Leo III the Isaurian: Difference between revisions
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'''Leo III''' ''the [[Isauria]]n'' or ''the [[Syria]]n'' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Λέων Γ΄, ''Leōn III''), (c. 685–[[June 18]], [[741]]) was [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine emperor]] from 717 until his death in 741. He put an end to a period of instability, successfully defended the empire against the invading [[Umayyad]]s, and forbade the veneration of icons (see [[Iconoclasm (Byzantine)|Iconoclasm]]). |
'''Leo III''' ''the [[Isauria]]n'' or ''the [[Syria]]n'' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Λέων Γ΄, ''Leōn III''), (c. 685–[[June 18]], [[741]]) was [[List of Byzantine Emperors|Byzantine emperor]] from 717 until his death in 741. He put an end to a period of instability, successfully defended the empire against the invading [[Umayyad]]s, and forbade the veneration of icons (see [[Iconoclasm (Byzantine)|Iconoclasm]]).<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Gero |
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| first = Stephen |
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| title = Byzantine Iconoclasm during the Reign of Leo III, with Particular Attention to the Oriental Sources |
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| publisher =Secrétariat du Corpus SCO |
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| location= Louvain |
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| year = 1973 |
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| pages= |
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| isbn = 9-0429-0387-2}}</ref> |
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==Life== |
==Life== |
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===Early life=== |
===Early life=== |
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Leo, whose original name was Konon, was born in Germanikeia ([[Maraş]]) in the Syrian province of [[Commagene]]. Some, including the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] chronicler [[Theophanes the Confessor|Theophanes]], have claimed that Konon's family had been resettled in [[Thrace]], where he entered the service of Emperor [[Justinian II]], when the latter was advancing on [[Constantinople]] with an army of 15,000 horsemen provided by [[Tervel of Bulgaria]] in 705, but such an assertion is not supported by the writings of Patriarch Nicephorus nor is it found in other oriental sources. |
Leo, whose original name was Konon, was born in Germanikeia ([[Maraş]]) in the Syrian province of [[Commagene]]. Some, including the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] chronicler [[Theophanes the Confessor|Theophanes]], have claimed that Konon's family had been resettled in [[Thrace]], where he entered the service of Emperor [[Justinian II]], when the latter was advancing on [[Constantinople]] with an army of 15,000 horsemen provided by [[Tervel of Bulgaria]] in 705, but such an assertion is not supported by the writings of Patriarch Nicephorus nor is it found in other oriental sources.{{cn}} |
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After the victory of Justinian II, Leo was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to [[Alania]] and [[Lazica]] to organize an alliance against the [[Umayyad]] [[Caliph]]ate under [[Al-Walid I]]. Leo was appointed commander ([[strategos|''stratēgos'']]) of the Anatolic [[thema|theme]] by Emperor [[Anastasios II (emperor)|Anastasius II]]. On his deposition Leo joined with his colleague [[Artabasdos|Artabasdus]], the ''stratēgos'' of the Armeniac theme, in conspiring to overthrow the new Emperor Theodosius III. Artabasdus was betrothed to [[Anna, wife of Artabasdos|Anna]], |
After the victory of Justinian II, Leo was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to [[Alania]] and [[Lazica]] to organize an alliance against the [[Umayyad]] [[Caliph]]ate under [[Al-Walid I]]. Leo was appointed commander ([[strategos|''stratēgos'']]) of the Anatolic [[thema|theme]] by Emperor [[Anastasios II (emperor)|Anastasius II]]. On his deposition Leo joined with his colleague [[Artabasdos|Artabasdus]], the ''stratēgos'' of the Armeniac theme, in conspiring to overthrow the new Emperor Theodosius III. Artabasdus was betrothed to [[Anna, wife of Artabasdos|Anna]],<ref>{{cite book |
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| last =Treadgold |
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| first =Warren |
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| title =A History of the Byzantine State and Society |
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| publisher = University of Stanford Press |
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| year = 1997 |
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| location = Stanford |
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| page =346 |
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| isbn =0-8047-2630-2}}</ref> |
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daughter of Leo as part of the agreement. |
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===Siege of Constantinople=== |
===Siege of Constantinople=== |
||
Leo entered Constantinople on [[March 25]], [[717]] and forced the abdication of Theodosios III, becoming emperor as Leo III. The new emperor was immediately forced to attend to the [[Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]], which commenced in August of the same year. The Arabs were Ummayad forces sent by Caliph [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] and serving under [[Maslama]]. They had taken advantage of the civil discord in the Roman Empire to bring a force of 80,000 men and a massive fleet to the [[Bosphorus]]. |
Leo entered Constantinople on [[March 25]], [[717]] and forced the abdication of Theodosios III, becoming emperor as Leo III. The new emperor was immediately forced to attend to the [[Siege of Constantinople (718)|Second Arab siege of Constantinople]], which commenced in August of the same year. The Arabs were Ummayad forces sent by Caliph [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] and serving under [[Maslama]]. They had taken advantage of the civil discord in the Roman Empire to bring a force of 80,000 to 120,000 men and a massive fleet to the [[Bosphorus]].<ref>{{fr icon}} Guilland, Rodolphe. "L’expédition de Maslama contre Constantinople (717 - 718)" in ''Études Byzantines''. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1959, pp. 109-133.</ref> |
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Careful preparations and the stubborn resistance put up by Leo wore out the invaders. An important factor in the victory of the Romans was their use of [[Greek fire]]. The Arab forces also fell victim to Bulgarian reinforcements arriving to aid the Romans. Leo was allied with the Bulgarians but the chronicler [[Theophanes the Confessor]] was uncertain if they were still serving under Tervel or his eventual successor [[Kormesiy of Bulgaria]]. Unable to continue the siege in the face of the Bulgarian onslaught and lack of successes, the Arabs were forced to abandon their ambitions on Constantinople in August, 718. Sulayman himself had died the previous year and his successor [[Umar II]] would not attempt another siege. The siege had lasted 12 months. |
Careful preparations and the stubborn resistance put up by Leo wore out the invaders. An important factor in the victory of the Romans was their use of [[Greek fire]].<ref>Treadgold. ''History of the Byzantine State'', p. 347.</ref> The Arab forces also fell victim to Bulgarian reinforcements arriving to aid the Romans. Leo was allied with the Bulgarians but the chronicler [[Theophanes the Confessor]] was uncertain if they were still serving under Tervel or his eventual successor [[Kormesiy of Bulgaria]]. Unable to continue the siege in the face of the Bulgarian onslaught and lack of successes, the Arabs were forced to abandon their ambitions on Constantinople in August, 718. Sulayman himself had died the previous year and his successor [[Umar II]] would not attempt another siege. The siege had lasted 12 months. |
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===Administration=== |
===Administration=== |
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Having thus preserved the Empire from extinction, Leo proceeded to consolidate its administration, which in the previous years of anarchy had become completely disorganized. In 718 he suppressed a rebellion in [[Sicily]] and in 719 did the same on behalf of the deposed Emperor [[Anastasios II (emperor)|Anastasios II]]. Leo secured the Empire's frontiers by inviting [[Slavs|Slavic]] settlers into the depopulated districts and by restoring the [[Byzantine military|army]] to efficiency; when the Ummayad Caliphate renewed their invasions in 726 and 739, as part of the campaigns of [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]], the Arab forces were decisively beaten, particularly at [[Battle of Akroinon|Akroinon]] in 740. His military efforts were supplemented by his alliances with the [[Khazars]] and the [[ |
Having thus preserved the Empire from extinction, Leo proceeded to consolidate its administration, which in the previous years of anarchy had become completely disorganized. In 718 he suppressed a rebellion in [[Sicily]] and in 719 did the same on behalf of the deposed Emperor [[Anastasios II (emperor)|Anastasios II]]. Leo secured the Empire's frontiers by inviting [[Slavs|Slavic]] settlers into the depopulated districts and by restoring the [[Byzantine military|army]] to efficiency; when the Ummayad Caliphate renewed their invasions in 726 and 739, as part of the campaigns of [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik]], the Arab forces were decisively beaten, particularly at [[Battle of Akroinon|Akroinon]] in 740. His military efforts were supplemented by his alliances with the [[Khazars]] and the [[Georgians]]. |
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Leo undertook a set of civil reforms including the abolition of the system of prepaying taxes which had weighed heavily upon the wealthier proprietors, the elevation of the [[serf]]s into a [[social class|class]] of free [[Tenant farmer|tenant]]s and the remodelling of [[Family law|family]], [[maritime law]] and [[criminal law]], notably substituting [[mutilation]] for the [[death penalty]] in many cases. The new measures, which were embodied in a new [[Legal code|code]] called the ''[[Ecloga |
Leo undertook a set of civil reforms including the abolition of the system of prepaying taxes which had weighed heavily upon the wealthier proprietors, the elevation of the [[serf]]s into a [[social class|class]] of free [[Tenant farmer|tenant]]s and the remodelling of [[Family law|family]], [[maritime law]] and [[criminal law]], notably substituting [[mutilation]] for the [[death penalty]] in many cases. The new measures, which were embodied in a new [[Legal code|code]] called the ''[[Ecloga]]'' (''Selection''), published in 740, met with some opposition on the part of the nobles and higher clergy. The emperor also undertook some reorganization of the [[Theme (country subdivision)|theme]] structure by creating new themata in the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] region. |
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===Iconoclasm=== |
===Iconoclasm=== |
||
Leo's most striking legislative reforms dealt with religious matters, especially [[iconoclasm]]. After an apparently successful attempt to enforce the [[baptism]] of all [[Jew]]s and [[Montanism|Montanists]] in the empire (722), he issued a series of edicts against the worship of images (726–729). This prohibition of a custom which had undoubtedly given rise to grave abuses seems to have been inspired by a genuine desire to improve public morality, and received the support of the official aristocracy and a section of the clergy. A majority of the theologians and all the monks opposed these measures with uncompromising hostility, and in the western parts of the empire the people refused to obey the edict. |
Leo's most striking legislative reforms dealt with religious matters, especially [[iconoclasm]] ("Icon-breaking").<ref>Ladner, Gerhart. "Origin and Significance of the Byzantine Iconoclastic Controversy." ''Mediaeval Studies'', 1940, pp. 127-149.</ref> After an apparently successful attempt to enforce the [[baptism]] of all [[Jew]]s and [[Montanism|Montanists]] in the empire (722), he issued a series of edicts against the worship of images (726–729).<ref>Treadgold. ''History of the Byzantine State'', pp. 350, 352-353.</ref> This prohibition of a custom which had undoubtedly given rise to grave abuses seems to have been inspired by a genuine desire to improve public morality, and received the support of the official aristocracy and a section of the clergy. A majority of the theologians and all the monks opposed these measures with uncompromising hostility, and in the western parts of the empire the people refused to obey the edict. |
||
A revolt which broke out in Greece, mainly on religious grounds, was crushed by the imperial fleet in 727. In 730, [[Patriarch Germanos I of Constantinople]] resigned rather than subscribe to an iconoclast decree. Leo had him replaced by [[Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople|Anastasios]] who willingly sided with the emperor on the question of icons. Thus Leo suppressed the overt opposition of the capital. |
A revolt which broke out in Greece, mainly on religious grounds, was crushed by the imperial fleet in 727. In 730, [[Patriarch Germanos I of Constantinople]] resigned rather than subscribe to an iconoclast decree. Leo had him replaced by [[Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople|Anastasios]],<ref>Treadgold. ''History of the Byzantine State'', p. 353.</ref> who willingly sided with the emperor on the question of icons. Thus Leo suppressed the overt opposition of the capital. |
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In the [[Italian Peninsula]], the defiant attitude of Popes [[Pope Gregory II|Gregory II]] and [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]] on behalf of image-veneration led to a fierce quarrel with the emperor. The former summoned councils in [[Rome]] to anathematize and excommunicate the iconoclasts (730, 732); Leo retaliated by transferring [[Southern Italy]] and [[Illyricum]] from the papal diocese to that of the [[Patriarch of Constantinople]]. The struggle was accompanied by an armed outbreak in the [[exarchate of Ravenna]] in 727, which Leo finally endeavoured to subdue by means of a large fleet. But the destruction of the armament by a storm decided the issue against him; his South Italian subjects successfully defied his religious edicts, and the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]] became effectively detached from the empire. |
In the [[Italian Peninsula]], the defiant attitude of Popes [[Pope Gregory II|Gregory II]] and [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]] on behalf of image-veneration led to a fierce quarrel with the emperor. The former summoned councils in [[Rome]] to anathematize and excommunicate the iconoclasts (730, 732); Leo retaliated by transferring [[Southern Italy]] and [[Illyricum]] from the papal diocese to that of the [[Patriarch of Constantinople]].<ref>Treadgold. ''History of the Byzantine State'', pp. 354-355.</ref> The struggle was accompanied by an armed outbreak in the [[exarchate of Ravenna]] in 727, which Leo finally endeavoured to subdue by means of a large fleet. But the destruction of the armament by a storm decided the issue against him; his South Italian subjects successfully defied his religious edicts, and the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]] became effectively detached from the empire. |
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The emperor died of [[dropsy]] in June 741. |
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==Family== |
==Family== |
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* Irene |
* Irene |
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* Kosmo |
* Kosmo |
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==Footnotes== |
==Footnotes== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
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== |
==Further reading== |
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*''The [[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]'', Oxford University Press, 1991. |
*Entry of "Leo III" in ''The [[Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]]'', ed. [[Alexander Kazhdan]]. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{Roman Emperors}} |
{{Roman Emperors}} |
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[[Category:Legislators]] |
[[Category:Legislators]] |
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Revision as of 21:03, 3 August 2009
| Leo III | |
|---|---|
| Emperor of the Byzantine Empire | |
 Leo III and his son Constantine V | |
| Reign | 25 March, 717 - June 18, 741 |
| Predecessor | Theodosios III |
| Successor | Constantine V |
| Consort | Maria |
| Issue | Constantine V Anna Irene Kosmo |
| Dynasty | Isaurian Dynasty |
Leo III the Isaurian or the Syrian (Greek: Λέων Γ΄, Leōn III), (c. 685–June 18, 741) was Byzantine emperor from 717 until his death in 741. He put an end to a period of instability, successfully defended the empire against the invading Umayyads, and forbade the veneration of icons (see Iconoclasm).[1]
Life
Early life
Leo, whose original name was Konon, was born in Germanikeia (Maraş) in the Syrian province of Commagene. Some, including the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes, have claimed that Konon's family had been resettled in Thrace, where he entered the service of Emperor Justinian II, when the latter was advancing on Constantinople with an army of 15,000 horsemen provided by Tervel of Bulgaria in 705, but such an assertion is not supported by the writings of Patriarch Nicephorus nor is it found in other oriental sources.[citation needed]
After the victory of Justinian II, Leo was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to Alania and Lazica to organize an alliance against the Umayyad Caliphate under Al-Walid I. Leo was appointed commander (stratēgos) of the Anatolic theme by Emperor Anastasius II. On his deposition Leo joined with his colleague Artabasdus, the stratēgos of the Armeniac theme, in conspiring to overthrow the new Emperor Theodosius III. Artabasdus was betrothed to Anna,[2] daughter of Leo as part of the agreement.
Siege of Constantinople
Leo entered Constantinople on March 25, 717 and forced the abdication of Theodosios III, becoming emperor as Leo III. The new emperor was immediately forced to attend to the Second Arab siege of Constantinople, which commenced in August of the same year. The Arabs were Ummayad forces sent by Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik and serving under Maslama. They had taken advantage of the civil discord in the Roman Empire to bring a force of 80,000 to 120,000 men and a massive fleet to the Bosphorus.[3]
Careful preparations and the stubborn resistance put up by Leo wore out the invaders. An important factor in the victory of the Romans was their use of Greek fire.[4] The Arab forces also fell victim to Bulgarian reinforcements arriving to aid the Romans. Leo was allied with the Bulgarians but the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor was uncertain if they were still serving under Tervel or his eventual successor Kormesiy of Bulgaria. Unable to continue the siege in the face of the Bulgarian onslaught and lack of successes, the Arabs were forced to abandon their ambitions on Constantinople in August, 718. Sulayman himself had died the previous year and his successor Umar II would not attempt another siege. The siege had lasted 12 months.
Administration
Having thus preserved the Empire from extinction, Leo proceeded to consolidate its administration, which in the previous years of anarchy had become completely disorganized. In 718 he suppressed a rebellion in Sicily and in 719 did the same on behalf of the deposed Emperor Anastasios II. Leo secured the Empire's frontiers by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts and by restoring the army to efficiency; when the Ummayad Caliphate renewed their invasions in 726 and 739, as part of the campaigns of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, the Arab forces were decisively beaten, particularly at Akroinon in 740. His military efforts were supplemented by his alliances with the Khazars and the Georgians.
Leo undertook a set of civil reforms including the abolition of the system of prepaying taxes which had weighed heavily upon the wealthier proprietors, the elevation of the serfs into a class of free tenants and the remodelling of family, maritime law and criminal law, notably substituting mutilation for the death penalty in many cases. The new measures, which were embodied in a new code called the Ecloga (Selection), published in 740, met with some opposition on the part of the nobles and higher clergy. The emperor also undertook some reorganization of the theme structure by creating new themata in the Aegean region.
Iconoclasm
Leo's most striking legislative reforms dealt with religious matters, especially iconoclasm ("Icon-breaking").[5] After an apparently successful attempt to enforce the baptism of all Jews and Montanists in the empire (722), he issued a series of edicts against the worship of images (726–729).[6] This prohibition of a custom which had undoubtedly given rise to grave abuses seems to have been inspired by a genuine desire to improve public morality, and received the support of the official aristocracy and a section of the clergy. A majority of the theologians and all the monks opposed these measures with uncompromising hostility, and in the western parts of the empire the people refused to obey the edict.
A revolt which broke out in Greece, mainly on religious grounds, was crushed by the imperial fleet in 727. In 730, Patriarch Germanos I of Constantinople resigned rather than subscribe to an iconoclast decree. Leo had him replaced by Anastasios,[7] who willingly sided with the emperor on the question of icons. Thus Leo suppressed the overt opposition of the capital.
In the Italian Peninsula, the defiant attitude of Popes Gregory II and Gregory III on behalf of image-veneration led to a fierce quarrel with the emperor. The former summoned councils in Rome to anathematize and excommunicate the iconoclasts (730, 732); Leo retaliated by transferring Southern Italy and Illyricum from the papal diocese to that of the Patriarch of Constantinople.[8] The struggle was accompanied by an armed outbreak in the exarchate of Ravenna in 727, which Leo finally endeavoured to subdue by means of a large fleet. But the destruction of the armament by a storm decided the issue against him; his South Italian subjects successfully defied his religious edicts, and the Exarchate of Ravenna became effectively detached from the empire.
The emperor died of dropsy in June 741.
Family
His wife Maria, Leo III had four known children:
- Anna, who married Artabasdus.
- Constantine V, who succeeded as emperor.
- Irene
- Kosmo
Footnotes
- ^ Gero, Stephen (1973). Byzantine Iconoclasm during the Reign of Leo III, with Particular Attention to the Oriental Sources. Louvain: Secrétariat du Corpus SCO. ISBN 9-0429-0387-2.
- ^ Treadgold, Warren (1997). A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford: University of Stanford Press. p. 346. ISBN 0-8047-2630-2.
- ^ Template:Fr icon Guilland, Rodolphe. "L’expédition de Maslama contre Constantinople (717 - 718)" in Études Byzantines. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1959, pp. 109-133.
- ^ Treadgold. History of the Byzantine State, p. 347.
- ^ Ladner, Gerhart. "Origin and Significance of the Byzantine Iconoclastic Controversy." Mediaeval Studies, 1940, pp. 127-149.
- ^ Treadgold. History of the Byzantine State, pp. 350, 352-353.
- ^ Treadgold. History of the Byzantine State, p. 353.
- ^ Treadgold. History of the Byzantine State, pp. 354-355.
Further reading
- Entry of "Leo III" in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, ed. Alexander Kazhdan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
External links
Media related to Leo III the Isaurian at Wikimedia Commons