposal in [[May]] [[2001]] on the grounds that research showed almost no use of the script for communication, and the vast majority of the people who did use Klingon employed the Latin alphabet by preference. Everson created a mapping of pIqaD into the [[Private Use Area]] of [[Unicode]], which he listed in the [[ConScript Unicode Registry]]. Since then several fonts using that encoding have appeared, and software for typing in pIqaD has become available. As a result, blogs in pIqaD have begun to appear, raising the possibility of reapplying for inclusion in Unicode when there is a sufficient corpus. Existing text in [[Romanization]] can easily be converted to pIqaD also.
-Due to its nature, the "Skybox" Alphabet is ill suited to writing Klingon, in that ambiguity in the alphabet is apparent, so different words are spelled the same way &mdash; these are [[homograph]]s. The heartiest commendations and the gravest insults could be written identically, though it should be noted that context would go a long way to disambiguating homographs.
+Michael Okuda, the long standing [[Star Trek]] scenic arts designer, and other Paramount staff have repudiated the mapping.
+=== Skybox pIqaD ===
-Another unofficial assignment of the characters with sounds (which also contains many made up characters) was given by an unnamed source at Paramount to a fan group. Michael Okuda, the TNG scenic designer, and other Paramount staff have repudiated the mapping. More info about this mapping can be found at [http://www.kli.org/tlh/pIqaD.html KLI.org].
+[[Image:Klingonalphabet.GIF|thumb|The Klingon "pIqaD" according to Skybox]]
+[[Image:Klingon-text-sample 2.JPG|thumb|A sample of written Klingon]]
+the KLI piqaD isn't the only mapping of Klingon letters.  The '''Astra Image''' letters were taken and used in the Paramount-endorsed [[Bitstream Inc|Bitstream]] font pack.  They were used to make a font with ten letters of the english alphabet: "e" to "n" being represented by the ten different klingon letters.  This font itself has been used by the Star trek production team when creating Klingon graphics, however it is still used only as random gibberish on the shows.
+The trading card company [[Skybox]] used this font, when they created the Klingon language cards in their [[Star Trek: The Next Generation]] trading card collection.  The Klingon cards themselves detail aspects of Klingon culture, and feature '''pIqaD''' text, and a transliteration and translation provided by '''Marc Okrand'''.  Some of these cards, notably  [http://qurgh.wizage.net/cards/S7.jpg S7], [http://qurgh.wizage.net/cards/S8.jpg S8] and  [http://qurgh.wizage.net/cards/S9.jpg card S9] feature pIqaD, which corresponds to the Latin transcrition.
-In [[September]] [[1997]], [[Michael Everson]] made a proposal for encoding this in [[Unicode]]. The Unicode Technical Committee rejected the Klingon proposal in [[May]] [[2001]] on the grounds that research showed almost no use of the script for communication, and the vast majority of the people who did use Klingon employed the Latin alphabet by preference. Everson created a mapping of pIqaD into the [[Private Use Area]] of [[Unicode]], which he listed in the [[ConScript Unicode Registry]]. Since then several fonts using that encoding have appeared, and software for typing in pIqaD has become available. As a result, blogs in pIqaD have begun to appear, raising the possibility of reapplying for inclusion in Unicode when there is a sufficient corpus. Existing text in [[Romanization]] can easily be converted to pIqaD also.
+::Other Known cards include '''s19''' and '''s20''' (which contain belittling comments aimed at '''Blockbuster''', probably refering to [[blockbuster video]]) the season seven card selection '''s37, s38 and s39''' (which featured no actual tlhingan Hol, but only english written in the alphabet), and finally, the Checklist cards for each seasons' set of cards had the word '''cards''' written in Klingon on them when listing the above mentioned cards.
+The script is written in horizontal lines running from left to right, top to bottom, just like English.  Klingon can be written with spaces between words (a word being defined as any noun, verb or leftover, plus any prefixes and suffixes attached to it) and [[punctuation]]. When this is the case, four punctuation marks are used:
+* An "up-turned triangle" with a function similar to a [[comma]], [[semi-colon]] or [[colon]].
+* A "down-turned" triangle with a function similar to a [[full stop]], [[question mark]] or [[exclamation mark]].
+* A mark similar in appearance to an [[hyphen]] (uknown fuction).
+* A mark similar to an apostrophe (function unknown).
+Klingon can also be written with no spaces or punctuation at all, this form is more common on the TV shows.  As in English, Klingon text can be left-justified, center-justified, or right-justified, and written in vertical columns on banners.
+Due to its nature, the "Skybox" Alphabet is ill suited to writing Klingon, in that ambiguity in the alphabet is apparent, so different words are spelled the same way: these are [[homograph]]s. The heartiest commendations and the gravest insults could be written identically, though it should be noted that context would go a long way to disambiguating homographs.
+=== Mandel script ===
-A third script &mdash; again based more closely on the D7 battlecruiser hull markings &mdash; known as the Klinzhai or Mandel script, was included in ''The U.S.S. Enterprise Officer's Manual'' ([[1980]]), loosely upon the conceptual art of Matt Jeffries", [[Star Trek: The Original Series|TOS]] set designer. It maps to various letters and digraphs of English, but the phonemes have no discernable relation to Marc Okrand's Klingon language.
+A third script; again based more closely on the D7 battlecruiser hull markings, known as the Klinzhai or Mandel script, was included in ''The U.S.S. Enterprise Officer's Manual'' ([[1980]]), loosely upon the conceptual art of Matt Jeffries", [[Star Trek: The Original Series|TOS]] set designer. It maps to various letters and digraphs of English, but the phonemes have no discernable relation to Marc Okrand's Klingon language.  Like the other two alphaets, it is probably written in the Same direction as English.
 ==Trivia==