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This sneak attack was followed by the advance by German forces hoping for an easy victory. Polish outposts were not surprised by Lt. Willhem Henningsen’s storm unit from the Schleswig-Holstein and the "Wehrmacht pioneers."<ref>(English) Janusz Marszalec, ''Westerplatte,'' Gdańsk: Muzeum II Wojny Światowej, 2008, p. 2. [http://www.muzeum1939.pl/przetarg/Appendix_8.pdf.
This sneak attack was followed by the advance by German forces hoping for an easy victory. Polish outposts were not surprised by Lt. Willhem Henningsen’s storm unit from the Schleswig-Holstein and the "Wehrmacht pioneers."<ref>(English) Janusz Marszalec, ''Westerplatte,'' Gdańsk: Muzeum II Wojny Światowej, 2008, p. 2. [http://www.muzeum1939.pl/przetarg/Appendix_8.pdf.
⚫
]</ref> However, soon after crossing the artillery-breached brick wall, the attackers were [[ambush]]ed by the Polish [[small arms]], mortar and machine gun fire from a concealed and well-positioned firing points that caught them in crossfire. Another two assaults that day were repelled as well, with the Germans suffering unexpectedly high losses. Day one of battle ended with Polish success. The only Polish field gun was put out of action after firing 28 shells at German positions across the channel (silencing several firing positions and hitting a command post).<ref>Polish) Melchior Wańkowicz, ''Westerplatte''. Warszawa : Instytut Wydawniczy "Pax", 1959.</ref> Defenders also counter-attacked and destroyed a German police guard post using [[hand grenades]] but two Poles were mortally wounded in this action. Heavy machine guns, hand machine guns and cannon of the “Wał,” “Prom” and “Fort” outposts held at bay the ranks of the storm troopers. Marszalec noted:<blockquote> "The tactics of outpost commanders, who lured the Germans into a fire trap, letting them advance into the line of fire, contributed to these heavy losses. The Polish mortar fire, guided precisely by observers from protruding positions, added to the destruction. The system of barriers secretly prepared by the WST soldiers in the spring and summer of 1939 made it difficult for the Germans to move around the park that was Westerplatte (once a popular spa)."<ref>[http://www.muzeum1939.pl/przetarg/Appendix_8.pdf. (English) Janusz Marszalec, ''Westerplatte,'' p. 2]</ref></blockquote> Wire trippers and barbed wire entanglements effectively blocked quick movements around its grounds. Guardhouse no. 2 also successfully took part in the exchange of fire. Even though the Poles retreated from the Wał and Prom outposts (and for a time also from Fort), tightening the ring of defence around the New Barracks in the centre of the Peninsula. On the first day of combat, the Polish side lost one man killed and seven wounded (three died later, including two captured who died in a German hospital), while the German [[naval infantry]] company lost 17 men killed and 54 seriously wounded out of 225 deployed (or third of the company, including its mortally wounded commander).<ref>(Polish) Mariusz Borowiak, ''Westerplatte. W obronie prawdy.,'' Gdańsk : GDW, 2001 </ref> In all, 40-50 German troops were reported killed on this day according the German sources.<ref>{{de icon}} [http://chrito.users1.50megs.com/1939/sep/marinestosskompanie.htm Marinestoßkompanie "Westerplatte"]</ref> The German losses would have been even greater if not for the order by Sucharski for the mortars to cease fire in order to conserve ammunition after just a few salvos (because of this order only 104 out of 860 grenades were fired when the mortars were destroyed the next day).
]</ref> However, soon after crossing the artillery-breached brick wall, the attackers were [[ambush]]ed by the Polish [[small arms]], mortar and machine gun fire from a concealed and well-positioned firing points that caught them in crossfire. Another two assaults that day were repelled as well, with the Germans suffering unexpectedly high losses. Day one
⚫
of battle ended with Polish success. The only Polish field gun was put out of action after firing 28 shells at German positions across the channel (silencing several firing positions and hitting a command post).<ref>Polish) Melchior Wańkowicz, ''Westerplatte''. Warszawa : Instytut Wydawniczy "Pax", 1959.</ref> Defenders also counter-attacked and destroyed a German police guard post using [[hand grenades]] but two Poles were mortally wounded in this action. Heavy machine guns, hand machine guns and cannon of the “Wał,” “Prom” and “Fort” outposts held at bay the ranks of the storm troopers. Marszalec noted:<blockquote> "The tactics of outpost commanders, who lured the Germans into a fire trap, letting them advance into the line of fire, contributed to these heavy losses. The Polish mortar fire, guided precisely by observers from protruding positions, added to the destruction. The system of barriers secretly prepared by the WST soldiers in the spring and summer of 1939 made it difficult for the Germans to move around the park that was Westerplatte (once a popular spa)."<ref>[http://www.muzeum1939.pl/przetarg/Appendix_8.pdf. (English) Janusz Marszalec, ''Westerplatte,'' p. 2]</ref></blockquote> Wire trippers and barbed wire entanglements effectively blocked quick movements around its grounds. Guardhouse no. 2 also successfully took part in the exchange of fire. Even though the Poles retreated from the Wał and Prom outposts (and for a time also from Fort), tightening the ring of defence around the New Barracks in the centre of the Peninsula. On the first day of combat, the Polish side lost one man killed and seven wounded (three died later, including two captured who died in a German hospital), while the German [[naval infantry]] company lost 17 men killed and 54 seriously wounded out of 225 deployed (or third of the company, including its mortally wounded commander).<ref>(Polish) Mariusz Borowiak, ''Westerplatte. W obronie prawdy.,'' Gdańsk : GDW, 2001 </ref> In all, 40-50 German troops were reported killed on this day according the German sources.<ref>{{de icon}} [http://chrito.users1.50megs.com/1939/sep/marinestosskompanie.htm Marinestoßkompanie "Westerplatte"]</ref> The German losses would have been even greater if not for the order by Sucharski for the mortars to cease fire in order to conserve ammunition after just a few salvos (because of this order only 104 out of 860 grenades were fired when the mortars were destroyed the next day).
Over the following days, the Germans bombarded the [[peninsula]] with [[naval artillery|naval]] and heavy [[field artillery]], including 210&nbsp;mm howitzers. A devastating dive-bombing raid by Ju 87 Stukas on September 2 (26.5 tons of bombs in two waves) destroyed the Polish mortars, directly hit one guardhouse with a 500&nbsp;kg bomb (destroying it completely), killed at least eight soldiers and shell-shocked Major Sucharski, after which Captain Dąbrowski briefly took over command of Westerplatte. After the Stuka raids, which covered the whole area in an enormous cloud of smoke, the Germans believed that no one could possibly have survived it; however, it later turned out the relatively few Polish soldiers were killed and the defence was not broken. <ref>(Polish) Melchior Wańkowicz, ''Westerplatte''. Warszawa : Instytut Wydawniczy "Pax", 1959.</ref>
Over the following days, the Germans bombarded the [[peninsula]] with [[naval artillery|naval]] and heavy [[field artillery]], including 210&nbsp;mm howitzers. A devastating dive-bombing raid by Ju 87 Stukas on September 2 (26.5 tons of bombs in two waves) destroyed the Polish mortars, directly hit one guardhouse with a 500&nbsp;kg bomb (destroying it completely), killed at least eight soldiers and shell-shocked Major Sucharski, after which Captain Dąbrowski briefly took over command of Westerplatte. After the Stuka raids, which covered the whole area in an enormous cloud of smoke, the Germans believed that no one could possibly have survived it; however, it later turned out the relatively few Polish soldiers were killed and the defence was not broken. <ref>(Polish) Melchior Wańkowicz, ''Westerplatte''. Warszawa : Instytut Wydawniczy "Pax", 1959.</ref>
Several cautious probing attacks by the German naval infantry, Danzig SS and police and Wehrmacht were again repulsed by the Poles (with some German losses, yet nowhere close to the scale of the disaster they suffered on September 1). During one of the attacks, a German armoured [[draisine]] was hit and destroyed by a Polish AT gun. As [[Polskie Radio]] broadcasted every day, "Westerplatte still fought on".<ref>(Polish) Mariusz Borowiak, ''Westerplatte. W obronie prawdy.'', Gdańsk : GDW, 2001.</ref>
Several cautious probing attacks by the German naval infantry, Danzig SS and police and Wehrmacht were again repulsed by the Poles (with some German losses, yet nowhere close to the scale of the disaster they suffered on September 1). During one of the attacks, a German armoured [[draisine]] was hit and destroyed by a Polish AT gun. As [[Polskie Radio]] broadcasted every day, "Westerplatte still fought on".<ref>(Polish) Mariusz Borowiak, ''Westerplatte. W obronie prawdy.'', Gdańsk : GDW, 2001.</ref>

Revision as of 02:44, 1 September 2009

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Battle of Westerplatte
Part of Invasion of Poland

Polish soldiers being taken into captivity after the capitulation of Westerplatte
DateSeptember 1 – September 7, 1939
Location
Westerplatte, Free City of Danzig
Result German victory
Belligerents
Poland Germany
Commanders and leaders
Henryk Sucharski
Franciszek Dąbrowski		 Friedrich Eberhardt
Gustav Kleikamp
Wilhelm Henningsen †
Strength
182 soldiers
27 civilian workers		 3,400-3,500 men
Air support (47 bombers)
Battleship Schleswig-Holstein and 2 torpedo boats
Casualties and losses
15 killed
53 wounded[1]
167 taken prisoner		 350-400 killed
16 heavy machine guns
1 Armored Draisine

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The Battle of Westerplatte was the very first battle of the Invasion of Poland in the first week of September 1939 and Second World War. A completely surrounded Polish Military Transit Depot (WST) on Westerplatte, manned by only 182 soldiers, held alone for seven days in the face of an overwhelming German force of more than 3,000 soldiers attacking from land, sea and air.

The defense of Westerplatte was an inspiration to Poland while successful German advances continued elsewhere, and helped the garrison's defense of Hel Peninsula until early October 1939.

Polish military transit depot on Westerplatte

In 1925 the Council of the League of Nations allowed Poland to keep 88 soldiers on the peninsula of Westerplatte. The small Polish garrison was separated from Free City of Danzig (Gdańsk) city by the harbour channel, with only a small pier connecting them to the mainland. The Polish-held part of the Westerplatte was separated from Danzig by a brick wall.

Prelude

At the end of August 1939, the German pre-dreadnought battleship Schleswig-Holstein came to Danzig (Gdańsk) under the pretext of a "courtesy visit" and anchored in the channel near Westerplatte. Onboard was the Hennigsen assault company with orders to launch an attack against the Westerplatte on the morning of August 26. However, shortly before disembarkation, the order to attack was rescinded. Having heard of Britain and Poland having concluded a treaty of assistance and also having heard that Italian dictator Benito Mussolini refused to join the war, German dictator Adolf Hitler postponed the opening of hostilities.[2]

The battle

File:Westerplatte makieta.jpg
Model of the aerial view of Westerplatte and Danzig's New Port on September 1, 1939, with the position of Schleswig-Holstein in the channel

On September 1 1939, at 0445 local time, as Germany began its invasion of Poland, Schleswig-Holstein suddenly opened fire on the Polish garrison, unleashing a barrage of 280 mm and 150 mm shells.

This sneak attack was followed by the advance by German forces hoping for an easy victory. Polish outposts were not surprised by Lt. Willhem Henningsen’s storm unit from the Schleswig-Holstein and the "Wehrmacht pioneers."[3] However, soon after crossing the artillery-breached brick wall, the attackers were ambushed by the Polish small arms, mortar and machine gun fire from a concealed and well-positioned firing points that caught them in crossfire. Another two assaults that day were repelled as well, with the Germans suffering unexpectedly high losses. Day one of battle ended with Polish success. The only Polish field gun was put out of action after firing 28 shells at German positions across the channel (silencing several firing positions and hitting a command post).[4] Defenders also counter-attacked and destroyed a German police guard post using hand grenades but two Poles were mortally wounded in this action. Heavy machine guns, hand machine guns and cannon of the “Wał,” “Prom” and “Fort” outposts held at bay the ranks of the storm troopers. Marszalec noted:

"The tactics of outpost commanders, who lured the Germans into a fire trap, letting them advance into the line of fire, contributed to these heavy losses. The Polish mortar fire, guided precisely by observers from protruding positions, added to the destruction. The system of barriers secretly prepared by the WST soldiers in the spring and summer of 1939 made it difficult for the Germans to move around the park that was Westerplatte (once a popular spa)."[5]

Wire trippers and barbed wire entanglements effectively blocked quick movements around its grounds. Guardhouse no. 2 also successfully took part in the exchange of fire. Even though the Poles retreated from the Wał and Prom outposts (and for a time also from Fort), tightening the ring of defence around the New Barracks in the centre of the Peninsula. On the first day of combat, the Polish side lost one man killed and seven wounded (three died later, including two captured who died in a German hospital), while the German naval infantry company lost 17 men killed and 54 seriously wounded out of 225 deployed (or third of the company, including its mortally wounded commander).[6] In all, 40-50 German troops were reported killed on this day according the German sources.[7] The German losses would have been even greater if not for the order by Sucharski for the mortars to cease fire in order to conserve ammunition after just a few salvos (because of this order only 104 out of 860 grenades were fired when the mortars were destroyed the next day).

Over the following days, the Germans bombarded the peninsula with naval and heavy field artillery, including 210 mm howitzers. A devastating dive-bombing raid by Ju 87 Stukas on September 2 (26.5 tons of bombs in two waves) destroyed the Polish mortars, directly hit one guardhouse with a 500 kg bomb (destroying it completely), killed at least eight soldiers and shell-shocked Major Sucharski, after which Captain Dąbrowski briefly took over command of Westerplatte. After the Stuka raids, which covered the whole area in an enormous cloud of smoke, the Germans believed that no one could possibly have survived it; however, it later turned out the relatively few Polish soldiers were killed and the defence was not broken. [8] Several cautious probing attacks by the German naval infantry, Danzig SS and police and Wehrmacht were again repulsed by the Poles (with some German losses, yet nowhere close to the scale of the disaster they suffered on September 1). During one of the attacks, a German armoured draisine was hit and destroyed by a Polish AT gun. As Polskie Radio broadcasted every day, "Westerplatte still fought on".[9]

File:Westerplatte Sucharski sabre.jpg
Maj. Sucharski (with a sabre) surrendering Westerplatte to Gen. Eberhardt (saluting)

In all, approximately 3,400 Germans (including support troops) were tied-up by being engaged in the week-long action against the 182-strong Polish garrison. On September 7, Major Sucharski decided to leave what he decided was the hopeless fight. Capt. Mieczysław Słaby, the WST doctor, was unable to maintain basic care of wounded soldiers. The garrison lacked sufficient water and medicine. In reality, Polish fortifications of the Westerplatte were neither impressive, nor very numerous.[10] Even though many of his officers and soldiers were against the idea, he surrendered the Military Transit Depot on the same day. The Polish defence impressed the German commanders so much that the German commander, General Friedrich Eberhardt (later the military governor of Kiev during the Soviet-German War), allowed Sucharski to retain his ceremonial szabla (Polish sabre) in captivity. At the same time Polish wireless operator Kazimierz Rasiński was murdered by Germans after the capitulation; after brutal interrogation, he refused to hand over radio codes and was shot.[11]

Armed forces involved

German

Navy (Kriegsmarine)
Army (Wehrmacht Heer)

Eberhardt group:

Air Force (Luftwaffe)

Polish

By August 1939, the garrison of Westerplatte had increased to 182 soldiers (there were also 27 civilian workers). The garrison was armed with one 75 mm field gun, two 37 mm anti-tank (AT) guns, and four mortars. The strong side of the garrison was a large number of machine guns at their disposal (41). There were no underground fortifications built on Westerplatte. There were five small concrete posts (guardhouses) hidden in the peninsula's forest and there was a large barracks prepared for defense. These were supported by a network of trenches and barricades. In case of war, the defenders were supposed to withstand a sustained attack for 12 hours. During this time, the aid from the Polish main forces was supposed to reach them.

The Polish garrison's commanding officer was Major Henryk Sucharski, the executive officer was Captain Franciszek Dąbrowski. (According to recently discovered information, Captain Dąbrowski was also the actual commander, following Sucharski's nervous breakdown after the German air strike on the second day of the battle.)

Equipment

German

Naval
Battleship Schleswig-Holstein and two torpedo boats (T-963 and Von der Groeben).
Land
Several ADGZ heavy armoured cars, about 65 artillery pieces (2 cm FlaK 30 AA guns, 3.7 cm PaK 36 AT guns, 10.5 cm leFH 18 light howitzers, 21 cm Mörser 18 heavy howitzers), numerous mortars, over 150 machine guns and a number of Flammenwerfer 35 flamethrowers.
Air
40-60 Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers and seven other aircraft (Heinkel He 51, Junkers Ju 52).

Polish

One 75 mm wz. 02/26 field gun, two Bofors 37 mm wz. 36 AT guns, four Stokes 81 mm wz. 31 mortars and 41 machine guns (including 16 heavy machine guns).

Casualties

German

The exact number of German losses remains unknown, but are often estimated to be in range of 200-400 killed and wounded or sometimes more (People's Republic of Poland authorities claimed the Germans suffered 300 killed and 700 wounded, but this claim is rather dubious).

Polish

Polish casualties were much lower - 15-20 killed (there's a controversy regarding the graves of five unidentified Polish soldiers discovered 1939-1940, possibly executed for attempted desertion) and some 53 wounded in action.

List of the Polish soldiers killed in action: Private Jan Ciwil, Corporal Jan Gebura, Działonowy (artilleryman) Władysław Jakubiak, Private Konstanty Jezierski, Private Józef Kita, Corporal Andrzej Kowalczyk, Private Mieczysław Krzak, Sergeant Wojciech Najsarek, Private Władysław Okraszewski, Corporal Bronisław Perucki, Master Corporal Adolf Petzelt, Private Antoni Piróg, Sergeant Kazimierz Rasiński, Private Bronisław Uss, Private Ignacy Zatorski, Private Zygmunt Zięba.

Eight prisoners were also said to not have survived German captivity.

Aftermath

German soldiers on Westerplatte after the battle

The Polish poet Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński wrote a widely known poem about this battle, Pieśń o żołnierzach Westerplatte ("A Song of the Soldiers of Westerplatte"). The poem reflected a widespread Polish myth of the later years of the WWII that all defenders died in the battle, fighting to the last man. A Polish People's Army military unit was named in 1943 in memory of the soldiers (Polish 1st Armoured Brigade of the defenders of Westerplatte).

Major Sucharski, who survived the war but died in 1946, was promoted to the rank of Generał brygady and given the highest Polish military award of Virtuti Militari, although he became a very controversial figure more recently as the previously-unknown account about his role in the battle were uncovered in the 1990s (after the death of Captain Dąbrowski, as the other Polish officers vowed among themselves for their honor to not disclose in their lifetimes that their nominal commander was shell-shocked for the most of the battle). The Westerplatte obecame the subject of a quasi-historical dispute, which Marszalec summarized with the following:

"It (the dispute)centres on the question of who commanded the defence of Westerplatte, Maj. Henryk Sucharski or Capt. Franciszek Dabrowski? Interestingly, this dispute does not involve historians since it is not taking place as an academic debate. It is the domain of disputes of people passionate about history on the internet and in the press, in an atmosphere of gradual and consistent repetition of various unconfirmed sources. They tend to fall into emotional states of elevation and passion, during which it is difficult to apply the principles of sine ira et studio. This dispute has gone so far beyond its narrow circle of fans of the internet, moving into the mass media as a dispute over a film script and the spending of public money on a film which aims to show the new 'truth' about the defence of Westerplatte. Without a detailed analysis of this project, one can only stress that it has nothing in common with the confirmed state of knowledge about the history of the defence of the WST Westerplatte in September 1939....Regardless of the disputes, Sucharski and the two hundred other defenders of the WST will remain in the circle of good memory, regardless of whether they wanted to defend it to their last bullet, or whether they contemplated putting down arms already after 12 hours of the first shot of the Schleswig-Holstein on 1 September 1939."[10]

In the years after war, several dozen schools and several ships in Poland were also named after the "Heroes of" or "Defenders of Westerplatte". The ruins of the peninsula's barracks and guardhouses still survive. After the war one of the guardhouses was converted into a museum. Two shells from the Schleswig-Holstein's 280 mm guns prop up its entrance.

See also

References

  1. ^ Template:Pl icon historycy.org -Westerplatte: straty niemieckie
  2. ^ Piekałkiewicz, Janusz. Sea War: 1939-1945. Blanford Press, London - New York, 1987, pg. 18, ISBN 0-7137-1665-7
  3. ^ (English) Janusz Marszalec, Westerplatte, Gdańsk: Muzeum II Wojny Światowej, 2008, p. 2. [http://www.muzeum1939.pl/przetarg/Appendix_8.pdf. ]
  4. ^ Polish) Melchior Wańkowicz, Westerplatte. Warszawa : Instytut Wydawniczy "Pax", 1959.
  5. ^ (English) Janusz Marszalec, Westerplatte, p. 2
  6. ^ (Polish) Mariusz Borowiak, Westerplatte. W obronie prawdy., Gdańsk : GDW, 2001
  7. ^ Template:De icon Marinestoßkompanie "Westerplatte"
  8. ^ (Polish) Melchior Wańkowicz, Westerplatte. Warszawa : Instytut Wydawniczy "Pax", 1959.
  9. ^ (Polish) Mariusz Borowiak, Westerplatte. W obronie prawdy., Gdańsk : GDW, 2001.
  10. ^ a b (English) Janusz Marszalec, Westerplatte, p. 4
  11. ^ Battle of the Baltic: The Wars 1918-1945 - Page 55 Robert Jackson 2007

External links


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