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A pulse (Latin "puls",^[1] from Greek "πόλτος" - poltos, "porridge"^[2]) is an annual leguminous crop yielding from one to twelve seeds of variable size, shape, and color within a pod. Pulses are used for food and animal feed. The term "pulse", as used by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), is reserved for crops harvested solely for the dry seed. This excludes green beans and green peas, which are considered vegetable crops. Also excluded are crops that are mainly grown for oil extraction (oilseeds like soybeans and peanuts), and crops which are used exclusively for sowing (clovers, alfalfa). However, in common use these distinctions are not clearly made, and many of the varieties so classified and given below are also used as vegetables, with their beans in pods while young cooked in whole cuisines and sold for the purpose; for example black eyed beans, lima beans and Toor or pigeon peas are thus eaten as fresh green beans cooked as part of a meal. Pulses are important food crops due to their high protein and essential amino acid content. Like many leguminous crops, pulses play a key role in crop rotation due to their ability to fix nitrogen.

Just like words such as "bean" and "lentil", the word "pulse" may also refer to just the seed, rather than the entire plant.

World economy

India is the world's largest producer and the largest consumer of pulses. Pakistan, Canada, Myanmar, Australia and the United States, in that order, are significant exporters and are India's most significant suppliers.

Classification

FAO recognizes 11 primary pulses.

Dry beans (Phaseolus spp. including several species now in Vigna)
- Kidney bean, haricot bean, pinto bean, navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
- Lima bean, butter bean (Phaseolus lunatus)
- Azuki bean, adzuki bean (Vigna angularis)
- Mung bean, golden gram, green gram (Vigna radiata)
- Black gram, urad (Vigna mungo)
- Scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)
- Ricebean (Vigna umbellata)
- Moth bean (Vigna acontifolia)
- Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius)
Dry broad beans (Vicia faba)
- Horse bean (Vicia faba equina)
- Broad bean (Vicia faba)
- Field bean (Vicia faba)
Dry peas (Pisum spp.)
- Garden pea (Pisum sativum var. sativum)
- Protein pea (Pisum sativum var. arvense)
Chickpea, garbanzo, Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum)
Dry cowpea, black-eyed pea, blackeye bean (Vigna unguiculata )
Pigeon pea, Arhar /Toor, cajan pea, Congo bean (Cajanus cajan)
Lentil (Lens culinaris)
Bambara groundnut, earth pea (Vigna subterranea)
Vetch, common vetch (Vicia sativa)
Lupins (Lupinus spp.)
Minor pulses include:
- Lablab, hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus)
- Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), sword bean (Canavalia gladiata)
- Winged bean (Psophocarpus teragonolobus)
- Velvet bean, cowitch (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis)
- Yam bean (Pachyrrizus erosus)

Protein content

Pulses are 20 to 25% protein by weight, which is double the protein content of wheat and three times that of rice. While pulses are generally high in protein, and the digestibility of that protein is also high, they often are relatively poor in the essential amino acid methionine, although Indian cuisine includes sesame seeds, which contain high levels of methionine. Grains (which are themselves deficient in lysine) are commonly consumed along with pulses to form a complete protein of diet.

Health

Pulses have significant nutritional and health advantages for consumers.^[3] They are the most important dietary predictor of survival in older people of different ethnicities,^[4] and in the Seven Countries Study, legume consumption was highly correlated with a reduced mortality from coronary heart disease.^[5] Furthermore, pulses are especially high in amylose starch making them a good source of prebiotic resistant starch.^[6]

References

^ puls, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus Digital Library
^ poltos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
^ Schneider AV (2002 Dec). "Overview of the market and consumption of pulses in Europe". Br J Nutr. 88 (3): S243–50. doi:10.1079/BJN2002713. PMID 12498623. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
^ Darmadi-Blackberry I, Wahlqvist ML, Kouris-Blazos A, Steen B, Lukito W, Horie Y, Horie K. (2004). "Legumes: the most important dietary predictor of survival in older people of different ethnicities" (PDF). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 13 (2): 217–20. PMID 15228991.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Menotti A, Kromhout D, Blackburn H, Fidanza F, Buzina R, Nissinen A (1999 Jul). "Food intake patterns and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: cross-cultural correlations in the Seven Countries Study. The Seven Countries Study Research Group". Eur J Epidemiol. 15 (6): 507–15. doi:10.1023/A:1007529206050. PMID 10485342. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ http://www.healthyeatingclub.org/info/articles/nutrients/resisstarch.htm

Food and Agriculture Organization. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF COMMODITIES, 4. PULSES AND DERIVED PRODUCTS, 1994

External links

Grain legumes portal / AEP - European-based network of scientists and end-users concerned with grain legumes.
Pulse Canada - Industry association that represents growers, processors and traders of pulse crops in Canada.
Canadian Special Crops Association - National trade association that represents companies involved in the merchandising of Canadian pulse and special crops.

[1] uls, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, on Perseus Digital Library

[2] tos, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library

[pmid12498623-3] Schneider AV (2002 Dec). "Overview of the market and consumption of pulses in Europe". Br J Nutr. 88 (3): S243–50. doi:10.1079/BJN2002713. PMID 12498623. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)

[pmid15228991-4] Darmadi-Blackberry I, Wahlqvist ML, Kouris-Blazos A, Steen B, Lukito W, Horie Y, Horie K. (2004). "Legumes: the most important dietary predictor of survival in older people of different ethnicities" (PDF). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 13 (2): 217–20. PMID 15228991.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[pmid10485342-5] Menotti A, Kromhout D, Blackburn H, Fidanza F, Buzina R, Nissinen A (1999 Jul). "Food intake patterns and 25-year mortality from coronary heart disease: cross-cultural correlations in the Seven Countries Study. The Seven Countries Study Research Group". Eur J Epidemiol. 15 (6): 507–15. doi:10.1023/A:1007529206050. PMID 10485342. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[6] ttp://www.healthyeatingclub.org/info/articles/nutrients/resisstarch.htm

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 ==Protein content==
-Pulses are 20 to 25% protein by weight, which is double the protein content of [[wheat]] and three times that of [[rice]]. For this reason, pulses are called "vegetarian's meat". While pulses are generally high in protein, and the digestibility of that protein is also high, they often are relatively poor in the [[essential amino acid]] [[methionine]], although Indian cuisine includes sesame seeds, which contain high levels of methionine. [[Cereal|Grains]] (which are themselves deficient in [[lysine]]) are commonly consumed along with pulses to form a complete protein of diet.
+Pulses are 20 to 25% protein by weight, which is double the protein content of [[wheat]] and three times that of [[rice]]. While pulses are generally high in protein, and the digestibility of that protein is also high, they often are relatively poor in the [[essential amino acid]] [[methionine]], although Indian cuisine includes sesame seeds, which contain high levels of methionine. [[Cereal|Grains]] (which are themselves deficient in [[lysine]]) are commonly consumed along with pulses to form a complete protein of diet.
 ==Health==