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==History and ideology of Communist terrorism==
==History and ideology of Communist terrorism==
===Origin of Communist terrorism===
===Origin of Revolutionary terrorism===
German Social Democrat [[Karl Kautsky]] and other authors trace the origins of Communist [[terrorism]] to the "[[Reign of Terror]]" of the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="Kautsky">[http://marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1919/terrcomm/index.htm Terrorism and Communism] by [[Karl Kautsky]]. Kautsky said: "It is, in fact, a widely spread idea that [[Terrorism]] belongs to the very essence of [[revolution]], and that whoever wants a revolution must somehow come to some sort of terms with terrorism. As proof of this assertion, over and over again the great French Revolution has been cited." (Chapter 1)</ref><ref>[[The Gulag Archipelago]] by [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]</ref>
German Social Democrat [[Karl Kautsky]] and other authors{{who?}} trace the origins of revolutionary [[terrorism]] to the "[[Reign of Terror]]" of the [[French Revolution]].<ref name="Kautsky">[http://marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1919/terrcomm/index.htm Terrorism and Communism] by [[Karl Kautsky]]. Kautsky said: "It is, in fact, a widely spread idea that [[Terrorism]] belongs to the very essence of [[revolution]], and that whoever wants a revolution must somehow come to some sort of terms with terrorism. As proof of this assertion, over and over again the great French Revolution has been cited." (Chapter 1)</ref><ref>[[The Gulag Archipelago]] by [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]</ref>


===Views of Marxist theoreticians and leaders===
===Views of Marxist theoreticians and leaders===
n his article, “The Victory of the Counter-Revolution in Vienna”, ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung'', No. 136, 7 Nov. 1848, Karl Marx wrote: “… there is only one means to shorten, simplify and concentrate the murderous death throes of the old society and the bloody birth pangs of the new, only ''one means'' – ''revolutionary terrorism''.” <ref name="Final solutions">{{cite book|last=Valentino|first=Benjamin A. |title=Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century|date=8 January 2004|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801439650|page=94}}</ref>
In his article “The Victory of the Counter-Revolution in Vienna” Karl Marx wrote: “The purposeless massacres perpetrated since the June and October events, the tedious offering of sacrifices since February and March, the very cannibalism of the counterrevolution will convince the nations that there is only one means to shorten, simplify and concentrate the murderous death throes of the old society and the bloody birth pangs of the new, only ''one means'' – ''revolutionary terrorism''.”<ref>“The Victory of the Counter-Revolution in Vienna” ''Neue Rheinische Zeitung'', No. 136, 7 Nov. 1848; Karl Marx – Friedrich Engels – Werke, Berlin: Dietz Verlag, Vol. V, 1959, pp. 455-7. (See also [http://www.mlwerke.de/me/me05/me_05_455.htm]; for English translation see [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/11/06.htm (online version)])</ref> Benjamin Valentino interpreted these words as a theoretical justification of violence.<ref name="Final solutions">{{cite book|last=Valentino|first=Benjamin A. |title=Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century|date=8 January 2004|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801439650|page=94}}</ref>

According to Edvard Radzinsky <ref name="Radzinsky">[[Edvard Radzinsky]] ''Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives'' (1997) ISBN 0-385-47954-9</ref> [[Joseph Stalin]] wrote a ''[[nota bene]]'' "Terror is the quickest way to new society" beside the above passage in Karl Kautsky's ''Terrorism and Communism'' (1919)<ref name="Radzinsky"/><ref>The book is item F558 O3 D90, one of two books on terror from Stalin’s private library, seen by Edvard Radzinsky (''Stalin'', 1996, pp. 150, 569).</ref>


Marx also believed that "The present generation resembles the Jews whom Moses led through the wilderness. It must not only conquer a new world, it must also ''perish'' in order to make a room for the people who are fit for a new world."<ref name="Pipes"> [[Richard Pipes]] Communism: A History (2001) ISBN 0-812-96864-6, pages 74-75.</ref>
Marx also believed that "The present generation resembles the Jews whom Moses led through the wilderness. It must not only conquer a new world, it must also ''perish'' in order to make a room for the people who are fit for a new world."<ref name="Pipes"> [[Richard Pipes]] Communism: A History (2001) ISBN 0-812-96864-6, pages 74-75.</ref>

[[Lenin]], [[Lev Trotsky]] and other leading [[Bolshevik]] ideologists recognized mass terror as a necessary weapon during the [[dictatorship of proletariat]] and the resulting [[class struggle]]. Thus, in his ''The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade K. Kautsky'' (1918), Lenin wrote: “One cannot hide the fact that dictatorship presupposes and implies a “condition”, one so disagreeable to renegades [such as Kautsky], of ''revolutionary violence'' of one class against another … the “fundamental feature” of the concept of dictatorship of the proletariat is revolutionary violence.”


Similarly, in his book "''Terrorism and Communism''" Trotsky emphasized that "...the historical tenacity of the bourgeoisie is colossal... We are forced to tear off this class and chop it away. The [[Red Terror]] is a weapon used against a class that, despite being doomed to destruction, does not want to perish." <ref> "Black book of Communism", page 749</ref>.
Similarly, in his book "''Terrorism and Communism''" Trotsky emphasized that "...the historical tenacity of the bourgeoisie is colossal... We are forced to tear off this class and chop it away. The [[Red Terror]] is a weapon used against a class that, despite being doomed to destruction, does not want to perish." <ref> "Black book of Communism", page 749</ref>.

Revision as of 17:20, 6 October 2010

Part of a series on
Terrorism
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Structure
  • Methods
  • Tactics
Terrorist groups
Adherents
State terrorism
State-sponsored terrorism
Response to terrorism


Communist terrorism, state and dissident, is terrorism committed by various movements that claimed adherence to the doctrines of Karl Marx, both during the revolutionary struggle and also in the consolidation of power after victory.[1] [2]

Communist terrorism was seen as a threat by NATO and also by the Italian, German and British governments. [3] Many Orthodox Communists have emphasized revolution over reform and offered a vision of the working classes sweeping away the capitalist system. Some of these communist movements and parties had adopted armed struggle and seen terrorism as a viable option; on the other hand some dissident leftist terrorist organisations, such as some of those in Western democracies, had little faith in the working classes, believing them to have been corrupted and sometimes argued that "liberating violence" was necessary to spur the revolution on.[4]

History and ideology of Communist terrorism

Origin of Revolutionary terrorism

German Social Democrat Karl Kautsky and other authors[who?] trace the origins of revolutionary terrorism to the "Reign of Terror" of the French Revolution.[5][6]

Views of Marxist theoreticians and leaders

In his article “The Victory of the Counter-Revolution in Vienna” Karl Marx wrote: “The purposeless massacres perpetrated since the June and October events, the tedious offering of sacrifices since February and March, the very cannibalism of the counterrevolution will convince the nations that there is only one means to shorten, simplify and concentrate the murderous death throes of the old society and the bloody birth pangs of the new, only one means – revolutionary terrorism.”[7] Benjamin Valentino interpreted these words as a theoretical justification of violence.[8]

Marx also believed that "The present generation resembles the Jews whom Moses led through the wilderness. It must not only conquer a new world, it must also perish in order to make a room for the people who are fit for a new world."[9]

Similarly, in his book "Terrorism and Communism" Trotsky emphasized that "...the historical tenacity of the bourgeoisie is colossal... We are forced to tear off this class and chop it away. The Red Terror is a weapon used against a class that, despite being doomed to destruction, does not want to perish." [10].

On the other hand, they are opposed to individual terror, which has been used earlier by Russian "People's Will organization. According to Trotsky, "The damaging of machines by workers, for example, is terrorism in this strict sense of the word. The killing of an employer, a threat to set fire to a factory or a death threat to its owner, an assassination attempt, with revolver in hand, against a government minister—all these are terrorist acts in the full and authentic sense. However, anyone who has an idea of the true nature of international Social Democracy ought to know that it has always opposed this kind of terrorism and does so in the most irreconcilable way."[11]

Many later Marxists, in particular Karl Kautsky, criticized Bolshevik leaders for terrorism tactics. He stated that "among the phenomena for which Bolshevism has been responsible, Terrorism, which begins with the abolition of every form of freedom of the Press, and ends in a system of wholesale execution, is certainly the most striking and the most repellent of all".[12] Kautsky recognized that Red Terror represented a variety of terrorism because it was indiscriminate, intended to frighten the civilian population, and included taking and executing hostages.

Preparations for terrorism and sabotage operations against Western countries

Large-scale sabotage operations have allegedly been prepared by the KGB and GRU against the United States, Canada and Europe, according to the Mitrokhin Archive[13], GRU defectors Victor Suvorov[14] and Stanislav Lunev, and former SVR officer Kouzminov.[15] Among the allegedly planned operations were the following:

  • Large arms caches were allegedly hidden in many countries for the planned terrorism acts. They were booby-trapped with "Lightning" explosive devices. One of such cache, which was identified by Mitrokhin, exploded when Swiss authorities tried to remove it from woods near Berne. Several others caches (probably not equipped with the "Lightnings") were removed successfully.[16]
  • Preparations for nuclear sabotage. Some of the allegedly hidden caches could contain portable tactical nuclear weapons known as RA-115 "suitcase bombs" prepared to assassinate US leaders in the event of war, according to GRU defector Stanislav Lunev.[17] Lunev states that he had personally looked for hiding places for weapons caches in the Shenandoah Valley area[17] and that "it is surprisingly easy to smuggle nuclear weapons into the US" ether across the Mexican border or using a small transport missile that can slip undetected when launched from a Russian airplane.[17]
  • Extensive sabotage plans in London, Washington, Paris, Bonn, Rome, and other Western capitals have been revealed by KGB defector Oleg Lyalin in 1971, including plan to flood the London underground and deliver poison capsules to Whitehall. This disclosure triggered mass expulsion of Russian spies from London.[18]
  • FSLN leader Carlos Fonseca Amador was described as "a trusted agent" in KGB files. "Sandinista guerrillas formed the basis for a KGB sabotage and intelligence group established in 1966 on the Mexican US border".[19]
  • Disruption of the power supply in the entire New York State by KGB sabotage teams, which would be based along the Delaware river, in the Big Spring Park.[20]
  • An "immensely detailed" plan to destroy "oil refineries and oil and gas pipelines across Canada from British Columbia to Montreal" (operation "Cedar") has been prepared, which took twelve years to complete.[21]
  • A plan for sabotage of Hungry Horse Dam in Montana.[20]
  • A detailed plan to destroy the port of New York (target GRANIT); most vulnerable points of the port were marked at maps.[20]

According to Lunev, a probable scenario in the event of war would be poisoning of Potomac River with chemical or biological weapons, "targeting the residents of Washington DC"[17] He also noted that it is "likely" that GRU operatives have placed already "poison supplies near the tributaries to major US reservoirs."[22] That was confirmed by Alexander Kouzminov who was responsible for transporting dangerous pathogens from around the world for Russian program of biological weapons in the 1980s and the beginning of 1990s. He described a variety of biological terrorism acts that would be carried out on the order of Russian President in the event of hostilities, including poisoning public drinking-water supplies and food processing plants.[23]

US Congressman Curt Weldon supported claims by Lunev but noted that Lunev had "exaggerated things" according to the FBI.[24] Searches of the areas identified by Lunev - who admits he never planted any weapons in the US - have been conducted, "but law-enforcement officials have never found such weapons caches, with or without portable nuclear weapons."[25]

Terrorist organizations claiming adherence to Communist ideology

Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine

In 1969, a faction of the left-wing Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) broke away from the main organization to form the Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PDFLP). The PDFLP was headed by Secretary-General Nayef Hawatmeh, who had been referred to as a leader of the PFLP's Maoist tendency. He believed that the PFLP had become, under the guidance of George Habash, too focused on military matters, and wanted to make the PDFLP a more grassroots and more ideologically focused organization.

In 1974, the same year as the PDFLP changed its name into the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), it acted as a strong supporter of the 1974 Ten Point Program. This document, which was accepted by the Palestinian National Council (PNC) after lobbying by Fatah and DFLP, cautiously introduced the concept of a two-state solution in the PLO, and caused a split in the organization leading to the formation of the Rejectionist Front, where radical organizations such as the PFLP, PFLP-GC, Palestine Liberation Front and others gathered with the backing of Syria, Libya and Iraq to oppose Arafat and PLO moderation.

In 1974 the organization perpetrated a major terror attack in Israel, when attacking a local elementary school in the village of Ma'alot. Taking the school-kids for hostage, 22 children aged 14–16 years-old were killed when an army commando engaged them.

In 1978 the DFLP temporarily switched sides and joined the Rejectionist Front after clashing with Arafat on several issues, but it would continue to serve as a mediator in the factional disputes of the PLO. In the tense situation leading up to the 1983 Fatah rebellion, during the Lebanese Civil War, DFLP offered mediation to prevent the Syrian-backed formation of a rival Fatah leadership under Said al-Muragha (Abu Musa), the Fatah al-Intifada faction. Its efforts ultimately failed, and the PLO became embroiled what was in effect a Palestinian civil war.

Shining Path

The Communist Party of Peru more commonly known as the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), is a Maoist guerrilla organization in Peru that launched the internal conflict in Peru in 1980. Widely condemned for its brutality, including violence deployed against peasants, trade union organizers, popularly elected officials and the general civilian population,[26] Shining Path is on the U.S. Department of State's "Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations" list.[27] Peru, the European Union,[28] and Canada[29] likewise regard Shining Path as a terrorist group and prohibit providing funding or other financial support. The actions of the Shining Path claimed between 25,000 and 30,000 lives, of these more than 1,000 were children.[30]

FARC

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) is a Marxist-Leninist organization in Colombia which has employed vehicle bombings, gas cylinder bombs, killings, landmines, kidnapping, extortion, hijacking, as well as guerrilla and conventional military. The United States Department of State includes the FARC-EP on its list of foreign terrorist organizations, as does the European Union. It funds itself primarily through extortion, kidnapping and their participation in the illegal drug trade.[31][32] Many of their fronts have also overrun and massacred small communities in order to silence and intimidate those who do not support their activities, enlist new and underage recruits by force, distribute propaganda and, more importantly, to pillage local banks. Businesses operating in rural areas, including agricultural, oil, and mining interests, were required to pay "vaccines" (monthly payments) which "protected" them from subsequent attacks and kidnappings. An additional, albeit less lucrative, source of revenue was highway blockades where guerrillas stopped motorists and buses in order to confiscate jewelry and money. An estimated 20-30 percent of FARC combatants are under 18 years old, with many as young as 12 years old, for a total of around 5000 children.[33]), Children who try to escape the ranks of the guerrillas are punished with torture and death.[33][34]

Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist

The Communist Party of Nepal has been responsible for hundreds of attacks on government and civilian targets. After the UPF's Maoist wing (CPN-M) performed poorly in elections and was excluded from the election of 1994. The Maoists then turned to insurgency in order to overthrow Nepal's monarchy, parliamentary democracy and change Nepalese society, including a purge of the nation's elite class, a state takeover of private industry, and collectivization of agriculture.[35][36]

In Nepal attacks against civilian populations occurred as part of Maoist strategy - Amnesty International states:

The CPN (Maoist) has consistently targeted private schools, which it ideologically opposes. On the 14 April 2005 the CPN (Maoist) demanded that all private schools shut down, although this demand was withdrawn on 28 April. Following this demand, it bombed two schools in western Nepal on 15 April, a school in Nepalganj, Banke district on 17 April and a school in Kalyanpur, Chitwan on 21 April. CPN (Maoist) cadres also reportedly threw a bomb at students taking classes in a school in Khara, Rukum district.[37]

Until recently, the Maoist insurgency had been fighting against the Royal Nepalese Army and other supporters of the monarchy. They have since risen to power and began implementing reforms as the legitimate government of Nepal.

Communist Party of India (Maoist) and Naxalites

The Naxalite extremist Communist terror groups in India have effectively taken over large parts of the rural regions of the country in recent years. Advocating a violent, revolutionary Maoist ideology, they and their associates in the Communist Party of India (Maoist) and People's War are regarded as India's biggest and most pernicious security threat.[38] Naxalite Communists have engaged in numerous terrorist attacks and human rights violations in India's "Red Corridor" (the regions in India that they have taken over).[39][40]

A Frontline Cover Story calls the Bhamragad Taluka where the Madia Gond Adivasis live, the heart of the naxalite-affected region in Maharashtra.[41]

Communist Party of the Philippines

The Communist Party of the Philippines and its armed wing, the New People's Army (CPP/NPA) is a paramilitary group fighting of Marxism-Leninism-Maoist ideology (Preamble, Constitution of the Communist Party of the Philippines, 1968)[42] fighting for communist revolution in the Philippines. It was formed on March 29, 1969. The Maoist NPA fights a "protracted people's war" as the military wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). The NPA is classified as a terrorist organization by the Philippine Government, the US[43] , EU[44] and other countries. The NPA's targets often include politicians, military, police, criminals, landlords, business owners and occasionally U.S. agents in the Philippines. Before the Second Rectification Movement, wherein certain "errors" were being rectified, the group conducted a purge, killing thousands of partisans and members on accusations of being deep penetration agent by the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine intelligence community. Former NPA fighter Robert Francis Garcia chronicled the wild murders in his book To Suffer Thy Comrades and organized the Peace Advocates for Truth, Healing and Justice (PATH), a group composed of survivors of the "purges" and the families of victims and their friends and supporters.

Out of that rectification movement, the party was split into two, the "Reaffirmists", who uphold the "protracted people's war" and the "mass line"; while the "Rejectionists", who rejects the basic tenets of the party. The latter faction was also known for initiating the mass purges, especially against alleged deep penetration agents before the rectification of errors inside the party system.

November 17

Revolutionary Organization 17 November (also known as 17N or N17) is Marxist terrorist organization formed in 1973 in Greece, recognized as a terrorist organization by the Greek State, the US and international law enforcement",[45][46][47] and believed by many to be have been disbanded in 2002 after the arrest and trial of a number of its members. During its heyday, the urban guerrilla group assassinated 23 people in 103 attacks on U.S., diplomatic and Greek targets. Greek authorities believe spin-off terror groups are still in operation, including Revolutionary Struggle, the group that allegedly fired a rocket propelled grenade at the U.S. Embassy in Athens in January 2007.

Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front

The Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front, is a militant Marxist-Leninist party in Turkey. It is in the terrorist organization lists in the U.S., the UK and the EU. The organisation is listed among the 12 active terrorist organisation in Turkey as of 2007 according to Counter-Terrorism and Operations Department of Directorate General for Security (Turkish police).[48]

It also appears as one of the 44 names in the current U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations,[49] 48 groups and entities to which European Union's Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism applies[50] and 45 international terrorist organisations in the list of Proscribed Terrorist Groups of the UK Home Office.[51]

May 19th Communist Organization

The May 19 Communist Organization, also referred to as the May 19 Communist Coalition, was a US-based, self-described revolutionary organization formed by splintered-off members of the Weather Underground and the Black Liberation Army.[52] The M19CO name was derived from the birthdays of Ho Chi Minh and Malcolm X. The May 19 Communist Organization was active from 1978 to 1985. M19CO was a combination of the Black Liberation Army and the Weather Underground. It also included members of the Black Panthers and the Republic of New Africa (RNA).[53] [54] The group was originally known as the New York chapter of the Prairie Fire Organizing Committee (PFOC), an organization devoted to legally promoting the causes of the Weather Underground. Its name was derived from the birthdays of Ho Chi Minh and Malcolm X. The May 19 Communist Organization was active from 1978 to 1985.

This alliance between the Weather Underground and the Black Liberation Army had three objectives:

  • 1. Free political prisoners in US prisons
  • 2. Appropriate capitalist wealth (armed robberies) to fund the third stage, and
  • 3. Initiate a series of bombings and terrorist attacks [53]

    • In 1981 Kathy Boudin, together with several members of the Black Liberation Army, participated in a robbery of a Brinks armored car at the Nanuet Mall, near Nyack, New York. Upon her arrest, Boudin was identified as a member of the May 19 Communist Organization. From 1982 to 1985, a series of bombings were ascribed to the group. By May 23, 1985, all members of the group had been arrested, with the exception of Elizabeth Duke, who remains a fugitive. At a 1986 trial, six group members were tried and convicted of multiple counts of domestic terrorism.

    Red Army Faction (RAF)

    The Red Army Faction, was one of postwar West Germany's most active and prominent militant communist terror groups.[55] The group was a successor to the Baader Meinhoff Gang.[55] It was formally founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, Ulrike Meinhof, Irmgard Möller and others.

    The Red Army Faction operated from the 1970s to 1998, committing numerous crimes, especially in the autumn of 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as "German Autumn". It was responsible for 34 deaths, including many secondary targets such as chauffeurs and bodyguards, and many injuries in its almost 30 years of existence.

    Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP)

    The People's Revolutionary Army (Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo), was the military branch of the communist PRT (Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores, or Workers' Revolutionary Party) in Argentina. The avowed aim of the ERP was a communist armed revolution against the Argentine government in pursuit of "proletarian rule" and socialist revolution and then spread to all latin america.

    Official Irish Republican Army

    The Official Irish Republican Army were a communist group who wished to unify Ireland [56]

    Red Brigades

    The Red Brigades were the largest terrorist group in Italy whose aim was to overthrow the government and replace it with a communist system. [57]

    See Also

    Further reading

    • Deletant, Dennis (1999) Communist Terror in Romania, C. Hurst & Co, ISBN 1850653860
    • Adelman, Jonathan (1984) Terror and Communist Politics: The Role of the Secret Police in Communist States, Westview Press, ISBN 0865312931
    • Evgeni Genchev (2003) Tales from the Dark: Testimonies about the Communist Terror, ACET 2003, ISBN 9549320014

    References

    1. ^ Martin, Gus (2009). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. SAGE. p. 44. ISBN 9781412970594. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
    2. ^ Alexander, Yonah; Pluchinsky, Dennis A. (1October 1992). Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 183. ISBN 978-0714634883. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
    3. ^ Paoletti, Ciro (30 December 2007). A military history of Italy. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275985059.
    4. ^ Martin, pages 223-4
    5. ^ Terrorism and Communism by Karl Kautsky. Kautsky said: "It is, in fact, a widely spread idea that Terrorism belongs to the very essence of revolution, and that whoever wants a revolution must somehow come to some sort of terms with terrorism. As proof of this assertion, over and over again the great French Revolution has been cited." (Chapter 1)
    6. ^ The Gulag Archipelago by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
    7. ^ “The Victory of the Counter-Revolution in Vienna” Neue Rheinische Zeitung, No. 136, 7 Nov. 1848; Karl Marx – Friedrich Engels – Werke, Berlin: Dietz Verlag, Vol. V, 1959, pp. 455-7. (See also [1]; for English translation see (online version))
    8. ^ Valentino, Benjamin A. (8 January 2004). Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century. Cornell University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0801439650.
    9. ^ Richard Pipes Communism: A History (2001) ISBN 0-812-96864-6, pages 74-75.
    10. ^ "Black book of Communism", page 749
    11. ^ Leon Trotsky (1911). "Why Marxists Oppose Individual Terrorism". Marxists.org. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
    12. ^ Karl Kautsky, Terrorism and Communism Chapter VIII, The Communists at Work, The Terror
    13. ^ Mitrokhin Archive, The KGB in Europe, page 472-476
    14. ^ Victor Suvorov, Spetsnaz, 1987, Hamish Hamilton Ltd, ISBN 0-241-11961-8
    15. ^ Alexander Kouzminov Biological Espionage: Special Operations of the Soviet and Russian Foreign Intelligence Services in the West, Greenhill Books, 2006, ISBN 1-853-67646-2 [2]
    16. ^ The KGB in Europe, page 475-476
    17. ^ a b c d Stanislav Lunev. Through the Eyes of the Enemy: The Autobiography of Stanislav Lunev, Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0-89526-390-4 These portable bombs can last for many years if wired to an electric source. “In case there is a loss of power, there is a battery backup. If the battery runs low, the weapon has a transmitter that sends a coded message – either by satellite or directly to a GRU post at a Russian embassy or consulate.”
    18. ^ KGB in Europe, page 499-500
    19. ^ The KGB in Europe, page 472-473
    20. ^ a b c The KGB in Europe, page 473
    21. ^ The KGB in Europe, page 473-474
    22. ^ Lunev, pages 29-30
    23. ^ Kusminov, pages 35-36. At the end of the 1980s, the Soviet Union "was the only country in the world that could start and win a global biological war, something we had already established that the West was not ready for.", according to Kouzminov
    24. ^ Nicholas Horrock, "FBI focusing on portable nuke threat", UPI (20 December 2001).
    25. ^ Steve Goldstein and Chris Mondics, "Some Weldon-backed allegations unconfirmed; Among them: A plot to crash planes into a reactor, and missing suitcase-size Soviet atomic weapons." Philadelphia Inquirer (15 March 2006) A7.
    26. ^ Burt, Jo-Marie (2006). "'Quien habla es terrorista': The political use of fear in Fujimori's Peru." Latin American Research Review 41 (3) 32-62.
    27. ^ US Department of State, "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)" October 11, 2005. Available online Accessed 1 February 2006.
    28. ^ Council Common Position 2005/936/CFSP. March 14, 2005. Available online. Accessed September 27, 2006.
    29. ^ Government of Canada. "Listed Entities". Available online. Accessed September 27, 2006.
    30. ^ Stéphane Courtois et al. The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. Harvard University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-674-07608-7 pp. 680-681
    31. ^ BBC News. "Colombia's Most Powerful Rebels." September 19, 2003. Available online. Accessed September 1, 2006.
    32. ^ International Crisis Group. "War and Drugs in Colombia." January 27, 2005. Available online. Accessed September 1, 2006.
    33. ^ a b Human Rights Watch. "Colombia: Armed Groups Send Children to War." February 22, 2005. Available online. Accessed September 1, 2006.
    34. ^ Human Rights Watch. "'You'll Learn Not to Cry: Child Combatants in Colombia." September 2003. Available online. Accessed September 1, 2006.
    35. ^ MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base
    36. ^ Nepal Terrorist Groups - Maoist Insurgents
    37. ^ Nepal: Children caught in the conflict | Amnesty International
    38. ^ http://www.alertnet.org/printable.htm?URL=/db/crisisprofiles/IN_MAO.htm
    39. ^ http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/nov/25kanch.htm
    40. ^ http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7799247
    41. ^ Guerilla zone, Cover Story, Frontline, Volume 22 - Issue 21, Oct. 08 - 21, 2005 DIONNE BUNSHA in Gadchiroli http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021008701600.htm
    42. ^ [PRWC Party Documents] Saligang Batas ng Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas, December 26, 1968
    43. ^ Foreign Terrorist Organization: Redesignation of Communist Party of the Philippines/New People's Army
    44. ^ "Council Decision of 21 December 2005" (PDF). EU Council. 2005-12-13. Retrieved 2007-03-17.
    45. ^ Leventhal, Todd (2006-01-20). "Misinformation about "Gladio/Stay Behind" Networks Resurfaces". Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
    46. ^ Foreign Terrorist Organizations, The National Counterterrorism Center
    47. ^ Press release, Greek Police Template:El icon
    48. ^ "TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ". Terörle Mücadele ve Harekat Dairesi Başkanlığı. 2005-01-27. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
    49. ^ Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism (2008-04-08). "Foreign Terrorist Organizations". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2008-08-15.
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