Enigma (German band)

Enigma

Enigma is an electronic musical project founded in Germany by Michael Cretu, David Fairstein and Frank Peterson in 1990. The Romanian-born Cretu conceived the Enigma project while working in Germany, but has based his recording studio A.R.T. Studios in Ibiza, Spain, since the early 1990s until May 2009, where he has recorded all of Enigma's studio releases to date. Cretu is both the composer and the producer of the project. His former wife Sandra often provided vocals on Enigma tracks. Jens Gad co-arranged and played guitar on three of the Enigma albums. Peter Cornelius also contributed to Enigma during the 1990s.

Seven studio albums have been produced under the name of the project.

History

From the late 1970s onward, Michael Cretu already had his own music career on his hands and apart from some collaboration efforts with several other musicians, he also produced his wife's albums. Before Enigma, he released a number of albums under his own name, but none of them sold particularly well. Cretu revealed in an interview that he believed that his ideas were running out at that point.

In December 1990, after eight months of preparation, Cretu released Enigma's debut album, MCMXC a.D., which received over 60 platinum-level sales awards worldwide, and topped the charts in 41 countries, directly becoming the most successful Virgin records act of those times. The album was Cretu's first commercial success through the single "Sadeness (Part I)," which juxtaposed Gregorian chants and sexual overtones over a dance beat that was highly peculiar to the ears of the public at that time. Cretu explained that the album was about unsolved crimes and philosophical themes such as life after death, hence the name Enigma. He had previously used a Gregorian-type chant on the opening seconds of Sandra's 1987 single "Everlasting Love", without integrating them into other parts of the song. "Sadeness" quickly rose to the top of the charts in Germany and France; it went on to become an almost-worldwide hit. Later Cretu would claim that the now signature Enigma sound was inspired after falling asleep on the London Underground.

Before the album was released, Cretu was cautious of the response towards the upcoming album, decided to forgo mentioning his and most of the personnel's real name and credited himself as Curly M.C., while the album sleeve contained little information about the background of the project, furthering the mystery about the creators of the album and leading to speculation whether Enigma was a band, a person or a group.

In 1993, Cretu was given an offer by producers to compose the full soundtrack of the motion picture Sliver, but he was unable to accept the offer. Instead, he came up with "Carly's Song" ("Age of Loneliness" in the album and video releases) and "Carly's Loneliness," which were used in the movie and credited in the motion picture soundtrack as well.

In the same year, The Cross of Changes was released and it received about the same response from the public (it sold 6 million copies in a year). However, both of the albums also hitched up lawsuits over the issue of sampling from other music sources.

In 1996, Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi! (French for "The King is dead. Long live the King!") was released. Cretu's idea was that this third album was the child of the previous two albums, and therefore included familiar elements of Gregorian chants and Sanskrit/ Vedic chants in it. Though the album was as meticulously crafted by Cretu as the earlier two albums, it failed to achieve the same level of success that they enjoyed. As a result only two of the three singles originally slated were released, with the third one ("The Roundabout") being silently cancelled in 1998.

The 2000 release of The Screen Behind the Mirror included samples from Carl Orff's Carmina Burana on four tracks on the album. This time the Gregorian chants were toned down a lot, but still Shakuhachi flutes and other traditional Enigma signatures remain. Only "Gravity of Love" and "Push the Limits" were released as singles from the album. Ruth-Ann Boyle from the band Olive and also Andru Donalds mark their first appearance on the Enigma project.

In 2001, Cretu released a new single called "Turn Around" together with Love Sensuality Devotion: The Greatest Hits and Love Sensuality Devotion: The Remix Collection to end what he considers to be the first chapter of Enigma. A light show was held at the Munich Planetarium in conjunction of the release of the compilation albums.

2003's Voyageur was considered by many to be a total makeover of the project. Practically all of the prominent Enigma signature elements (the ethnic and Gregorian chants, the famous Shakuhachi flutes) were no longer in use for this album. As a result many fans did not appreciate this new direction and sales were affected. From a statistical point of view, every Enigma studio album to date has sold roughly half of what the previous release did.

To commemorate the fifteen years of Enigma, a very special limited-edition album called Fifteen Years was launched, which was the size of an old LP vinyl disk, with Leonardo Davinci's art in the cover, a big booklet with extra art, and featured eight compact discs; all the previous albums, the DVD Remember the Future; and a special and exclusive bonus CD that was called The Dusted Variations, which included the project's greatest hits remade by another project. All of the songs were very different from the originals, and it sounded very dreamy and had almost no percussion. This disc also contained the single version of "Hello and Welcome", which was later released as a single.

On 28 August 2005, Enigma's management (Crocodile-Music.de) announced the release of the project's latest single, "Hello and Welcome", originally slated to be released in October; the release date was, however, then moved to 25 November 2005. The single finally released in Germany on 10 March 2006. The song was also the walk-in music of the German boxer Felix Sturm and, much like Voyageur, shows little similarity to earlier Enigma works.

On 26 September 2006, Enigma's sixth album A posteriori was released worldwide, containing a new version of "Hello and Welcome" and the new song "Goodbye, Milky Way", which, despite earlier announcements, was not released as a single. The album is more techno- and pop-oriented electronic music than any previous one. The concept is based on such sciences as astronomy, physics, history, and sociology.

A DVD version of A posteriori was released on 16 December 2006, which featured kaleidoscope images in synchronization with the multi-channel remastered music.

In late March 2007, a special private lounge remix album version of A posteriori was released on the iTunes Music Store. This compilation includes 12 new remixed tracks from the album by artists such as Boca Junior, Tocadisco, and more. Some of these tracks were available previously on the original A Posteriori iTunes version of the album and on the previously mentioned DVD release.

On 19 September 2008, Enigma's seventh album Seven Lives Many Faces was released worldwide. The lead single, "Seven Lives", is a fusion of modern and classical elements.

The Platinum Collection - a 3 CD compilation was released on 27 November 2009, in Germany, and on 9 February 2010 worldwide. First CD contains Enigma hits, second - remixes, and the third one is a collection of "Lost Track" - Michael Cretu musical experiments, which never were finalized and released before.

On 5 October 2010, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the first album MCMXC a.D., The Enigma Social Song project began. Enigma fans were asked to submit vocals for a new Enigma song. The public were then asked to vote, with the winning submission "Fei mea" being provided by Latvian singer Fox Lima. The top 3 runners up Mark Joshua from Brazil, J. Spring fom Spain and Rasa Serra from Lithuania will provide supporting vocals. Fans will get to influence further stages of the song's creation by voting on elements such as instruments and mood. The final mix is due for download on 14 December 2010.

Influence

Enigma's first two studio albums also led to the creation and popularity of bands and musical groups that follow similar styles, often called "Enigmatic Music". The first album was named as one of the most important and influential album of mainstream New Age music. The album not only popularized the "Enigmatic" music style but also introduced some technical changes in music production. With MCMXC a.D., Michael Cretu developed the technical features and intentions of sampling. Though samples were in use long before (introduced by such musicians as Jean-Michel Jarre, Klaus Schulze and others), Cretu built his own music around whole sequences of previously recorded parts. His method was not remixing and remodelling, but rather recontextualisation – by changing a piece of music’s natural environment. A new method of composing and album creating process, which was mainly adopted by Hip-Hop artists as well as electronic music producers. It was one of the first albums to be recorded directly to hard drive. “MCMXC a.D.” was one of the first steps in a series of developments which would eradicate the division between mainstream and underground culture.

Era and Gregorian (led by former Enigma member Frank Peterson) are among some notable groups which capitalised songs which heavily incorporate Gregorian chants in their works. Enigma and Deep Forest are also to be considered by many to have brought the tribal chant genre to the ears of the public. Achillea, a musical project by arranger and guitarist on several Enigma albums, Jens Gad, features music with similar atmospherics, while featuring female vocals in different languages, with different singers from different parts of the world. Enigma also influenced Christopher von Deylen's musical project Schiller. The influence can be heard in any album by the band. Cretu's musical project is also included into the list of influences of Schiller.

Critics and fans have noted down the probable influences if not similarities of Enigma and the works of other notable musicians. Some examples include PR MRS Delerium's Semantic Spaces album, Mike Oldfield's albums, The Songs of Distant Earth and Tubular Bells III, all B-Tribe's albums as well as other Claus Zundel projects and Sarah Brightman's cover of Hooverphonic's song, "Eden".

Several prominent songs from the project have appeared on notable TV shows and movies:

Song	Type of Work	Name	Comments
"Beyond the Invisible"	TV series	La Femme Nikita
"Carly's Song"	Movie	Sliver
"Carly's Loneliness"	Movie	Sliver
"Gravity of Love"	Movie	The Scorpion King	In the preview trailer
"I Love You ... I'll Kill You"	Movie	Money Train
		Eraser	In the preview trailer
"Modern Crusaders"	TV series	La Femme Nikita
"Principles of Lust"	Movie	Single White Female
		Sliver
"Return to Innocence"	Movie	Man of the House	In end credits
		Exit to Eden
	TV series	The Outer Limits	In episode The Conversion
		My So-Called Life
		Cold Case	In episode Sanctuary.
		The L Word
		American Idol	Used in an audition.
"Sadeness (Part I)"	Movie	Boxing Helena
		Charlie's Angels
		Single White Female
		Exit to Eden
		The 13th Warrior	In trailer
		1492: Conquest of Paradise	In teaser trailer
		Tropic Thunder	In a faux trailer for Kirk Lazarus' upcoming film
		Gomorra
	TV series	Cold Case
		Chappelle's Show
		It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia	In episode "The Gang Gets a New Member"
		The Brothers Grunt
"Smell of Desire"	Movie	Bounce	In the preview trailer
	TV Series	Temptation Island
"The Eyes of Truth"	Movie	The Matrix	In the preview trailer
		The Long Kiss Goodnight

"Return to Innocence" also appeared in numerous TV commercials around the world, including one for Virgin Atlantic.

Awards

• World Music Award - 2002 as most popular German solo artist.
• ECHO (music award) - 1997 for Beyond the Invisible
• ECHO (music award) - 1992 for best marketing
• ECHO (music award) - 1992 as best national artist
• over 100 Platinum awards worldwide
• 7 RIAA Platinum awards
• 2 RIAA Gold awards
• 5 BPI Platinum awards
• 2 BPI Gold awards

Recording Technologies

Michael Cretu recorded the first 5 albums in his private A.R.T. Studios located on the Ibiza island, Spain. From 1988 till 2001 the studio was located in his home in Santa Eulària des Riu, and from 2001 till 2008 on the hills near Sant Antoni. This studio was designed and built by Gunter Wagner and Bernd Steber (Sydney/Australia). The equipment in the studio regularly changed. The sixth and seventh albums were recorded using a mobile computerized system "Alchemist", in 2010 a new system "Merlin" was ready to use and the first music recorded on it was the MMX The Social Song

Sampling and lawsuits

In 1994, Cretu was sued by Munich-based choir Capella Antiqua and its record label, Polydor Germany for infringing its "right of personality" through distortion in the samples used in "Sadeness (Part I)" and "Mea Culpa". The samples were taken from Capella Antiqua's 1976 LP Paschale Mysterium, and while the musical compositions were in public domain, Capella Antiqua's recording of them was copyrighted. European law also recognizes moral rights (droit moral) in works that American copyright does not.

Cretu was not spared over the issue of sampling when in 1998, Difang and Igay Duana from Taiwan's Ami tribe filed a suit over uncredited vocals in "Return to Innocence".

Both of the lawsuits have since been settled, with the source of each sample being granted compensation and credit for the sampled performance; however, the anonymity that Cretu intended to keep after the release of the first album was shattered due to the first lawsuit.

Discography

Main article: Enigma discography

• MCMXC a.D. (1990)
• The Cross of Changes (1993)
• Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi! (1996)
• The Screen Behind the Mirror (2000)
• Voyageur (2003)
• A posteriori (2006)
• Seven Lives Many Faces (2008)

See also

• List of number-one dance hits (United States)
• List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart
• Achillea
• Deep Forest
• Jean Michel Jarre
• Sacred Spirit
• Vangelis
• Tangerine Dream

Sources

• Allmusic biography and discography
• Billboard.com, biography, discography and US chart history
• Rolling Stone biography and discography
• rateyourmusic.com, biography and discography
• Discogs.com Biography and discography
• Chartstats.com, UK chart history
• Chartssurfer.de, German chart history

External links

German

• Official website
• Crocodile-Music.de (Official Enigma management website)
• EMI Virgin Record Company (Official Enigma Record Company)

English

• Official website
• EnigmaMusic (Official international fansite)
• Enigma Planet (Official Enigma MySpace Page)
• Last.Fm Profile (Music scrobbler)
• Enigma Music TV (Official Enigma YouTube Channel)