List of chordophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number: Difference between revisions
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====Bar or stick zithers (311)==== |
====Bar or stick zithers (311)==== |
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The string bearer is bar shaped. |
The string bearer is bar shaped. |
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* 311.1 Musical bows - The string bearer is flexible (and curved). |
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311.1 Musical bows - The string bearer is flexible (and curved). |
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311.11 Idiochord musical bows - The string is cut from the bark of the cane, remaining attached at each end. |
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*** 311.111 Mono-idiochord musical bows - Containing one string only |
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311.111 Mono-idiochord musical bows - Containing one string only |
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311.112 Poly-idiochord musical bows or harp-bows - Containing several strings that pass over some type of bridge. |
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** 311.12 Heterochord musical bows - The string is of separate material from the bearer. |
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311.12 Heterochord musical bows - The string is of separate material from the bearer. |
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**** 311.121.1 Without resonator. |
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311.121 Mono-heterochord musical bows - The bow has one heterochord string only. |
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***** 311.121.11 Without tuning noose. |
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***** 311.121.12 With tuning noose. |
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311.121.1 Without resonator. |
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***** 311.121.21 With independent resonator. |
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311.121.11 Without tuning noose. |
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****** 311.121.221 Without tuning noose. |
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311.121.12 With tuning noose. |
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*** 311.122 Poly-heterochord musical bows - The bow has several heterochord strings. |
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311.121.2 With resonator. |
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**** 311.122.1 Without tuning noose. |
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**** 311.122.2 With tuning noose. |
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311.121.21 With independent resonator. |
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* 311.2 Stick zithers - With rigid string carrier |
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** 311.21 Musical bow/stick - The string carrier has one rigid and one flexible end. |
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311.121.22 With resonator attached. |
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** 311.22 True stick zithers - NB Round sticks which happen to be hollow by chance do not belong on this account to the tube zithers, but are round-bar zithers; however, instruments in which a tubular cavity is employed as a true resonator, like the modern Mexican harpa, are tube zithers. |
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*** 311.221 With one resonator gourd. |
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311.121.221 Without tuning noose. |
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*** 311.222 With several resonator gourds. |
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311.121.222 With tuning noose. |
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311.122 Poly-heterochord musical bows - The bow has several heterochord strings. |
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311.122.1 Without tuning noose. |
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311.122.2 With tuning noose. |
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311.2 Stick zithers - With rigid string carrier |
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311.21 Musical bow/stick - The string carrier has one rigid and one flexible end. |
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311.22 True stick zithers - NB Round sticks which happen to be hollow by chance do not belong on this account to the tube zithers, but are round-bar zithers; however, instruments in which a tubular cavity is employed as a true resonator, like the modern Mexican harpa, are tube zithers. |
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311.221 With one resonator gourd. |
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311.222 With several resonator gourds. |
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====Tube zithers (312)==== |
====Tube zithers (312)==== |
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The string bearer is a vaulted surface. |
The string bearer is a vaulted surface. |
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* 312.1 Whole tube zithers - The string carrier is a complete tube |
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312.1 Whole tube zithers - The string carrier is a complete tube |
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** 312.12 Heterochord tube zithers. |
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312.11 Idiochord tube zithers. |
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*** 312.122 With extra resonator. |
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312.12 Heterochord tube zithers. |
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* 312.2 Half-tube zithers - The strings are stretched along the convex surface of a gutter. |
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** 312.21 Idiochord half-tube zithers. |
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312.121 Without extra resonator. |
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** 312.22 Heterochord half-tube zithers. |
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312.122 With extra resonator. |
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312.2 Half-tube zithers - The strings are stretched along the convex surface of a gutter. |
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312.21 Idiochord half-tube zithers. |
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312.22 Heterochord half-tube zithers. |
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====Raft zithers (313)==== |
====Raft zithers (313)==== |
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The string bearer is composed of canes tied together in the manner of a raft |
The string bearer is composed of canes tied together in the manner of a raft |
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* 313.1 Idiochord raft zithers. |
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313.1 Idiochord raft zithers. |
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313.2 Heterochord raft zithers. |
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====Board zithers (314)==== |
====Board zithers (314)==== |
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The string bearer is a board |
The string bearer is a board |
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* 314.1 True board zithers. |
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314.1 True board zithers. |
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** 314.12 With resonator. |
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314.11 Without resonator. |
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*** 314.122 With resonator box - the [[piano]] is part of this subdivision. |
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314.12 With resonator. |
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** 314.21 Ground zithers. |
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314.121 With resonator bowl. |
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314.122 With resonator box - the [[piano]] is part of this subdivision. |
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314.2 Board zither variations. |
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314.21 Ground zithers. |
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314.22 Harp zithers. |
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====Trough zithers (315)==== |
====Trough zithers (315)==== |
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The strings are stretched across the mouth of a trough |
The strings are stretched across the mouth of a trough |
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* 315.1 Without resonator. |
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315.1 Without resonator. |
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315.2 With resonator. |
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====Frame zithers (316)==== |
====Frame zithers (316)==== |
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The strings are stretched across an open frame |
The strings are stretched across an open frame |
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* 316.1 Without resonator. |
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316.1 Without resonator. |
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316.2 With resonator. |
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===Composite chordophones (32)=== |
===Composite chordophones (32)=== |
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====Lutes (321)==== |
====Lutes (321)==== |
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The plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator's surface. |
The plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator's surface. |
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* 321.1 Bow lutes - Each string has its own flexible carrier. |
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321.1 Bow lutes - Each string has its own flexible carrier. |
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321.2 Yoke lutes or lyres - The strings are attached to a yoke which lies in the same plane as the sound-table and consists of two arms and a cross-bar. |
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** 321.21 Bowl lyres. |
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321.21 Bowl lyres. |
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* 321.3 Handle lutes - The string bearer is a plain handle. |
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321.22 Box lyres. |
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*** 321.311 Spike bow lutes. |
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321.3 Handle lutes - The string bearer is a plain handle. |
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*** 321.312 Spike box lutes. |
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*** 321.313 Spike tube lutes. |
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321.31 Spike lutes. |
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*** 321.321 Necked bowl lutes |
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321.311 Spike bow lutes. |
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****[[Angélique (instrument)]] |
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****[[Archlute]] |
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321.312 Spike box lutes. |
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****[[Balalaika]] |
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****[[Barbat (lute)]] |
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321.313 Spike tube lutes. |
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****[[Bağlama]] |
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****[[Biwa]] |
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321.32 Necked lutes |
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****[[Bouzouki]] |
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****[[Charango]] |
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321.321 Necked bowl lutes |
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****[[Chitarra Italiana]] |
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*[[Angélique (instrument)]] |
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****[[Daguangxian]] |
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*[[Archlute]] |
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*[[Balalaika]] |
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*[[Barbat (lute)]] |
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*[[Bağlama]] |
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*[[Biwa]] |
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*[[Bouzouki]] |
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*[[Charango]] |
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*[[Chitarra Italiana]] |
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****[[Liuqin]] |
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*[[Daguangxian]] |
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*[[Đàn tỳ bà]] |
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*[[Dombra]] |
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*[[Domra]] |
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*[[Dutar]] |
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*[[Electric pipa]] |
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*[[Erhu]] |
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*[[Irish bouzouki]] |
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*[[Liuqin]] |
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*[[Lute]] |
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****[[Rubab (instrument)|Rubab]] |
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*[[Mandocello]] |
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*[[Mandola]] |
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*[[Mandolin]] |
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*[[Mandolute]] |
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*[[Oud]] |
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*[[Pandura]] |
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*[[Pipa]] |
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*[[Qanbus]] |
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*[[Rubab (instrument)|Rubab]] |
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****[[Tiorbino]] |
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*[[Setar]] |
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*[[Sitar]] |
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*[[Surbahar]] |
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*[[Tambura]] |
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*[[Tanbur]] |
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*** 321.322 Necked box lutes - |
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*[[Tanbur (Turkish)]] |
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*[[Tembûr]] |
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*[[Theorbo]] |
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*[[Tiorbino]] |
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*[[Tiqin]] |
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*[[Topshur]] |
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*[[Veena]] |
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*[[Zhonghu]] |
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321.322 Necked box lutes - |
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*[[Banjo]] |
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*[[Guitar]] |
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**[[Acoustic guitar]] |
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***[[Acoustic bass guitar]] |
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***[[Baroque guitar]] |
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***[[Classical guitar]] |
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****[[Extended-range classical guitar]] |
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****[[Tenor guitar]] |
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***[[Flamenco guitar]] |
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***[[Guitarrón mexicano]] |
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***[[Harp guitar]] |
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***[[Steel-string acoustic guitar]] |
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****[[Archtop guitar]] |
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****[[Guitar battente]] |
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****[[Resonator guitar]] |
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*****[[Cümbüş]] |
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*****[[Dobro]] |
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****[[Ten-string guitar]] |
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****[[Twelve-string guitar]] |
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*****[[Bajo sexto]] |
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*****[[Portuguese guitar]] |
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***[[Russian guitar]] |
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**[[Electric guitar]] |
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***Chambered |
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***[[Eight-string guitar]] |
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***[[Electric-acoustic guitar]] |
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***[[Semi-acoustic guitar]] |
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***Solid body |
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***String-through body |
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**[[Ukulele]] |
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*[[Violin family]] |
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**[[Double Bass]] |
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**[[Cello]] |
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**[[Octobass]] |
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**[[Viola]] |
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**[[Violin]] |
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====Harps (322)==== |
====Harps (322)==== |
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The plane of the strings lies perpendicular to the resonator's surface. |
The plane of the strings lies perpendicular to the resonator's surface. |
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* 322.1 Open harps - The harp has no pillar. |
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322.1 Open harps - The harp has no pillar. |
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** 322.12 Angular harps. |
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322.11 Arched harps. |
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** 322.21 Without tuning mechanism. |
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322.12 Angular harps. |
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*** 322.212 Chromatic frame harps. |
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322.2 Frame harps - The harp has a pillar |
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**** 322.212.1 With all strings in one plane. |
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**** 322.212.2 With strings in two planes crossing each other. |
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322.21 Without tuning mechanism. |
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*** 322.221 With manual tuning action. |
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322.211 Diatonic frame harps. |
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322.212 Chromatic frame harps. |
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322.212.1 With all strings in one plane. |
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322.212.2 With strings in two planes crossing each other. |
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322.22 With tuning action. |
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322.221 With manual tuning action. |
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322.222 With pedal action. |
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====Harp lutes (323)==== |
====Harp lutes (323)==== |
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The plane of the strings lies at right angles to the sound-table; a line joining the lower ends of the strings would be perpendicular to the neck. Notched bridge |
The plane of the strings lies at right angles to the sound-table; a line joining the lower ends of the strings would be perpendicular to the neck. Notched bridge |
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* [[African Harp guitar]] |
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===Unclassified chordophones (33)=== |
===Unclassified chordophones (33)=== |
Revision as of 19:48, 17 December 2010
The Hornbostel-Sachs system of musical instrument classification defines chordophones as all instruments in which sound is primarily produced by the vibration of a string or strings that are stretched between fixed points. This group includes all instruments generally called string instruments in the west, as well as many (but not all) keyboard instruments, such as pianos and harpsichords.
Chordophones (3)
Simple chordophones or zithers (31)
Instruments which are in essence simply a string or strings and a string bearer. These instruments may have a resonator box, but removing it should not render the instrument unplayable (although it may result in quite a different sound being produced). They include the piano therefore, as well as other kinds of zithers such as the koto, and musical bows.
Bar or stick zithers (311)
The string bearer is bar shaped.
311.1 Musical bows - The string bearer is flexible (and curved).
311.11 Idiochord musical bows - The string is cut from the bark of the cane, remaining attached at each end.
311.111 Mono-idiochord musical bows - Containing one string only
311.112 Poly-idiochord musical bows or harp-bows - Containing several strings that pass over some type of bridge.
311.12 Heterochord musical bows - The string is of separate material from the bearer.
311.121 Mono-heterochord musical bows - The bow has one heterochord string only.
311.121.1 Without resonator.
311.121.11 Without tuning noose.
311.121.12 With tuning noose.
311.121.2 With resonator.
311.121.21 With independent resonator.
311.121.22 With resonator attached.
311.121.221 Without tuning noose.
311.121.222 With tuning noose.
311.122 Poly-heterochord musical bows - The bow has several heterochord strings.
311.122.1 Without tuning noose.
311.122.2 With tuning noose.
311.2 Stick zithers - With rigid string carrier
311.21 Musical bow/stick - The string carrier has one rigid and one flexible end.
311.22 True stick zithers - NB Round sticks which happen to be hollow by chance do not belong on this account to the tube zithers, but are round-bar zithers; however, instruments in which a tubular cavity is employed as a true resonator, like the modern Mexican harpa, are tube zithers.
311.221 With one resonator gourd.
311.222 With several resonator gourds.
Tube zithers (312)
The string bearer is a vaulted surface.
312.1 Whole tube zithers - The string carrier is a complete tube
312.11 Idiochord tube zithers.
312.12 Heterochord tube zithers.
312.121 Without extra resonator.
312.122 With extra resonator.
312.2 Half-tube zithers - The strings are stretched along the convex surface of a gutter.
312.21 Idiochord half-tube zithers.
312.22 Heterochord half-tube zithers.
Raft zithers (313)
The string bearer is composed of canes tied together in the manner of a raft
313.1 Idiochord raft zithers.
313.2 Heterochord raft zithers.
Board zithers (314)
The string bearer is a board
314.1 True board zithers.
314.11 Without resonator.
314.12 With resonator.
314.121 With resonator bowl.
314.122 With resonator box - the piano is part of this subdivision.
314.2 Board zither variations.
314.21 Ground zithers.
314.22 Harp zithers.
Trough zithers (315)
The strings are stretched across the mouth of a trough
315.1 Without resonator.
315.2 With resonator.
Frame zithers (316)
The strings are stretched across an open frame
316.1 Without resonator.
316.2 With resonator.
Composite chordophones (32)
Acoustic and electro-acoustic instruments which have a resonator as an integral part of the instrument, and solid-body electric chordophones. This includes most western string instruments, including lutes such as violins and guitars, and harps.
Lutes (321)
The plane of the strings runs parallel with the resonator's surface.
321.1 Bow lutes - Each string has its own flexible carrier.
321.2 Yoke lutes or lyres - The strings are attached to a yoke which lies in the same plane as the sound-table and consists of two arms and a cross-bar.
321.21 Bowl lyres.
321.22 Box lyres.
321.3 Handle lutes - The string bearer is a plain handle.
321.31 Spike lutes.
321.311 Spike bow lutes.
321.312 Spike box lutes.
321.313 Spike tube lutes.
321.32 Necked lutes
321.321 Necked bowl lutes
- Angélique (instrument)
- Archlute
- Balalaika
- Barbat (lute)
- Bağlama
- Biwa
- Bouzouki
- Charango
- Chitarra Italiana
- Daguangxian
- Đàn tỳ bà
- Dombra
- Domra
- Dutar
- Electric pipa
- Erhu
- Irish bouzouki
- Liuqin
- Lute
- Mandocello
- Mandola
- Mandolin
- Mandolute
- Oud
- Pandura
- Pipa
- Qanbus
- Rubab
- Setar
- Sitar
- Surbahar
- Tambura
- Tanbur
- Tanbur (Turkish)
- Tembûr
- Theorbo
- Tiorbino
- Tiqin
- Topshur
- Veena
- Zhonghu
321.322 Necked box lutes -
- Banjo
- Guitar
- Violin family
Harps (322)
The plane of the strings lies perpendicular to the resonator's surface.
322.1 Open harps - The harp has no pillar.
322.11 Arched harps.
322.12 Angular harps.
322.2 Frame harps - The harp has a pillar
322.21 Without tuning mechanism.
322.211 Diatonic frame harps.
322.212 Chromatic frame harps.
322.212.1 With all strings in one plane.
322.212.2 With strings in two planes crossing each other.
322.22 With tuning action.
322.221 With manual tuning action.
322.222 With pedal action.
Harp lutes (323)
The plane of the strings lies at right angles to the sound-table; a line joining the lower ends of the strings would be perpendicular to the neck. Notched bridge
Unclassified chordophones (33)
These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.
- 4: Hammers or beaters
- 5: Bare hands and fingers
- 6: Plectrum
- 7: Bowing
- 71: Using a bow
- 72: Using a wheel
- 73: Using a ribbon
- 8: Keyboard
- 9: Using a mechanical drive
References
- Von Hornbostel, Erich M. (1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann". The Galpin Society Journal. 14. Galpin Society: 3–29. doi:10.2307/842168.
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