Metalloid: Difference between revisions
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![[Period 3 element|3]] |
![[Period 3 element|3]] |
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| style="background:#ff4444; color:#000000" | <big>Al</big><br /><small>Aluminium</small> |
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| style="background:#ff4444; color:#000000" | <big>Si</big><br /><small>[[Silicon]]</small> |
| style="background:#ff4444; color:#000000" | <big>Si</big><br /><small>[[Silicon]]</small> |
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| style="background:#c0ffff" | <big>P</big><br /><small>Phosphorus</small> |
| style="background:#c0ffff" | <big>P</big><br /><small>Phosphorus</small> |
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| style="background:#ffddff" | <big>Bi</big><br /><small>Bismuth</small> |
| style="background:#ffddff" | <big>Bi</big><br /><small>Bismuth</small> |
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| style="background:#ff4444; color:#000000" | <big>Po</big><br /><small>[[Polonium]]</small> |
| style="background:#ff4444; color:#000000" | <big>Po</big><br /><small>[[Polonium]]</small> |
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| style="background:# |
| style="background:#ff4444; color:#000000" | <big>At</big><br /><small>Astatine</small> |
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'''Metalloid''' is a term used in [[chemistry]] when classifying the [[chemical element]]s. The term '''semimetal''' is sometimes used synonymously, but this is sometimes [[semimetal|defined differently]]. On the basis of their general [[Physical property|physical]] and [[chemical properties]], nearly every [[Chemical element|element]] in the [[periodic table]] can be termed either a [[metal]] or a [[nonmetal]]. However, a few elements with intermediate properties are referred to as '''metalloids''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''metallon'' = "metal" and ''eidos'' = "sort"). The line that separates metalloids from nonmetals in the [[periodic table]] is referred to as the "amphoteric line". {{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} |
'''Metalloid''' is a term used in [[chemistry]] when classifying the [[chemical element]]s. The term '''semimetal''' is sometimes used synonymously, but this is sometimes [[semimetal|defined differently]]. On the basis of their general [[Physical property|physical]] and [[chemical properties]], nearly every [[Chemical element|element]] in the [[periodic table]] can be termed either a [[metal]] or a [[nonmetal]]. However, a few elements with intermediate properties are referred to as '''metalloids''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''metallon'' = "metal" and ''eidos'' = "sort"). The line that separates metalloids from nonmetals in the [[periodic table]] is referred to as the "amphoteric line". {{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} |
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The following elements are generally considered metalloids:<ref name="Sherman and Weston">{{cite book|title=Chemistry of the non-metallic elements|author=E. Sherman and G.J. Weston|publisher=Pergamon Press, New York|year=1966|page=64}}</ref><ref name="Boylan">{{cite book|title=Elements of Chemistry|author= Boylan, P.J.|publisher=Allyn and Bacon, Boston|year=1962|page=493}}</ref> |
The following elements are generally considered metalloids:<ref name="Sherman and Weston">{{cite book|title=Chemistry of the non-metallic elements|author=E. Sherman and G.J. Weston|publisher=Pergamon Press, New York|year=1966|page=64}}</ref><ref name="Boylan">{{cite book|title=Elements of Chemistry|author= Boylan, P.J.|publisher=Allyn and Bacon, Boston|year=1962|page=493}}</ref> |
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*[[Boron]] (B) |
*[[Boron]] (B) |
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*[[Aluminium]] (Al) |
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*[[Silicon]] (Si) |
*[[Silicon]] (Si) |
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*[[Germanium]] (Ge)<ref name="Organometallic">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0022-328X(00)91121-5|title=Fluorination of dimethylmercury, tetramethylsilane and tetramethylgermanium. Synthesis and characterization of polyfluorotetramethylsilanes, polyfluorotetramethylgermanes,bis(trifluoromethyl)mercury and tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)germanium|year=1978|author=Liu, E|journal=Journal of Organometallic Chemistry|volume=145|pages=167}}</ref><ref name="European">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ejic.200700969|title=Metalloid Cluster Compounds of Germanium: Synthesis – Properties – Subsequent Reactions|year=2008|author=Schnepf, Andreas|journal=European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry|volume=2008|pages=1007}}</ref> |
*[[Germanium]] (Ge)<ref name="Organometallic">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0022-328X(00)91121-5|title=Fluorination of dimethylmercury, tetramethylsilane and tetramethylgermanium. Synthesis and characterization of polyfluorotetramethylsilanes, polyfluorotetramethylgermanes,bis(trifluoromethyl)mercury and tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)germanium|year=1978|author=Liu, E|journal=Journal of Organometallic Chemistry|volume=145|pages=167}}</ref><ref name="European">{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ejic.200700969|title=Metalloid Cluster Compounds of Germanium: Synthesis – Properties – Subsequent Reactions|year=2008|author=Schnepf, Andreas|journal=European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry|volume=2008|pages=1007}}</ref> |
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*[[Tellurium]] (Te)<ref name="Spectrochimica Acta"/><ref name="Chemical Reviews">{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/cr010210|title=Biomethylation of Selenium and Tellurium: Microorganisms and Plants|year=2003|author=Chasteen, Thomas G.|journal=Chemical Reviews|volume=103|pages=1|pmid=12517179|last2=Bentley|first2=R|issue=1}}</ref> |
*[[Tellurium]] (Te)<ref name="Spectrochimica Acta"/><ref name="Chemical Reviews">{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/cr010210|title=Biomethylation of Selenium and Tellurium: Microorganisms and Plants|year=2003|author=Chasteen, Thomas G.|journal=Chemical Reviews|volume=103|pages=1|pmid=12517179|last2=Bentley|first2=R|issue=1}}</ref> |
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*[[Polonium]] (Po)<ref name="polonium1">[http://www.hps.org/documents/po210_information_sheet.pdf Polonium-210 Information Sheet]</ref><ref name="polonium2">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00179-8|title=Degassing of metals and metalloids from erupting seamount and mid-ocean ridge volcanoes: Observations and predictions|year=1997|author=Rubin, K|journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|volume=61|pages=3525}}</ref> |
*[[Polonium]] (Po)<ref name="polonium1">[http://www.hps.org/documents/po210_information_sheet.pdf Polonium-210 Information Sheet]</ref><ref name="polonium2">{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00179-8|title=Degassing of metals and metalloids from erupting seamount and mid-ocean ridge volcanoes: Observations and predictions|year=1997|author=Rubin, K|journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|volume=61|pages=3525}}</ref> |
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*[[Astatine]] (At) |
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Some [[allotropes]] of elements exhibit more pronounced metal, metalloid or non-metal behavior than others. For example, for the element [[carbon]], its [[diamond]] allotrope is clearly non-metallic, but the [[graphite]] allotrope displays limited electric conductivity more characteristic of a metalloid. [[Phosphorus]], [[selenium]], [[tin]], and [[bismuth]] also have allotropes that display borderline behavior. |
Some [[allotropes]] of elements exhibit more pronounced metal, metalloid or non-metal behavior than others. For example, for the element [[carbon]], its [[diamond]] allotrope is clearly non-metallic, but the [[graphite]] allotrope displays limited electric conductivity more characteristic of a metalloid. [[Phosphorus]], [[selenium]], [[tin]], and [[bismuth]] also have allotropes that display borderline behavior. |
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Revision as of 16:38, 14 December 2010
| 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | B Boron |
C Carbon |
N Nitrogen |
O Oxygen |
F Fluorine |
| 3 | Al Aluminium |
Si Silicon |
P Phosphorus |
S Sulfur |
Cl Chlorine |
| 4 | Ga Gallium |
Ge Germanium |
As Arsenic |
Se Selenium |
Br Bromine |
| 5 | In Indium |
Sn Tin |
Sb Antimony |
Te Tellurium |
I Iodine |
| 6 | Tl Thallium |
Pb Lead |
Bi Bismuth |
Po Polonium |
At Astatine |
Metalloid is a term used in chemistry when classifying the chemical elements. The term semimetal is sometimes used synonymously, but this is sometimes defined differently. On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties, nearly every element in the periodic table can be termed either a metal or a nonmetal. However, a few elements with intermediate properties are referred to as metalloids (from the Greek metallon = "metal" and eidos = "sort"). The line that separates metalloids from nonmetals in the periodic table is referred to as the "amphoteric line". [citation needed]
There is no rigorous definition of the term, but the following properties are usually considered characteristic of metalloids:
- metalloids often form amphoteric oxides.
- metalloids often behave as semiconductors (B, Si, Ge).
The concepts of metalloid and semiconductor should not be confused. Metalloid refers to the properties of certain elements in relation to the periodic table. Semiconductor refers to the physical properties of materials (including alloys, compounds) and there is only partial overlap between the two.
The following elements are generally considered metalloids:[1][2]
- Boron (B)
- Aluminium (Al)
- Silicon (Si)
- Germanium (Ge)[3][4]
- Arsenic (As)[5]
- Antimony (Sb)[5]
- Tellurium (Te)[5][6]
- Polonium (Po)[7][8]
- Astatine (At)
Some allotropes of elements exhibit more pronounced metal, metalloid or non-metal behavior than others. For example, for the element carbon, its diamond allotrope is clearly non-metallic, but the graphite allotrope displays limited electric conductivity more characteristic of a metalloid. Phosphorus, selenium, tin, and bismuth also have allotropes that display borderline behavior.
In the standard layout of the periodic table, metalloids occur along the diagonal line through the p block from boron to polonium. Elements to the upper right of this line display increasing nonmetallic behaviour; elements to the lower left display increasing metallic behaviour. This line is called the "stair-step" or "staircase". The poor metals are to the left and down and the nonmetals are to the right and up.
References
- ^ E. Sherman and G.J. Weston (1966). Chemistry of the non-metallic elements. Pergamon Press, New York. p. 64.
- ^ Boylan, P.J. (1962). Elements of Chemistry. Allyn and Bacon, Boston. p. 493.
- ^ Liu, E (1978). "Fluorination of dimethylmercury, tetramethylsilane and tetramethylgermanium. Synthesis and characterization of polyfluorotetramethylsilanes, polyfluorotetramethylgermanes,bis(trifluoromethyl)mercury and tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)germanium". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 145: 167. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)91121-5.
- ^ Schnepf, Andreas (2008). "Metalloid Cluster Compounds of Germanium: Synthesis – Properties – Subsequent Reactions". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2008: 1007. doi:10.1002/ejic.200700969.
- ^ a b c Casiot, C (2002). "Optimization of the hyphenation between capillary zone electrophoresis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the measurement of As-, Sb-, Se- and Te-species, applicable to soil extracts". Spectrochimica Acta Part B Atomic Spectroscopy. 57: 173. doi:10.1016/S0584-8547(01)00365-2.
- ^ Chasteen, Thomas G.; Bentley, R (2003). "Biomethylation of Selenium and Tellurium: Microorganisms and Plants". Chemical Reviews. 103 (1): 1. doi:10.1021/cr010210. PMID 12517179.
- ^ Polonium-210 Information Sheet
- ^ Rubin, K (1997). "Degassing of metals and metalloids from erupting seamount and mid-ocean ridge volcanoes: Observations and predictions". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 61: 3525. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00179-8.