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Catechol is used as a black-and-white [[photographic developer]], but except for some special purpose applications, its use until recently was largely historical. Modern catechol developing was pioneered by noted photographer Sandy King. His "PyroCat" formulation enjoys widespread popularity among modern black and white film photographers.
Catechol is used as a black-and-white [[photographic developer]], but except for some special purpose applications, its use until recently was largely historical. Modern catechol developing was pioneered by noted photographer Sandy King. His "PyroCat" formulation enjoys widespread popularity among modern black and white film photographers.

Catechol [[moieites]] are found widely within the natural world. [[Arthropod]] [[cuticle]] consists of [[chitin]] linked by a catechol [[moiety]] to [[protein]]. The cuticle may be strengthened by cross-linking ([[tanning]] and [[sclerotization]]), particularly in [[insects]], and of course by [[biomineralization]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| volume = 354
| issue = 1379
| pages = 7
| last = Briggs
| first = D. E.G
| title = Molecular taphonomy of animal and plant cuticles: selective preservation and diagenesis
| journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
| date = 1999
}}</ref>.


==Catechol derivatives==
==Catechol derivatives==

Revision as of 12:46, 18 November 2010

Template:Distinguish2

Catechol
Pyrocatechol
Pyrocatechol
Ball-and-stick model
Ball-and-stick model
Names
IUPAC name
Benzene-1,2-diol
Other names
pyrocatechol
1,2-benzenediol
2-hydroxyphenol
1,2-dihydroxybenzene
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.004.025 Edit this at Wikidata
  • Oc1c(O)cccc1
Properties
C6H6O2
Molar mass 110.1 g/mol
Appearance white solid
Density 1.344 g/cm³, solid
Melting point 105 °C (221 °F; 378 K)
Boiling point 245.5 °C (473.9 °F; 518.6 K)
43 g/100 mL
Acidity (pKa) 9.5
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oilInstability (yellow): no hazard codeSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
1
Flash point 127 °C
Related compounds
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
checkY verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Catechol, also known as pyrocatechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H4(OH)2. It is the ortho isomer of the three isomeric benzenediols. This colourless compound occurs naturally in trace amounts. About 20M kg are produced annually, mainly as a precursor to pesticides, flavors and fragrances.

Catechol occurs as feathery white crystals which are very rapidly soluble in water.

(The name "catechol" has also been used as a chemical class name, where it refers to the catechins)

Isolation and synthesis

Catechol was first isolated in 1839 by H. Reinsch by distilling catechin (from catechu, the juice of Mimosa catechu (Acacia catechu L.f)). Upon heating catechin above its decomposition point, "pyrocatechol" forms. Catechol occurs free in kino and in beechwood tar; its sulfonic acid has been detected in the urine of horse and humans.[1]

Catechol is produced industrially by the hydroxylation of phenol using hydrogen peroxide:[2]

C6H5OH + H2O2 → C6H4(OH)2 + H2O

Previously, catechol has been produced by hydrolysis of 2-substituted phenols, especially 2-chlorophenol, with hot aqueous solutions containing alkali metal hydroxides. Its methyl ether derivative, guaiacol, converts to catechol via hydrolysis of the CH3-O bond as promoted by hydriodic acid.[citation needed]

Reactions

Organic chemistry

Like other difunctional benzene derivatives, catechol readily condenses to form heterocyclic compounds. Cyclic esters are formed upon treatment with phosphorus trichloride and phosphorus oxychloride, carbonyl chloride, and sulphuryl chloride:

C6H4(OH)2 + XCl2 → C6H4(O2X) + 2 HCl
where X = CO, SO2, PCl, P(O)Cl

Catechols produce quinones with the addition of ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN).

With metal ions

Catechol is the conjugate acid of a chelating agent used widely in coordination chemistry. Basic solutions of catechol react with iron(III) to give the red [Fe(C6H4O2)3]3-. Ferric chloride gives a green coloration with the aqueous solution, whilst the alkaline solution rapidly changes to a green and finally to a black color on exposure to the air.[citation needed] It reduces silver solutions in the cold and alkaline copper on heating.[citation needed] Catechol can also be conjugated to ruthenium. [RuIII(NH3)4(catechol)]+ oxidizes faster than catechol in the presence of oxygen, but controlled potential electrolysis showed that its oxidation involves only one electron.[3]

Redox chemistry

Catechol is produced by a reversible two-electron, two-proton reduction of 1,2-benzoquinone (E° = +795 mV vs SHE; Em (pH 7) = +380 mV vs SHE). [4] [5]

Electrochemical interconversion of 1,2-benzoquinone and catechol

The redox series catecholate dianion, monoanionic semiquinonate and benzoquinone are collectively called dioxolenes. Dioxolenes are used as ligands. [6]

Natural Occurrence

Small amounts of catechol occur naturally in fruits and vegetables, along with the enzyme polyphenol oxidase (also known as catecholase, or catechol oxidase). Upon mixing the enzyme with the substrate and exposure to oxygen (as when a potato or apple is cut and left out), the colorless catechol oxidizes to reddish-brown melanoid pigments, derivatives of benzoquinone. The enzyme is inactivated by adding an acid, such as lemon juice, and slowed with cooling. Excluding oxygen also prevents the browning reaction. Benzoquinone is said to be antimicrobial, which slows the spoilage of wounded fruits and other plant parts.

Uses

Approximately 50% of synthetic catechol is consumed in the production of pesticides, the remainder being used as a precursor to fine chemicals such as perfumes and pharmaceuticals.[2] It is a common building block in organic synthesis.[7] Several industrially significant flavors and fragrances are prepared starting from catechol. Guaiacol is prepared by methylation of catechol and is then converted to vanillin on a scale of about 10M kg per year (1990). The related monoethyl ether of catechol, guethol, is converted to ethylvanillin, a component of chocolate confectionaries. 3-trans-Isocamphylcyclohexanol, widely used as a replacement for sandalwood oil, is prepared from catechol via guaiacol and camphor. Piperonal, a flowery scent, is prepared from the methylene diether of catechol followed by condensation with glyoxal and decarboxylation.[8]

Catechol is used as a black-and-white photographic developer, but except for some special purpose applications, its use until recently was largely historical. Modern catechol developing was pioneered by noted photographer Sandy King. His "PyroCat" formulation enjoys widespread popularity among modern black and white film photographers.

Catechol moieites are found widely within the natural world. Arthropod cuticle consists of chitin linked by a catechol moiety to protein. The cuticle may be strengthened by cross-linking (tanning and sclerotization), particularly in insects, and of course by biomineralization[9].

Catechol derivatives

The catechol skeleton occurs in a variety of natural products such as urushiols, which are the skin-irritating poisons found in plants like poison ivy, and catecholamines, drugs imitating them (such as MDMA), hormones/neurotransmitters, and catechin, which is found in tea. Many pyrocatechin derivatives have been suggested for therapeutic applications.

Nomenclature

The "preferred IUPAC name" (PIN) of catechol is benzene-1,2-diol. [10] The trivial name pyrocatechol is a retained IUPAC name, according to the 1993 Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. [11] [12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Anti-inflammatory effects of catechols in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglia cells: Inhibition of microglial neurotoxicity. European Journal of Pharmacology, Volume 588, Issue 1, 24 June 2008, Pages 106-113
  2. ^ a b Helmut Fiegel, Heinz-Werner Voges, Toshikazu Hamamoto, Sumio Umemura, Tadao Iwata, Hisaya Miki, Yasuhiro Fujita, Hans-Josef Buysch, Dorothea Garbe, Wilfried Paulus "Phenol Derivatives" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2002: Weinheim. DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a19_313. Article Online Posting Date: June 15, 2000
  3. ^ Almeida, W. L. C.; Vitor, D. N.; Pereira, M. R. G; de Sá, D. S.; Alvarez, L. D. G.; Pinheiro, A. M.; Costa, S. L.; Costa, M. F. D.; Rocha, Z. N.; El-Bachá, R. S. Redox properties of ruthenium complex with catechol are involved in toxicity to glial cells. J. Chil. Chem. Soc. 52 (3): 1240-1243, 2007.
  4. ^ Horner, Leopold; Geyer, Ekkehard (1965). "Zur Kenntnis der o-Chinone, XXVII: Redoxpotentiale von Brenzcatechin-Derivaten". Chemische Berichte. 98 (6): 2016–2045. doi:10.1002/cber.19650980641.
  5. ^ Nematollahi, D.; Rafiee, M. (2004-05-01). "Electrochemical oxidation of catechols in the presence of acetylacetone". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 566 (1): 31–37. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.10.044.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ^ Template:Cite DOI
  7. ^ Barner, B. A. "Catechol" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. DOI: 10.1002/047084289.
  8. ^ Karl-Georg Fahlbusch, Franz-Josef Hammerschmidt, Johannes Panten, Wilhelm Pickenhagen, Dietmar Schatkowski, Kurt Bauer, Dorothea Garbe, Horst Surburg Flavors and Fragrances" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, 2005: Weinheim. Published online: 15 January 2003
  9. ^ Briggs, D. E.G (1999). "Molecular taphonomy of animal and plant cuticles: selective preservation and diagenesis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 354 (1379): 7.
  10. ^ Preferred IUPAC Names September 2004, Chapter 6, Sect 60-64, p.38
  11. ^ IUPAC, Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (Recommendations 1993) R-5.5.1.1 Alcohols and phenols.
  12. ^ Panico, R.; & Powell, W. H. (Eds.) (1994). A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds 1993. Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

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