Panzer

For the German biologist, see Georg Wolfgang Franz Panzer.

Kampfpanzer Leopard 2, a modern main battle tank

A Panzer (/ˈpænzər/) is a German tank. Attributively, the term also refers to armoured military forces, as in panzer divisions or panzer battles.

Etymology

Panzer is a loanword from the German [Panzer] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (German pronunciation: [ˈpantsɐ] ), meaning "armour". It is also used in the compounds [Panzerdivision] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ‘panzer division’ and dated [Panzerkampfwagen] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ‘tank’ or literally ‘armoured combat vehicle’ (the modern synonym is [Kampfpanzer] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), or just [Panzer] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).

German [Panzer] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) refers also to any body armour, as in [Plattenpanzer] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ‘plate armour’, [Kettenpanzer] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ‘mail’, or [gepanzert] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ‘armoured’. The word also refers to an animal's protective shell or thick hide, as in [Schildkrötenpanzer] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ‘turtle shell’.

It derives through the French [pancier] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ‘breastplate’, from Latin [pantex] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ‘belly, paunch’, and possibly related to [panus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ‘swelling’. The word has been calqued in many other languages, such as Swedish [pansarvagn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) or Finnish [panssarivaunu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ‘tracked armoured fighting vehicle’, Danish [panservogn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ‘armoured vehicle’, but [kampvogn] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) means ‘tank’. Due to the similarities of the words, Panzer is commonly, and erroneously, confused with the German Panther tank.

Panzers in World War II

Main article: German tanks in World War II

Two Panzer IIIs during the Battle of Greece, April 1941.

Although the post-World War I Treaty of Versailles greatly restricted its military development, Germany started to secretly develop armoured tactics in the 1920s, in cooperation with the Soviet Union (while assisting in the establishment of a Soviet tank-building industry). In the 1930s, the light Panzer I and Panzer II tanks were built primarily for training, and tested in battle during the Spanish Civil War.

At the beginning of the Second World War, German forces gained notoriety for the rapid and successful invasions of Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, and the Soviet Union, in 1939–41. Although the early-war Panzer II, III, and IV were clearly inferior to some of their French and Soviet counterparts, this blitzkrieg (‘lightning warfare’) was made possible by several factors: the German military experience in World War I, their excellent training, integrated communications, coordinated use of airpower, and, perhaps most famously, by the combined-arms employment of integrated infantry and armoured forces, the panzer divisions of the Germany Army and Waffen-SS.

As the blitzkrieg began to stall on the Eastern Front, and a mobile war pushed back and forth across North Africa, Germany was quickly forced into an arms race in armour and antitank weapons. 88 mm antiaircraft guns were used as antitank weapons, thousands of captured antitank guns were marshaled into German service as the 7.62 cm PaK 36(r), new inexpensive tank destroyers such as the Marder series were put into production, while Panzer III & IV tanks & the Sturmgeschütz were hastily up-armoured and up-gunned.

A Waffen-SS Tiger I in France, 1944.

A new generation of big tanks, the heavy Tiger, Panther, and King Tiger tanks were developed and rushed into the battlefield. During the war, the mass of a panzer increased from the 5.4 tonnes of a pre-war Panzer I light tank, to the 68.5 tonnes of the Tiger II. In the meantime, the Soviets continued to produce the T-34 by the tens of thousands, and U.S. industry nearly matched them in the number of M4 Sherman tanks built and deployed in Europe after D-Day.

Throughout the war, the panzer was a key piece of the combined arms doctrines supporting the German blitzkrieg. The tanks were used in almost every theatre of German involvement. Their largest engagement occurred at The Battle of Prokhorovka, which saw about three hundred panzers pitted against five hundred Soviet tanks.

See also

• Panzerfaust
• Panzerschreck
• Panzer General