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The life of the Great Exhibition was limited to six months, after which, something had to be done with the building.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.crystalpalacefoundation.org.uk/history/default.asp?ID=10 | title = Crystal Palace history ''Leaving Hyde Park'' October 1851}}</ref> Against the wishes of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliamentary]] opponents, the edifice was erected on a property named Penge Place that had been excised from [[Penge Common]] atop Sydenham Hill.<ref name="dukemag"/>
The life of the Great Exhibition was limited to six months, after which, something had to be done with the building.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.crystalpalacefoundation.org.uk/history/default.asp?ID=10 | title = Crystal Palace history ''Leaving Hyde Park'' October 1851}}</ref> Against the wishes of [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliamentary]] opponents, the edifice was erected on a property named Penge Place that had been excised from [[Penge Common]] atop Sydenham Hill.<ref name="dukemag"/>
The building constructed from 1854 on Sydenham Hill, while incorporating most of the constructional parts Hyde Park building, was so completely different in form as to be properly considered a quite different structure - a 'Beaux-arts' form in glass and metal. It was modified and enlarged so much that it extended beyond the boundary of Penge Place, which was also the boundary between [[Surrey]] and [[Kent]]. Within two years, [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] again performed an opening [[ceremony]]. The new site hosted concerts, exhibits, and public entertainment.<ref name="dukemag"/> The reconstruction was recorded for posterity by [[Philip Henry Delamotte]], and his photographs widely disseminated in his published works.
The building constructed from 1854 on Sydenham Hill, while incorporating most of the constructional parts of the Hyde Park building, was so completely different in form as to be properly considered a quite different structure - a 'Beaux-arts' form in glass and metal. It was modified and enlarged so much that it extended beyond the boundary of Penge Place, which was also the boundary between [[Surrey]] and [[Kent]]. Within two years, [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] again performed an opening [[ceremony]]. The new site hosted concerts, exhibits, and public entertainment.<ref name="dukemag"/> The reconstruction was recorded for posterity by [[Philip Henry Delamotte]], and his photographs widely disseminated in his published works.


Several localities claim to be the area to which the building was relocated. The street address of the Crystal Palace was Sydenham S.E (SE26 after 1917), but the actual building and parklands were in Penge. At the time of relocation most of the buildings were in [[Croydon]], as were the majority of grounds. In 1899, the county boundary was moved, transferring the entire site to [[Penge Urban District]] in Kent. The site is now within the Crystal Palace Ward of the [[London Borough of Bromley]].
Several localities claim to be the area to which the building was relocated. The street address of the Crystal Palace was Sydenham S.E (SE26 after 1917), but the actual building and parklands were in Penge. At the time of relocation most of the buildings were in [[Croydon]], as were the majority of grounds. In 1899, the county boundary was moved, transferring the entire site to [[Penge Urban District]] in Kent. The site is now within the Crystal Palace Ward of the [[London Borough of Bromley]].

Revision as of 22:12, 25 June 2010

For other uses, see Crystal Palace (disambiguation).
The 1851 Great Exhibition in Hyde Park
The façade of the original Crystal Palace
Queen Victoria opens the Great Exhibition.

The Crystal Palace was a cast-iron and glass building originally erected in Hyde Park, London, England, to house the Great Exhibition of 1851. More than 14,000 exhibitors from around the world gathered in the Palace's 990,000 square feet (92,000 m2) of exhibition space to display examples of the latest technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. Designed by Joseph Paxton, the Great Exhibition building was 1,851 feet (564 m) long, with an interior height of 108 feet (33 m).[1]

After the exhibition, the building was moved to a new park in a high, healthy and affluent area of London called Sydenham Hill, an area not much changed today from the well-heeled suburb full of large villas that it was during its Victorian heyday. The Crystal Palace was enlarged and stood in the area from 1854 to 1936, when it was destroyed by fire. It attracted many thousands of visitors from all levels of society. The name Crystal Palace (the satirical magazine Punch usually gets the credit for coining the phrase)[2] was later used to denote this area of south London and the park that surrounds the site, home of the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre.

Original Hyde Park building

The huge, modular wood,[3] glass and iron structure at the top of Sydenham Hill was originally erected in Hyde Park in London to house The Great Exhibition of 1851, embodying the products of many countries throughout the world.[4]

The Crystal Palace's creator, Joseph Paxton, was knighted in recognition of his work. Paxton had been the head gardener at Chatsworth, in Derbyshire. There he had experimented with glass and iron in the creation of large greenhouses, and had seen something of their strength and durability, knowledge that he applied to the plans for the Great Exhibition building. Planners had been looking for strength, durability, simplicity of construction and speed—and this they got from Paxton's ideas. The project was engineered by Sir William Cubitt.

Full-size, living elm trees in the park were enclosed within the central exhibition hall near the 27-foot (8 m) tall Crystal Fountain. Sparrows became a nuisance; Queen Victoria mentioned this problem to the Duke of Wellington, who offered the famous solution, "Sparrowhawks, Ma'am".

The Crystal Palace was built by about 5,000 navvies (up to 2,000 on site at once).[5]

The ironwork contractors were Sir Charles Fox's Fox and Henderson. The 900,000 square feet (84,000 m²) of glass were provided by the Chance Brothers glassworks in Smethwick, Birmingham. They were the only glassworks capable of fulfilling such a large order and had to bring in labour from France to meet it in time. The final dimensions were 1,848 feet long by 456 feet wide. The building was 135 feet high, with 772,784 square feet on the ground floor alone.[6]

The Crystal Palace had the first major installment of public toilets,[7] the Retiring Rooms, in which sanitary engineer George Jennings installed his "Monkey Closet" flushing lavatory.[8] (Initially just for men, but later catering to women.)[9] During the exhibition, 827,280 visitors paid one penny each to use them,[10][11] This is often given as the origin of the British euphemism "to spend a penny",[12][13] although John Maskelyne's penny lock for pay toilets (used from 1855) is a commonly cited alternative origin[14] (and the euphemism didn't appear in print until the 1940s).[15][16]

Relocation

Relocation commemorative medallion.

The life of the Great Exhibition was limited to six months, after which, something had to be done with the building.[17] Against the wishes of Parliamentary opponents, the edifice was erected on a property named Penge Place that had been excised from Penge Common atop Sydenham Hill.[4] The building constructed from 1854 on Sydenham Hill, while incorporating most of the constructional parts of the Hyde Park building, was so completely different in form as to be properly considered a quite different structure - a 'Beaux-arts' form in glass and metal. It was modified and enlarged so much that it extended beyond the boundary of Penge Place, which was also the boundary between Surrey and Kent. Within two years, Queen Victoria again performed an opening ceremony. The new site hosted concerts, exhibits, and public entertainment.[4] The reconstruction was recorded for posterity by Philip Henry Delamotte, and his photographs widely disseminated in his published works.

Several localities claim to be the area to which the building was relocated. The street address of the Crystal Palace was Sydenham S.E (SE26 after 1917), but the actual building and parklands were in Penge. At the time of relocation most of the buildings were in Croydon, as were the majority of grounds. In 1899, the county boundary was moved, transferring the entire site to Penge Urban District in Kent. The site is now within the Crystal Palace Ward of the London Borough of Bromley.

Two railway stations were opened to serve the permanent exhibition: Crystal Palace High Level (an impressive building by Edward Barry), from which a subway under the Parade led directly to the entrance, and Crystal Palace Low Level station off Anerley Road. The Low Level Station is still in use at Crystal Palace railway station, and the remains of the High Level Station can also still be seen, with its Italian mosaic roofing. This subway is a Grade II listed building.

The South Gate is served by Penge West Railway Station. For some time this station was on an atmospheric railway. This is often confused with a 550-metre pneumatic passenger railway which was exhibited at the Crystal Palace in 1864, which was known as the Crystal Palace pneumatic railway.

Water features

Illustration of a Paxton water feature at Chatsworth with Victoria amazonica
An (inaccurate) 1853 Iguanodon model; the most recognizable of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs

Joseph Paxton was first and foremost a gardener, and his layout of gardens, fountains, terraces and cascades left no doubt as to his ability. One thing he did have a problem with was water supply. Such was his enthusiasm that thousands of gallons of water were needed in order to feed the myriad fountains and cascades which abounded in the Crystal Palace park. The two main jets were 250 feet (76 m) high.

Initially, water towers were constructed, but the weight of water in the raised tanks caused them to collapse. Isambard Kingdom Brunel was consulted and came up with the plans for two mighty water towers, one at the north and the other at the south end of the building. Each supported a tremendous load of water, which was gathered from three reservoirs, at either end of and in the middle of the park.

Two years later, the grand fountains and cascades were opened, again in the presence of the Queen, who got wet when a gust of wind swept mists of spray over the Royal carriage.

Later years

While the original palace cost £150,000 (£Format price error: cannot parse value "Error when using {{Inflation}}: |end_year=2024 (parameter 4) is greater than the latest available year (2023) in index "UK"." as of 2024)[18], the relocation to Sydenham cost £1,300,000—(£Format price error: cannot parse value "Error when using {{Inflation}}: |end_year=2024 (parameter 4) is greater than the latest available year (2023) in index "UK"." as of 2024),[18] burdening the company with a debt it never repaid,[19] partly because admission fees were depressed by the inability to cater for Sunday visitors: many people worked every day except the Sabbath,[20] when the Palace had always been closed.[21] The Lord's Day Observance Society (as today) held that people should not be encouraged to work at the Palace or drive on Sunday, and that if people wanted to visit, then their employers should give them time off during the working week. However, the Palace was open on Sundays by May 1861, when 40,000 visitors came.[22]

In 1871 the world's first cat show, organised by Harrison Weir, was held at The Crystal Palace.

By the 1890s the Palace's popularity and state of repair had deteriorated; the appearance of stalls and booths had made it a more downmarket attraction.[23]

A colourful description of a visit to the Crystal Palace was described in John Davidson's poem 'The Crystal Palace' published in 1909.

Robert Baden-Powell organized a meeting of Boy Scouts there in 1909, where he first noticed how many girls were interested in Scouting, leading to the founding of Girl Guide and Girl Scouts.[24][25]

In 1911, the Festival of Empire was held at the building to mark the coronation of George V and Queen Mary.

Decline

In the years after the Festival of Empire the building fell into disrepair, as the huge debt and maintenance costs became unsustainable, and in 1911 bankruptcy was declared.[26] In 1913 the Earl of Plymouth purchased it, to save it from developers. A public subscription quickly re-purchased it for the nation.

During World War I, it was used as a naval training establishment under the name of HMS Victory VI, informally known as HMS Crystal Palace. More than 125,000 men from the Royal Naval Division, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve and Royal Naval Air Service were trained for war at Victory VI.[27] At the cessation of hostilities it was re-opened as the first Imperial War Museum, but traffic remained light.[23]

In the 1920s, a board of trustees was set up under the guidance of manager Sir Henry Buckland. He is said to have been a firm but fair man, who had a great love for the Crystal Palace,[28] and soon set about restoring the deteriorating building. The restoration not only brought visitors back, but also meant that the Palace started to make a small profit once more.[27] Buckland and his staff also worked on improving the fountains and gardens,[29] including the Thursday evening displays of fireworks by Brocks. On 15–20 October 1934 the Pageant of Labour was held at the Crystal Palace.[30]

Destruction by fire

On 30 November 1936 came the final catastrophe - fire. Within hours the Palace was destroyed: the glow was visible across eight counties.[31] That night, Buckland was walking his dog near the palace, with his daughter (Chrystal Buckland, named for the palace[31]) when they noticed a red glow within. Inside, he found two of his employees fighting a small office fire,[32] that had started in the womens' cloakroom.[31] Realizing that it was a serious fire, they called the Penge fire brigade. But, even though 89 fire engines and over 400 firemen[33] arrived they were unable to extinguish it. (The fire spread quickly in the high winds that night,[34] because it could consume the dry old timber flooring,[35] and the huge quantity of flammable materials in the building.) Buckland said, “In a few hours we have seen the end of the Crystal Palace. Yet it will live in the memories not only of Englishmen, but the whole world”. 100,000 people came to Sydenham Hill to watch the blaze, among them Winston Churchill, who said, "This is the end of an age".[36]

Just as in 1866, when the north transept burnt down, the building was not adequately insured to cover the cost of rebuilding (at least two million pounds).[34]

The South Tower had been used for tests by television pioneer John Logie Baird for his mechanical television experiments, and much of his work was destroyed in the fire.[37][38]

Activity since the fire

All that was left standing after the 1936 fire were the two water towers, and these were taken down during World War II. The reason given was that the Germans could have used them to navigate their way to London. The north one was demolished with explosives in 1941;[39][40] the south tower was dismantled due to its proximity to other buildings.

With the palace's destruction, the High Level Branch station fell into disuse, and it was closed in 1944, and finally shut down in 1954 (it is remembered chiefly through the "trapped train" myth).[23]

After the war, the site was used for a number of purposes. Between 1953 and 1973 an auto racing circuit operated on the site, some supported by the Greater London Council. The noise was unpopular with nearby residents and racing hours were soon regulated under a high court judgment.[28]

Future

Over the years a number of proposals for the former site of the Palace have failed to come to fruition. Currently, there are two rival plans. The London Development Agency wants to spend £67.5 million on developments to the park, including new houses and a regional sports centre. Recently, a private consortium has announced plans to rebuild Crystal Palace and use it to house galleries, a snow slope, music auditorium, leisure facilities and a hotel.[41]

In popular culture

The Crystal Palace made a strong impression on visitors coming from all over Europe, including a number of writers. It soon became a symbol of modernity and civilization, hailed by some and decried by others.

  • French author Valéry Larbaud left a short text describing his impressions of the Crystal Palace.
  • The Crystal Palace appears as a full chapter in the Edward Rutherfurd novel "London" where it is a pivotal part of the book's sub-plot in that chapter.
  • The Lalbagh Glass House at Bangalore, South India built by James Cameron is modelled after the Crystal Palace
  • In What Is to Be Done?, Russian author and philosopher Nikolai Chernyshevsky pledges to transform the society into a Crystal Palace thanks to a socialist revolution.
  • Fyodor Dostoevsky implicitly replied to Chernyshevsky in Notes from Underground. The narrator thinks that human nature will prefer destruction and chaos to the harmony symbolized by the Crystal Palace. Raskolnikov, a character in Crime and Punishment also makes a reference to it.
  • The replacement for the East window in the St John the Evangelist church in Penge High Street installed following damage during World War II, features an idyllic view of the local landscape at the time the church was built, including the Crystal Palace.
  • The Crystal Palace serves as the location in the finale of the fantasy book Ptolemy's Gate.
  • Italian writer Alessandro Baricco incorporated the Crystal Palace into his novel Land of glass using a mixture of fiction and fact.
  • German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk uses the Crystal Palace as a metaphor for the European project.
  • Contemporary artist Tori Amos mentions the Crystal Palace in her song Winter, singing, "Mirror mirror, where's the Crystal Palace? But I only can see myself."
  • Having previously appeared in at least one Doctor Who comic strip (printed in the Radio Times), the Great Exhibition was properly featured as the setting for one of the audio adventures of Paul McGann's Eighth Doctor in 2005: Other Lives.
  • E. Nesbit's children's books often included the Palace, most notably in the short story "The Ice Dragon," which commences with the child protagonists watching the Crystal Palace fireworks display from their backyard.
  • The Crystal Palace Restaurant in the Walt Disney World Resort (Magic Kingdom, Main Street, USA) is inspired by the Crystal Palace.
  • In episode 15 of the anime Kuroshitsuji Sebastian Michaelis attends a Curry Festival competition that is being held in the Crystal palace.
  • In book 3 of The Invisible Detective series by Justin Richards, the finale takes place at the Crystal Palace and it is the final destruction of the Ghost army that causes the fire that destroys the palace.
  • In the second paragraph of his book Gravity's Rainbow, Thomas Pynchon alludes to the crystal palace.
  • In September 2007 the Anglo-Dutch martial neoclassical music group, H.E.R.R., released a mini-album concerning the rise and fall of the Crystal Palace, entitled Fire & Glass: A Norwood Tragedy.
  • When Queen Victoria's avatar is on-screen in the computer game Civilization IV, the palace can be seen in the background.
  • There is a scene in the 1979 Sean Connery movie The First Great Train Robbery wherein Connery's character strolls around outside the Crystal Palace whilst a fireworks display is being held. The Palace is a miniature used in a foreground projection shot.
  • In the VeggieTales episode The Star of Christmas (which takes place in 1882 London) Larry the Cucumber's character Millward Phelps was going to drive a "rocket carriage" through the Crystal Palace to avoid being late for the church Christmas pageant. (His fellow passengers quickly dissuaded him from this idea.)
  • The Crystal Palace appears in both The Adventures of Luther Arkwright and its sequel Heart of Empire.
  • Katsuhiro Otomo's steampunk movie Steamboy takes place during the 1866 Great Exhibition and shows a building similar to the Crystal Palace (but much larger).
  • The Crystal Palace appears in the manga and anime by Kaoru Mori, Emma (manga).
  • The Crystal Palace appears in the second book of The Looking Glass Wars, Seeing Redd, where Redd is asked what she thinks of it and replies, "Eh, I suppose it'll have to do."

See also

Further reading

  • Dickinson's Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition of 1851, Dickinson Brothers, London, 1854.[4]
  • Kate Colquhoun - A Thing in Disguise: The Visionary Life of Joseph Paxton (Fourth Estate, 2003) ISBN 0-00-714353-2
  • George F Chadwick - Works of Sir Joseph Paxton (Architectural Press, 1961) ISBN 0-85139-721-2
  • Ian Leith: "Delamotte's Crystal Palace", London, 2005
  • Jan Piggott: "Palace of the People", London, 2004[42]

References

  1. ^ "The Crystal Palace of Hyde Park". Retrieved 4 April 2008.
  2. ^ The 1850-11-02 Punch issue is credited with bestowing the "Crystal Palace" name on the design by Strieter, Terry (1999). Nineteenth-Century European Art: A Topical Dictionary. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 50. ISBN 031329898X. (And "Crystal Palace". BBC. Retrieved 21 November 2007. The term 'Crystal Palace' was first applied to Paxton's building by Punch in its issue of 2nd November 1850.) Punch had originally sided with The Times against the Exhibition committee's own proposal of a fixed brick structure, but featured the Crystal Palace heavily throughout 1851 (for example in "Punch Issue 502". included the article "Travels into the Interior of the Crystal Palace" of February 1851). Any earlier name has been lost, according to "Everything2 Crystal Palace Exhibition Building Design #251". 2003.. However, this use by Punch is predated by a reference in The Leader, no.17, 20 July 1850 (p.1): "In more than one country we notice active preparations for sending inanimate representatives of trade and industry to take up their abode in the crystal palace which Mr.Paxton is to build for the Exposition of 1851." Source: British Periodicals database or Nineteenth Century Serials Edition
  3. ^ Hobhouse, Hermione (2002). The Crystal Palace and the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations. London: Athlone. p. 34. ISBN 0485115751. It was essentially a modular building of iron, wood and glass, built of components which were meant to be recyclable. The prefabricated parts were constructed in the manufacture's ironworks and sawmills (page 36).
  4. ^ a b c d "The Great Exhibition of 1851". Duke Magazine. 2006-11. Retrieved 30 July 2007. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  5. ^ The peak figure of 2,000 workers daily is given in: Hermione Hobhouse. (2002). The Crystal Palace and the Great Exhibition. London: Athlone. p. 34. ISBN 0485115751. and by the University of Virginia's "Modeling the Crystal Palace". 2001. project: "The Crystal Palace Animation Exterior and Interior". Retrieved 20 November 2007.
  6. ^ Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, and Barbara H. Rosenwein. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston/New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009. P 685.
  7. ^ Hart-Davis, Adam (2005-10-03). "25. Where does "spend a penny" come from?". Why does a ball bounce?: 101 questions you never thought of asking. Firefly Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-1554071135.
  8. ^ Lennox, Doug (2008-09-02). "Where is an Englishman going when he's going to "spend a penny"?". Now You Know Big Book of Answers. Vol. 2. Dundurn. p. 242. ISBN 978-1550028713.
  9. ^ Greed, Clara (2003). "The emergence of modern public toilets". Inclusive urban design: public toilets (first ed.). University of British Columbia Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0750653855. Apparently, public provision was not initially provided for women, only men, and a meeting of the RSA (Royal Society of Arts), the [1851 Great Exhibition] organising body, was hurriedly convened to provide more {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Hart-Davis, A. (2007-02-28). Thunder, flush, and Thomas Crapper: an encycloopedia. Trafalgar Square. ISBN 9781570760815. OCLC 37934946. public lavatories for men and women{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  11. ^ Benidickson, Jamie (2007-02-28). "The Water Closet Revolution". The culture of flushing: a social and legal history of sewage. University of British Columbia Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0774812917. roughly 14 percent of the six million visitors to the exhibition demonstrated a willingness to 'spend a penny' for such amenities
  12. ^ The Palace's WCs are cited as possible origin of the euphemism by Hart-Davis (2007) and Greed (2003). A specific claim that the phrase originated from Jennings's Great Exhibition fee is given (for example) in: George, Rose (2008-10-14). "A public necessity". The big necessity: the unmentionable world of human waste and why it matters. Metropolitan Books. p. 132. ISBN 978-0805082715..
  13. ^ Wright, Lawrence (2005-05-16) [1960]. Clean and Decent: The Fascinating History of the Bathroom and the Water Closet. Penguin Global. p. 201. ISBN 978-0141390352.
  14. ^ Peter Lamont's seminal biography of Maskelyne uses the phrase, but doesn't say that Maskelyne's invention is responsible for it. Nevertheless, this source is commonly given, as in: Day, Martyn. "Some Thoughts About a Penny"., and Bouffard, J. C. (2008-01-28). "Magical Trivia". The Magician's Fight!. Lynn Paulo Foundation. p. 129. ISBN 978-0615193588..
  15. ^ Word detective dates the euphemism back only to the 1940, "when the price of admission to many public lavatories in Britain was, in fact, a penny." —There had been no widespread price inflation in ninety years from the "highly decorative" closets in the exhibition, though some public toilets in 1850s London (setup following their success in the Exhibition) had charged 2p for entry— see Greed (2003). It was those locking toilets that are sometimes given as the ultimate origin of the euphemism, as in: Martin, Gary. "Spend a penny". www.phrases.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-05-31. locks were first introduced, at a public toilet outside the Royal Exchange, London, in the 1850s. The term itself is later though. Martin cites the earliest publication of the euphemism to 1945 in: Lewis, Hilda W. (1945). Strange Story. Jarrolds. ISBN 978-0091177805. OCLC 5378708. 'Us girls,' she said, 'are going to spend a penny!'.
  16. ^ Partridge, E.; Victor, T. (2005). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Vol. 2 (J-Z) (first ed.). p. 1832. ISBN 978-0415259385. OCLC 37934946. ♦spend a penny [...] a euphemistic use is not recorded until 1945 {{cite book}}: |first2= missing |last2= (help); Missing pipe in: |first2= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ "Crystal Palace history Leaving Hyde Park October 1851".
  18. ^ a b UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved May 7, 2024.
  19. ^ "Crystal Palace history The Building 1852 - 1854". Retrieved 21 November 2007. These amounts are in successive years, and partly reflect the extension to five stories made at Sydenham. The £150,000 cost of the Hyde Park Crystal Palace includes the (re-usable) component material cost, so the extent to which the reconstructed Palace had an (unexpectedly) higher construction cost is even greater than the comparison of totals implies.
  20. ^ "Memorial from the National Sunday League on the Sunday opening of the British Museum". working men and their families [...] worked long hours and all day Saturday. Many could not afford a day's unpaid leave to come to the Museum.
  21. ^ The Great Exhibition was always closed on Sunday, see: "Crystal Palace - On a hot summer's day Facts and Figures". No Sunday opening was allowed, no alcohol, no smoking and no dogs. The Crystal Palace at Sydenham continued the observance, opening only to shareholders on Sundays: "Crystal Palace History Open again". neither the building nor grounds were open on Sundays
  22. ^ Google Books: Palace of the People: The Crystal Palace at Sydenham 1854-1936
  23. ^ a b c Catford, N. "Disused Stations: Crystal Palace High Level & Upper Norwood Station". www.disused-stations.org.uk. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  24. ^ "Baden-Powell and the Crystal Palace Rally". Baden-Powell Photo Gallery. Pinetree web. 1997. Retrieved 22 January 2007. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  25. ^ "History of the Girl Scouts Movement". Girl Scouts of the Philippines. 1997. Retrieved 22 January 2007. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  26. ^ Holland, G. (2004-07-24). "Crystal Palace: A History". BBC.
  27. ^ a b [1]
  28. ^ a b [2]
  29. ^ [3]
  30. ^ Official Book and Programme of the Pageant of Labour, 1934
  31. ^ a b c London (1936-12-21). "London's Biggest Fire..." Life. Life: 34. The Crystal Palace will never be rebuilt {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  32. ^ Harrison, M. (2010). "Disaster strikes". The Crystal Palace Foundation. The first fire brigade call was received by Penge fire station at 7:59pm, the first fire engine arriving at 8:03. By the morning of Tuesday 1st December the building was no more
  33. ^ http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conlnformationRecord.16
  34. ^ a b "British Paramount News: Crystal Palace Fire". newsfilm online. 1936-10-30. Film of the fire that completely destroyed the Crystal Palace.
  35. ^ "Crystal Palace On Fire, 1936". The cause of the fire that destroyed the Crystal Palace is unknown, although an electrical fault due to old wiring is suspected.
  36. ^ White, R.; Yorath, J. (2004). "The Crystal Palace — Demise". The White Files - Architecture. Retrieved 2010-06-15. (Quotations from Yorath's original Radio Times article.)
  37. ^ Elen, Richard G (5 April 2003). "Baird's independent television". Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. Retrieved 29 May 2008.
  38. ^ Herbert, Ray (1998). "Crystal Palace Television Studios". Soundscapes. 1 (4). Groningen, The Netherlands: University of Groningen. ISSN 1567-7745. Retrieved 29 May 2008. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  39. ^ "War's Worst Raid". TIME. 28 April 1941. Retrieved 29 May 2008.
  40. ^ Pescod, David FRS (10 February 2005). "Correspondence" (PDF). The Linnean. 21 (2). London: Linnean Society of London: 36. Retrieved 29 May 2008.
  41. ^ Will Crystal Palace rise again? | News
  42. ^ Phillips, Samuel (1860). Guide to the Crystal Palace and its park and gardens. Sydenham. pp. 10, [2], xvi, 192 p., [3] folded leaves of plates : ill., maps, 19 cm.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crystal Palace.

51°25′12″N 0°04′14″W / 51.41987°N 0.07067°W / 51.41987; -0.07067

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