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The term '''Black Sun''' (German ''Schwarze Sonne''), also referred to as the ''Sonnenrad'' (the German for "Sun Wheel"), is a symbol of [[esoteric]] or [[occult]] significance, notable for its usage in [[Nazi mysticism]].
The term '''Black Sun''' (German ''Schwarze Sonne''), also referred to as the ''Sonnenrad'' (the German for "Sun Wheel"), is a symbol of [[esoteric]] or [[occult]] significance, notable for its usage in [[Nazi mysticism]].
Today, it may also be used in occult currents of [[Germanic neopaganism]], and in [[Irminenschaft]] or [[Armanenschaft]]-inspired esotericism.
Today, it may also be used in occult currents of [[Germanic neopaganism]], and in [[Irminenschaft]] or [[Armanenschaft]]-inspired esotericism - but not necessarily in a racial or neo-Nazi context.


==Historical background==
==Historical background==

Revision as of 07:58, 30 October 2010

For other uses, see Black Sun (disambiguation).
A depiction of the "Black Sun" the design of which bases primarily on the shape of the Wewelsburg sun wheel mosaic in the "Obergruppenführer"-Hall (SS Generals' Hall).
The former SS Generals' Hall (German: "Obergruppenführersaal") in the first floor of the North Tower of Wewelsburg Castle. In the middle of the hall the dark green sun wheel mosaic is located which is called the "Black Sun" since the post-war years. The architects who redesigned the castle during the NS era called the axis of the North Tower the "Center of the World".

The term Black Sun (German Schwarze Sonne), also referred to as the Sonnenrad (the German for "Sun Wheel"), is a symbol of esoteric or occult significance, notable for its usage in Nazi mysticism. Today, it may also be used in occult currents of Germanic neopaganism, and in Irminenschaft or Armanenschaft-inspired esotericism - but not necessarily in a racial or neo-Nazi context.

Historical background

File:SchwarzeSonneArtifacts.JPG
Alemannic brooches with designs reminiscent of the Wewelsburg symbol.[1]

The design has loose visual parallels in Migration Age Alemannic brooches (Zierscheiben), possibly a variation of the Roman swastika fibula, thought to have been worn on Frankish and Alemannic women's belts.[2] Some Alemannic or Bavarian specimens incorporate a swastika symbol at the center.[3] The number of rays in the brooches varies between five and twelve.

Goodrick-Clarke (2002) does connect the Wewelsburg design with the Early Medieval Germanic brooches, and does assume that the original artifacts had a solar significance, stating that "this twelve-spoke sun wheel derives from decorative disks of the Merovingians of the early medieval period and are supposed to represent the visible sun or its passage through the months of the year."[4] He further refers to scholarly discussion of the brooches in Nazi Germany,[5] allowing for the possibility that the designers of the Wewelsburg mosaic were indeed inspired by these historical precedents.

The Wewelsburg mosaic

The shape of the symbol as it is used within Germanic mysticist esotericism and Neo-Nazism today is based primarily on the design of a floor mosaic at the castle of Wewelsburg (built 1603), a Renaissance castle located in the northwest of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

During the Third Reich the castle was to become a representative and ideological center of the order of the SS. Heinrich Himmler, the leader of the SS, wanted to establish the "Center of the New World"[6]. A focus of the actual SS-activities at the castle were archaeological excavations in the surrounding region and studies on Germanic early history [7][8].

The mosaic is located in the ground floor room of the North-Tower of the castle, in the so-called Obergruppenführersaal ("Obergruppenführer hall", completed 1939-1943) [9] (see photo of the room). The "Obergruppenführer" (literally: "Upper-Group-Leaders") were the highest ranking SS-generals. It is not known if the SS had a special name for the ornament, or if they attributed a special meaning to it. The sun wheel is significant for the Germanic light- and sun-mysticism [10] which was propagated by the SS. In their studies on sense characters, the sun apart was interpreted as "the strongest and most visible expression of god", the number twelve as significant for "the things of the target and the completion" [11]. The mosaic at Wewelsburg itself is dark green (see two photos: top view and close-up in high-resolution (1,1 MB)) on a whitish/greyish marble floor. Probably a golden disc was originally located in the middle of the ornament.[12][13][unreliable source?]

Traditional Christianity was to be replaced by a "völkisch" (folkish or racial) cult. Instead of Christianity, Himmler wanted a moral doctrine derived from the pre-Christian pagan Germanic heritage. Cultic ceremonies and rituals were part of the everyday life of the SS. The Wewelsburg was to be a center of a "species-compliant" religion (German: "artgemäße" Religion) [14][15]

According to studies commissioned by the Third Reich regarding the beliefs of the pre-Christianized Germanic peoples, it was estimated that these pagan ancestors believed in "a grand force or a grand god in the background of the multiplicity of gods and spirits who becomes visible in a multiple way in the universe, on earth and in the life of all beings and facts". So the sun was interpreted as "only one, but a very important and big expression (of that force or god) in the surrounding events and in the life of the ancestors".[16]

The North-Tower of the castle was to be the center of a planned circular estate, 1.27 kilometres in diameter[17][18] (also see the architectural drawing and model from 1944). The architects called the complex the "Center of the World" from 1941 on.

The North-Tower, which had survived a ruin after 1815, only assumed importance for Himmler starting in the autumn of 1935. In the process of Himmler establishing the castle as a cult site (an ideological and religious center of the SS), the tower was to serve the highest-ranking SS leaders as a meeting place and probably as location for quasi-religious devotions. Nothing is known about the possible way and the kind of arrangement of designated ceremonies in the tower—the redesigned rooms were never used.[19] According to the architects, the axis of the North-Tower was to be the actual "Center of the World"[20].

The inside of the complete castle was redesigned in an NS-specific mythological way (see the Wewelsburg SS School). SS architect Hermann Bartels presented a first draft of plans that envisioned using the North Tower on three different levels:

  • Where primary a cistern was a vault after the model of Mycenaean domed tombs was created which probably was to serve for some kind of commemoration of the dead. The room is unfinished. In the middle exists a preparation for an eternal flame.
  • A "columned hall" was to be constructed on the ground floor for the SS-Obergruppenführer. The sun wheel–shaped ornament, later called the "Black Sun", is placed here.
  • Finally, the upper floors were to be completed as a meeting hall for the entire corps of the SS Gruppenführer (not realized).

However, a meeting in the first floor mosaic room never occurred—the building work at the room was stopped in 1943.[21]

In 1945, when the "final victory" didn't materialize, the castle was partially blasted and set on fire by the SS, but the two redesigned rooms in the North-Tower stayed intact.

Usually the room where the sun wheel is placed can only be viewed from the outside, through a lattice door. Due to the lighting conditions, the mosaic in the floor looks black and not green - a possible reason for the name "Black Sun" (see another photo).

It is not known whether this symbol was placed in the marble floor at Wewelsburg before or after the National Socialist Regime and the taking over of the castle by Himmler. There is speculation as to whether the symbol was put into the hall by the Nazis or whether it was there a long time before but there is no definitive proof either way. It must be noted that the book sold by the Wewelsburg museum on the history of the castle from 1933 to 1945 makes no mention of who put it there. The plans for the North Tower by SS architect Hermann Bartels make no mention of it. Scholars today are reluctant to say with any certainty why it was put there, or by whom.[22] Because the ceilings of the North-Tower were cast in concrete and faced with natural stone during the Third Reich, it is more likely that the ornament was created during the Himmler era.

There is, although its origins are unknown, an identical rendition of the Wewelsburg Schwarze Sonne in a wall painting at a World War II military bunker memorial to Bismarck at Hamburg below a statue of Bismarck (see Bismarck-Monument (Hamburg)). It is with a central piece incorporating a sunwheel and swastikas and the texts "Nicht durch Reden werden große Fragen entschieden, sondern durch Eisen und Blut" ("Great questions will not be resolved by talk, but by iron and blood").[23][24][25][26] [27] [28][29][unreliable source?]

The Vienna Circle

The "Black Sun" is often associated with the mystic-esoteric aspects of National Socialism. Origin of a phantastic post war "SS mysticism" which refers to the "Black Sun" is a right-wing esoteric circle in Vienna in the early 1950s.[30]

The former SS member Wilhelm Landig of the Vienna Circle (esoteric) "coined the idea of the Black Sun, a substitute swastika and mystical source of energy capable of regenerating the Aryan race"[31]

Rudolf J. Mund (also a former SS member and later also member of the Vienna Circle) discusses a relationship of the Black Sun with alchemy. The visible sun is described as a symbol of an invisible anti-sun: "Everything that can be comprehended by human senses is material, the shadow of the invisible spiritual light. The material fire is - seen in this way - also just the shadow of the spiritual fire." [32]

Nazi and Neo-Nazi significance

The term Black Sun may originate with the mystical "Central Sun" in Helena Blavatsky's Theosophy. This invisible or burnt out Sun (Karl Maria Wiligut's Santur in Nazi mysticism) symbolizes an opposing force or pole. [citation needed] Emil Rüdiger, of Rudolf John Gorslebens Edda-Gesellschaft (Edda Society), claimed that a fight between the new and the old Suns was decided 330,000 years ago, and that Santur had been the source of power of the Hyperboreans. [citation needed]

The Wewelsburg symbol can be deconstructed into three swastikas; a "rising", a "zenith" & a "setting" one, the design is popular among German Neo-Nazis as a replacement for the outlawed singular swastika symbol. Another interpretation is that the symbol incorporates twelve reversed "Sig runes" of the Armanen runes.

Allegedly, the design was drawn for Heinrich Himmler from an "old Aryan emblem",[33] and was meant to mimic the Round table of Arthurian legend with each spoke of the sun wheel representing one "knight" or Officer of the "inner" SS. According to James Twining, "The symbol of the Black Sun unites the three most important symbols of Nazi ideology - the sun wheel, the swastika and the stylized victory rune." and that it is symbolic in its form representing "the twelve SS Knights of The Order of the Death's Head and their three retainers).[34]

Erich Halik was the first to link the esoteric SS with the Black Sun roundel insignia carried by German aircraft in the polar region at the close of World War II.[31][35]

An image in Elemente, (No. 6, 1998) the journal of the Kassel-based Thule-Seminar,[36] shows a martial warrior holding a shield decorated with the Wewelsburg sun wheel. His upheld sword proclaims the struggle for "rebirth of Europe" against the "holocaust of peoples on the altar of multiculturalism." The German volkish magazine Sol Invictus (magazine) uses the symbol as its masthead. The issue devoted to 'Midnight' shows two sombre knights standing guard beneath the sun wheel symbol.

In 2009, the paramilitary organization Guardia Nazionale Italiana shows a Black Sun Symbol as part of the group's uniform.

Contemporary esotericism

Black Sun Oasis, (located in Akron, Ohio), is a chartered local body of Ordo Templi Orientis.

The Black Sun Rising Pylon is a local body of the Temple of Set in New York, NY.

The symbol has been used by a variety of esotericists; for example, as the name of the well-known Black Sun Press of Mary Phelps Jacob, as well as the official symbol of the occult group Black Order of the Theozoa.

Occasionally, and unscientifically, black dwarfs are referred to as black suns. This is not entirely unrelated to the esoteric meaning, since ariosophy alleges a burnt out sun that was the source of power of the Aryans in some mystical past (see also Karl Maria Wiligut). Others regard the Black Sun as a black hole; before the term black hole was invented in 1967, black holes (then still theoretical) were sometimes called black stars or dark stars. (In episode number 21 of the original Star Trek, Tomorrow Is Yesterday (TOS episode), made before the term black hole was invented, what we today call a black hole was termed a "black star".) Still others, such as Miguel Serrano, think of the Black Sun as a wormhole. Uses of the term in science fiction and fantasy literature are influenced by a combination of the esoteric and the astronomical meaning. See Black Sun (disambiguation) for examples of the term as used in popular culture.

In Edmonton, Canada, there is a company called 'Black Sun Rising', a book and media store, which uses the 'Black Sun' as its logo, as well as selling T-shirts with the 'Black Sun' image and the words "Truth, Honour, Loyalty" and the company name encircled around it. [7]

Alternative design

File:BlackSun2.jpg
A symbol sometimes shown in speculative reports about the occult aspects of the Third Reich

In 1988/1990 and 1992, Austrian researchers Norbert Jürgen Ratthofer and Ralf Ettl produced the documentaries "UFO - Das Dritte Reich schlägt zurück? (1998/1990) (UFO - The Third Reich Strikes Back?)"[37][38] and "UFO - Geheimnisse des Dritten Reichs (1990) (UFO - Secrets of the Third Reich)"[39][40] which talks of the Thule Society with the Geheimnis Schwarze Sun flashing on screen and talking about it. Professor Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke states that "In the early 1990s, the Austrians Norbert Jürgen Ratthofer and Ralf Ettl and developed new nazi UFO myths involving ancient Babylon, Vril energy and extraterrestrial civilisation in the solar system of Aldebaran. These colourful ideas are integral elements of a dualist Marcionite religion propagated by Ralf Ettl through his Tempelhofgesellschaft (Temple Sociey) in Vienna, identified as a secret successor to the historic Templars, who had absorbed Gnostic and heretical ideas in the Levant"[41] Ratthofer and Ettl state in "UFO - Geheimnisse des Dritten Reichs (1990) (UFO - Secrets of the Third Reich)"[39] that "Within the SS the Thule Society created a separate secret organisation called the "Black Sun"" with the "Geheimnis Schwarze Sonne" as its logo. [unreliable source?]

In 1997 author Peter Moon (real name: Vince Barbarick), wrote a book entitled 'The Black Sun: Montauk's Nazi-Tibetan Connection' in which he refers to this image as the 'Signet of the Black Sun' (a secret order in Germany, also referred to as the 'Order of the Black Sun') and that it is "the symbol of the innermost secret society of Nazi Germany: the Black Sun. It is illegal to print or display this symbol in Germany today."[42] This image and information was, according to Moon, originally provided to him by van Helsing around 1996, along with additional information on Nazi flying discs. Moon alleges that Helsing allegedly got it from Templar groups who emerged from East Germany after the Berlin Wall fell and Germany reunited. The German edition of Moon's book on the Black Sun had to have the image removed.

Van Helsing, however, did not write specifically on this symbol and mentioned the Black Sun just in a few phrases. But, from what Moon states, van Helsing could be talking about Ralf Ettl and his Tempelhofgesellschaft (Temple Sociey) in Vienna, identified as a secret successor to the historic Templars.

In 2005 American Scholar Dr. Joseph P. Farrell, in his book 'Reich of the Black Sun', states that this image was adopted by the Thule Society but also adopted as an emblem for von Liebenfels' New Templates.[43] Farrell also states that in contemporary German Federal Law it is forbidden to be displayed.[43] Farrell doesn't cite any sources, not referring to Norbert Jürgen Ratthofer and Ralf Ettl, Jan van Helsing or Peter Moon. Additionally, he states it was adopted by the Thule Society and the New Templars, without citation, and in contradiction to the information supplied by van Helsing and Moon. Farrell has stated that as for primary sources, he does not have one other than Ralf Ettl and Juergen Ratthofer for the Black Sun concept.[44]

In 2007 author Ron McVan published written works within a Wotanist context utilising the Alternative Black Sun Symbol.[45].

The transliteration of the text around the signet seen here (where its last two words are accidentally mistaken for the first ones and "entgegen" being misspelled), beginning from its upper right corner and proceeding around clockwise, translates to "Dem neuen Zeitalter entgegen, Sieg und Heil Großdeutschland, im Kampf für die Welt, Heil das neue Reich Thule".

British Professor Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke B.A. doesn't mention this image in either of his books on the history of occultism in Nazi Germany but shows the Thule Society emblem to have been this image[46][47] and Liebenfels' New Templars logo to be this image.[48]

Fiction

Science Fiction author J.G.Ballard uses the term in "The Day of Forever"

Scottish comics writer Grant Morrison, in his 2000AD series Zenith, makes repeated references to a Black Sun cult, which is a combination of Nazi and Lovecraftian ideas. They are the main agents in this world for the extradimensional running villains of the series, the Lloigor, and are the ones at the start of the series who engineer the resurrection of Master Man, the vessel of Iok-Sotot.

In Peter Hogan and Chris Sprouse's America's Best Comics limited series, Tom Strong & the Robots of Doom, Albrecht Strong, the Nazi son of Tom Strong, uses the symbol as his own when he overwrites the timestream with his own worldwide neo-Nazi empire.

The symbol is used on the cover of the novel "The Black Sun" by James Twining[49] and is mentioned extensively, although the cover image is not strictly the same - it faces in the wrong direction.

Science Fiction author Neal Stephenson named the main meeting place for the elite hacker after it in "Snowcrash"

The symbol is also used on the cover of the fiction novel "Black Order" by James Rollins and is mentioned extensively therein.

In the Outlanders novel, Satan's Seed by Mark Ellis, the Brotherhood of the Black Sun and Aleister Crowley use geomancy to travel through time.

Its name (not the symbol) is mentioned in the novel Black Sun Rising by Celia S. Friedman

It features in the novel Swastika by Michael Slade.

In the occult-Nazi thriller Die Schwarze Sonne von Tashi Lhunpo (The Black Sun of Tashi Lhunpo) by Russell McCloud (Stephan Mögle-Stadel) [8] in 1991, the assassinations of the president of the European Bank and a leading member of the UN Security Council are linked by a brand mark of the symbol of the Black Sun on the foreheads of the victims. McCloud is the first writer to identify the Wewelsburg sun wheel with the Black Sun myth (of Wilhelm Landig), thereby indicating the esoteric influence of Wiligut and the SS heritage and Aryan-theosophical lore at the heart of Himmler's imaginative world. Arun-Verlag in Engerda (in the former German Democratic Replublic) have published further editions and a film script of the book.

The Nation Europa book mail-order catalogue offers Black Sun symbol stickpins and a wristwatch with a Black Sun face.

The book Unheilige Allianzen by Christian Dornbusch and Hans-Peter Killguss discusses the symbol.[50] An interview with the authors regarding this symbol is here.[51]

The symbol is used on the book cover for the 2009 novel Release by Nicole Hadaway, which features Wewelsburg Castle as one of the settings in the supernatural historical thriller.[52]

Music

The Wewelsburg design is used in the artwork of musical groups from the Neo-Nazi subculture and other bands using Nazi aesthetics for the purpose of provocation.

It is used as well as in the in lyrics of the experimental music groups Coil who released a song called Solar Lodge, found on the album Scatology, containing the lyrics "See the black sun rise from the Solar Lodge", Death In June, Von Thronstahl and as the title of a song by Dead Can Dance and E Nomine[53] It features in the name of Coil-related experimental band Black Sun Productions.

Black Sun Empire, a drum & bass group from the Netherlands consisting of DJ/Producers Rene Verdult and brothers Milan and Micha Heyboer, owners of the record label Black Sun Empire Recordings, borrow the term too. Although, this group's name comes from the Black Sun Crime Syndicate, which appeared in the Star Wars novel Shadows of the Empire.

In 1996 Holger Fiala (Holger F.) of the band Belborn published, under the alias "Beltane" two designs, a Kruckenkreuz and a Black Sun, in the inlay book to one of their CDs in honours of Leni Riefenstahl. The band Staatsfeind used the symbol on their album cover 'Democracy' It also appears on the cover of Süddeutscher Nachwuchs / Best of Schwarze Sonne Versand

Gotos=Kalanda (1995) by Allerseelen is adapted from Wiliguts pagan calandar cycle of poems presented to Himmler in 1937. The Wewelsburg Black Sun is prominent on Petak's letterhead and the Allerseelen label.[54][55]

See also

References

  1. ^ Left image: decorative brooch found in Inzing, Innsbruck-Land, dated to ca. AD 400, from Hermann Wirth, ‘’ ‘Die heilige Urschrift der Menschheit’ ‘’, Leipzig 1936, BD. II, Bilderatlas, Tafel 42 (at the time kept in the Staatl. Museen Berlin.) Right image: Migration age Alemannic decorative brooch, from Hans-Joachim Diesner, ‘’ ‘Die Völkerwanderung’ ‘’, Gütersloh 1980, used on the title cover of a 1982 Artgemeinschaft booklet.
  2. ^ 'Derhain website article (In German) on the Schwarze Sonne (In English); Jadu article; Haag Museum; 'Personal website' of James Twining.; Artfond website article on the Schwarze Sonne
  3. ^ 'Jadu article; Haag Museum'
  4. ^ 'Black Sun (book by Goodrick-Clarke): : Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity' by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke.
  5. ^ References in Rüdiger Sünner, Schwarze Sonne: Entfesselung und Mißbrauch der Mythen in Nationalsozialismus und rechter Esoterik (Freiburg: Herder, 1999), pp. 148, 245 (note 426):'Die durchbrochenen Zierscheiben der Merowingerzeit' (Mainz: Röm-German. Zentralmuseum, 1970) by Dorothee Renner. Examples of symbols very similar to the Wewelsburg sun wheel occur in Mannus 28 (1936), 270; Walther Veeck, Die Alemannen in Württemberg (Berlin and Leipzig:DeGruyter, 1931); Hans Reinerth (ed.), Die Vorgeschichte der Deutschen Stämme, 3 vols. (Berlin: Bibliographisches Institut, 1940), vol. 2, plate 219.
  6. ^ SS - Die Wewelsburg In German: SS - The Wewelsburg; quote: "... es sollte nach dem Endsieg das Zentrum der neuen Welt entstehen." - "... after the final victory the Center of the New World was to arise (here)."
  7. ^ Takeover of the Castle by Himmler 1934 (German)
  8. ^ Information about archaeological activities (German)
  9. ^ 'Wewelsburg 1933 bis 1945. Kult-und-Terrorstätte der SS. Eine Dokumentation (Schriftenreihe des Kreismuseums Wewelsburg 1), 2nd Edition Paderborn 1987.' by Karl Hüser and translated into English in 2000 by Robin Benson
  10. ^ Drachen, Helden, Nachtmeerfahrten - Die Archetypenlehre von C.G. Jung
  11. ^ Walther Blachetta: Das Buch der deutschen Sinnzeichen (The book of German sense characters); reprint of 1941; page 15/16: interpretation of the sun and page 80: interpretation of the number twelve.
  12. ^ The Schwarze Sonne documentary by Rüdiger Sünner contains as bonus material an interview with the DVD's producer in which he states this.
  13. ^ At the end of this article a "plate of pure gold in the axis of the sun wheel" is mentioned.
  14. ^ "SS - Wewelsburg (Castle)"; quote: Sie sollte ein Mittelpunkt der "artgemäßen" Religion werden und einen Repräsentationsbau für das SS-Führerkorps darstellen - (Wewelsburg Castle) was to be a center of the "kind-accordant" religion and a representative building for the SS-leader-corps.
  15. ^ Heinrich Himmler, quote: "Sie sollte nach dem “Endsieg” zum “Zentrum der neuen Welt” und “artgemäßen Religion” werden." (Wewelsburg Castle) was to become "Center of the New Word" and the "species-compliant religion" after the "final victory".
  16. ^ Walther Blachetta: Das Buch der deutschen Sinnzeichen (The book of German sense characters); reprint of 1941; page 7: Introduction
  17. ^ Nationalsozialismus.de » SS - Die Wewelsburg
  18. ^ Kreismuseum Wewelsburg - Die SS Schule Haus Wewelsburg
  19. ^ In the German article this is stated.
  20. ^ The Schwarze Sonne documentary by Rüdiger Sünner contains as bonus material an interview with the DVD-producer in which he states this.
  21. ^ Wewelsburg 1933 bis 1945. Kult-und-Terrorstätte der SS. Eine Dokumentation (Schriftenreihe des Kreismuseums Wewelsburg 1), 2nd Edition Paderborn 1987. Karl Hüser; translated into English in 2000 by Robin Benson and Interview with Kirsten John-Stucke, Vize-Director of the memorial-place Wewelsburg (in German)
  22. ^ 'Wewelsburg 1933 bis 1945. Kult-und-Terrorstätte der SS. Eine Dokumentation (Schriftenreihe des Kreismuseums Wewelsburg 1), 2nd Edition Paderborn 1987.' by Karl Hüser and translated into English in 2000 by Robin Benson and 'Black Sun (book by Goodrick-Clarke): Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity' by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke and extensive pictorial illustration is provided by Stuart Russell and Jost W. Schneider, Heinrich Himmler's Burg. Das weltanschauliche Zentrum der SS: Bildchronik der SS-Schule Haus Wewelsburg 1934-1945 (Landshut, Germany: RVG, 1989). Photographs of the Sun Wheel appear ibid, pp. 81-82 - this has been translated into English and is sold by the Wewelsburg museum
  23. ^ 'Die Schwarzesonne (Revised)' by Steve Anthonijsz (Radböd Ártisson).
  24. ^ 'German Wikipedia article on Bismarck-Denkmal (Hamburg)'.
  25. ^ 'English Wikipedia article on Bismarck-Denkmal (Hamburg)'.
  26. ^ Hamburg Morning Post article
  27. ^ German Wikipedia Article
  28. ^ Braune Lichtmenschen. Anmerkungen zum Heidentum in rechtsextremen Szenen
  29. ^ Hamburger Morgenpost - www.mopo.de - Nachrichten Hamburg Panorama
  30. ^ Wien als Brutstätte des okkulten Faschismus Vienna as hatchery of occult fascism: "Die beiden Wiener Wilhelm Landig und Rudolf J. Mund müssen als die eigentlichen Stifter dieses "SS-Mystizismus" angesehen werden, der sich heute um das Symbol der Schwarzen Sonne gruppiert." The two Vienneses Wilhelm Landig and Rudolf J. Mund must be seen as the actual founders of this SS mysticism which refers to the Black Sun nowadays.
  31. ^ a b Black Sun by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (2002)
  32. ^ Rudolf J. Mund: Das Mysterium der Schwarzen Sonne; Kapitel: Die Esoterik der "Schwärze" (The mystery of the Black Sun; chapter: The esotericism of the "black")
  33. ^ [1]
  34. ^ 'Personal website' of James Twining.
  35. ^ "Um Krone und Gipfel der Welt" (Mensch und Schicksal 6, No. 10 (1 August 1952), pp. 3-5) by Erich Halik (Claude Schweikhart)
  36. ^ [2]
  37. ^ Goodricke Clarke in Black Sun says 1990 but Henry Stevens in Hitler's Flying Saucers says 1988
  38. ^ (viewable here in German)
  39. ^ a b (viewable here in German and here in English)
  40. ^ Kasen, Victor Ordell L: 'Das Geheimnis der Schwarze Sonne: Hinter der Geheimnis Schwarze Sonne', Salop 1993.
  41. ^ Goodricke-Clarke, Black Sun, page 194
  42. ^ Moon, Peter; 'The Black Sun: Montauk's Nazi-Tibetan Connection'
  43. ^ a b Farrell, Joseph P.; 'Reich of the Black Sun' p175
  44. ^ Norbert Jürgen Ratthofer and Ralf Ettl - Das Vril-Projekt; Norbert Jürgen Ratthofer - Demnachst "Kampf um die Erde"?!"; Norbert Jürgen Ratthofer and Ralf Ettl: UFO - Das Dritte Reich schlägt zurück? (video, 1990) (UFO - The Third Reich Strikes Back?) (viewable here in German); Norbert Jürgen Ratthofer and Ralf Ettl: UFO - Geheimnisse des Dritten Reichs (video, 1992) (UFO - Secrets of the Third Reich) (viewable here in German and here in English); Norbert Jürgen Ratthofer - Lichtreiche auf Erden (1997); Das Vril-Projekt 2 (1999) Der Z-Plan (1999, 4 volume novel)
  45. ^ http://www.vinlandfolkresistance.com/articles/200710/McVan_TheBlackSun.html
  46. ^ Goodricke-Clarke, Nicholas; 'Occult Roots of Nazism: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890-1935'
  47. ^ Goodricke-Clarke, Nicholas; 'Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity'
  48. ^ http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de%7Dns_or.html
  49. ^ [3] [4]
  50. ^ [5]
  51. ^ [6]
  52. ^ http://vamplitpublishing.com/2009/08/release-nicolehadaway/
  53. ^ Appears as 'Schwarze Sonne'. Tracklisting at Amazon.com
  54. ^ "Die Schwarze Sonne von Tashi Lhunpo. Das Drehbuch (Schatten der Macht: Polit-Thriller)" by Norbert Hess (Engerda, Germany: Arun-Verlag, 1995) - "An Interview With Kadmon (Allerseelen/"Aorta"), 'The Nexus', No. 2 (November 1995) pp. 1-6."
  55. ^ Black Sun by Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (2002)

Further study

Scholarly
  • Rüdiger Sünner: Schwarze Sonne (book). Entfesselung und Missbrauch der Mythen in Nationalsozialismus und rechter Esoterik. Freiburg i. Br. Verlag Herder/Spektrum, 1999, ISBN 3-451-27186-9. Sünner also produced the DVD documentary of the same name to accompany his book.
  • Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas: Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York University Press, New York 2003.
  • Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas: The Occult Roots of Nazism
  • Friedrich Paul Heller, Anton Maegerle: Die Sprache des Hasses. Rechtsextremismus und völkische Esoterik. Schmetterling-Verlag, Stuttgart 2001
  • Friedrich Paul Heller, Anton Maegerle: Thule. Vom völkischen Okkultismus bis zur Neuen Rechten. 2. Aufl. Stuttgart, Schmetterling-Verlag 1998
  • Cook, Stephen, Heinrich Himmler's Camelot: Pictorial/documentary: The Wewelsburg Ideological Center of the SS, 1934-1945 (Kressmann-Backmeyer, 1999)
Occult
  • M. B. Hasler, Die Schwarze Sonne. Göttliches Licht der Erkenntnis, ISBN 3-9808794-0-2
  • Rudolf J. Mund, Mythos Schwarze Sonne, ISBN 3-8334-1122-8
Documentary

(Different editions have different episodes) [13] [14] [15] [16]

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