Battle of Höchst

Battle of Höchst
Part of Thirty Years' War
Battle near Höchst, engraving by Merian.
Date June 20, 1622 Location Höchst, west of Frankfurt am Main Result Strategic Catholic victory
Belligerents
Protestant Union	Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Spain
Commanders and leaders
Christian of Brunswick	Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
Strength
Approx: 17,000	26,000
Casualties and losses
2,000 dead, wounded or captured	Approx: 100 dead or wounded

The Battle of Höchst was fought on June 20, 1622, between the combined army led by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba against Protestant forces led by Christian of Brunswick. It was a strategic Roman Catholic victory.

Background

In April 1622, Tilly had lost the Battle of Mingolsheim to Ernst von Mansfeld and Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach. He withdrew his weakened army towards Würzburg, and the Palatinate remained unprotected by the Catholic forces.

Christian wanted to use the situation for a crucial strike against the Catholic League. With 12,000 infantrymen, nearly 5,000 cavalrymen and three guns he moved from Westphalia along the Weser River shoreline, and through Hesse towards the Main to unify his troops with armies of Mansfeld and Baden-Durlach, at Darmstadt. Continuing their mission of blocking a rendezvous between Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick, the Catholic forces reached the river at Höchst on June 20 to find Christian's army already crossing the river.

Battle

On June 15, Christian reached the territory of the Archbishopric of Mainz at Oberursel. He sent Colonel von Kniephausen with an advance guard of 1,500 men against Höchst to take the town in a coup de main and to safeguard the Main crossing point. However, the Höchst municipal troops successfully defended the town. Kniephausen besieged Höchst. On June 16, Kniephausen's troops finally stormed and plundered Höchst.

Two days later the Protestants started building a pontoon bridge across the Main. Meanwhile Christian moved with his troops towards Höchst and destroyed the villages of Oberusel, Eschborn and Sulzbach. At the same time the Catholic troops approached in forced marches from Würzburg with 20,000 infantrymen, 6,000 cavalrymen and 18 guns. They arrived on June 19 at the Nidda River between Nied and Sossemheim late at night.

When the bridge was completed in the morning of June 20, Christian's baggage started to cross the river. Christian formed his troops to fight the Catholics at Sossenheim. Meanwhile Tilly's troops were reinforced by an army under General Franz von Hövelberg. They planned to force Christian's troops back to the Höchst walls and the Main. Hence, Christian ordered his troops to withdraw over the pontoon bridge towards Kelsterbach, but under the Catholic artillery fire the withdrawal turned into a headlong flight. The bridge broke and many of Christian's soldiers drowned in the Main. According to old chronicles, the Protestants lost more lansquenets from drowning than in the battle itself. {{citation}}: Empty citation (help)

Christian's entire baggage train and guns became Catholic loot. While the League troops lost only 100 soldiers, nearly 2,000 of Christian's soldiers died. However, Christian succeeded in escaping with 3,000 cavalrymen, 8,000 infantrymen, his war chest and eventually united with Mansfeld's army.

Aftermath

Equestrian engraving of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba by Wenceslas Hollar.

Córdoba and Tilly claimed a strategic victory because they had fewer losses, despite the fact that Christian of Brunswick had achieved his operational goal of uniting his army with Mansfeld's.

Höchst was the final battle for the Palatinate and the impending actions of Mansfeld and Christian signalled the end for "The Winter King" Frederick V. Shortly after the battle, the combined Protestant forces, now numbering 25,000 strong, compared to the Catholics in numbers, positioned themselves on the western bank of the Rhine River. Heidelberg came under siege and despite an 11-week resistance, fell on September 19, 1622.

With this news, the token English forces under Sir Horace Vere evacuated Mannheim and moved to the fortress of Frankenthal, which served as a final outpost for Protestant resistance in this area. It fell the following year.

Illustrations of the battle

A contemporary pamphlet about the battle (1625)

The Swiss engraver Merian depicted the battle and the bridging of the Main in an engraving. Another contemporary engraving of an unknown artist shows the battle in a large panorama. The Flemish painter Pieter Snayers portrayed the battle in a monumental painting that today is on exhibition in a museum in Brussels. Neither of these artists had been an eye witness of the event.

Literature

• Rudolf Schäfer: Höchst am Main. Frankfurt am Main 1981: Frankfurter Sparkasse von 1822.
• Rudolf Schäfer: Chronik von Höchst am Main. Frankfurt am Main 1986: Waldemar Kramer.
• Adalbert Vollert: Sossenheim. Geschichte eines Frankfurter Stadtteils. Frankfurt am Main 1980: Frankfurter Sparkasse von 1822.
• Johann Philipp Abelin: Theatrum Europaeum, Vol. 1, Frankfurt am Main 1662, plate 1622, pages 630-633.

External links

• Johann Philipp Abelin: Theatrum Europaeum, Vol. 1, Frankfurt am Main 1662, plate 1622, pages 630-633 (German)