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{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat4|name=[[Hurricane Katia (2011)|Katia]]|dates=August 29 – September 10 |max-winds=135 (215)|min-press=946|areas=Leeward Islands, Bahamas, [[United States East Coast]], Bermuda, [[Atlantic Canada]]|damage=None|deaths=1 (1)}}
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=cat4|name=[[Hurricane Katia (2011)|Katia]]|dates=August 29 – September 10 |max-winds=135 (215)|min-press=946|areas=Leeward Islands, Bahamas, [[United States East Coast]], Bermuda, [[Atlantic Canada]]|damage=None|deaths=1 (1)}}
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=[[Tropical Storm Lee (2011)|Lee]]|dates=September 1 – September 5 |max-winds=60 (95)|min-press=986|areas=[[Southern United States]] ('''[[Louisiana]]'''), [[Northeastern United States]]|damage=N/A|deaths=17}}
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=[[Tropical Storm Lee (2011)|Lee]]|dates=September 1 – September 5 |max-winds=60 (95)|min-press=986|areas=[[Southern United States]] ('''[[Louisiana]]'''), [[Northeastern United States]]|damage=N/A|deaths=17}}
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=[[Tropical Storm Maria (2011)|Maria]]|dates=September 6 – Still active |max-winds=60 (95)|min-press=1002|areas=[[Lesser Antilles]]|damage=N/A|deaths=0}}
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=[[Tropical Storm Maria (2011)|Maria]]|dates=September 6 – Still active |max-winds=60 (95)|min-press=1002|areas=Lesser Antilles|damage=N/A|deaths=0}}
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=[[Tropical Storm Nate (2011)|Nate]]|dates=September 7 – Still active |max-winds=70 (105)|min-press=994|areas=[[Mexico]] ('''Veracruz''')|damage=N/A|deaths=0}}
{{TC stats cyclone3|cat=storm|name=[[Tropical Storm Nate (2011)|Nate]]|dates=September 7 – Still active |max-winds=70 (105)|min-press=994|areas=Mexico ('''Veracruz''')|damage=N/A|deaths=0}}
{{TC stats table end3|num-cyclones=15|dates=June&nbsp;29&nbsp;– Season still active|max-winds=135 (215)|min-press=942|tot-areas=|tot-damage=>10,326.2|tot-deaths=99 (8)}}</center>
{{TC stats table end3|num-cyclones=15|dates=June&nbsp;29&nbsp;– Season still active|max-winds=135 (215)|min-press=942|tot-areas=|tot-damage=>10,326.2|tot-deaths=99 (8)}}</center>


Revision as of 12:29, 11 September 2011

2011 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJune 29, 2011
Last system dissipatedSeason still active
Strongest storm
NameIrene
 • Maximum winds120 mph (195 km/h)
 • Lowest pressure942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions15
Total storms14
Hurricanes2
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		2
Total fatalities99 direct, 8 indirect
Total damage> $10.3262 billion (2011 USD)
Related article
Atlantic hurricane seasons
2009, 2010, 2011, Post-2011

The 2011 Atlantic hurricane season officially started on June 1, 2011, and will end on November 30, 2011. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin.[1] The first storm, Arlene, developed on June 29 in the Gulf of Mexico and struck Veracruz, killing 25 people. For the first time since reliable records began in 1851, none of the first eight named storms of the season attained hurricane strength.[2] The streak ended when Hurricane Irene, the first major hurricane of the season, formed in late August; then about 2 weeks later, Hurricane Katia became the second major hurricane of the season. In addition, there were three storms active, Hurricane Katia, Tropical Storm Maria and Tropical Storm Nate, from September 7-9. It was acknowledged in early September that La Niña had re-emerged, prompting a La Niña Advisory from the Climate Prediction Center.[3]

Seasonal forecasts

Predictions of tropical activity in the 2011 season
Source Date Named
storms 		Hurricanes Major
hurricanes
Average (1950–2000)[4] 9.6 5.9 2.3
Record high activity 28 15 8
Record low activity 4 2 0†
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
TSR December 6, 2010[5] 11–20 5–11 2–6
CSU December 8, 2010[4] 17 9 5
TSR April 4, 2011[6] 10–18 5–10 2–5
CSU April 6, 2011[7] 16 9 5
NOAA May 19, 2011[8] 12–18 6–10 3–6
TSR May 24, 2011 [9] 10–18 5–10 2–5
UKMO May 26, 2011[10] 13 N/A N/A
CSU June 1, 2011[11] 16 9 5
FSU COAPS June 1, 2011[12] 17 9 N/A
WSI July 26, 2011[13] 15 8 4
CSU August 3, 2011 16 9 5
NOAA[14] August 4, 2011 14–19 7–10 3–5
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Current activity
(As of September 14) 		14 2 2
*† Most recent of several such occurrences. (See all)

Noted hurricane experts Philip J. Klotzbach, William M. Gray, and their associates at Colorado State University issue forecasts of hurricane activity each year, separately from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Klotzbach's team, formerly led by Gray, determined the average number of storms per season between 1950 and 2000 to be 9.6 tropical storms, 5.9 hurricanes, and 2.3 major hurricanes (storms of at least Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale). A normal season, as defined by NOAA, has 9 to 12 named storms,[nb 1] of which 5 to 7 reach hurricane strength and 1 to 3 become major hurricanes.[17]

Pre-season forecasts

On December 8, 2010, Klotzbach's CSU team issued its first extended-range forecast for the 2011 season, predicting well above-average activity with 17 named storms, nine hurricanes, and five major hurricanes. In addition, the team expected an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) value of approximately 165, citing that El Niño conditions were unlikely to develop by the start of the season. Lastly, the team noted a higher chance for storms to make landfall in the United States than in 2010.[4] In addition, Tropical Storm Risk (TSR), a public consortium that comprises experts on insurance, risk management and seasonal climate forecasting at University College London, issued an extended-range forecast a few days prior to that of CSU, with similar estimates for the year. In its report, TSR noted that tropical cyclone activity could be about 40% above the 1950–2010 average, with 15.6 (±4.3) tropical storms, 8.4 (±3.0) hurricanes, and 4.0 (±1.7) major hurricanes anticipated, and a cumulative ACE index of 141 (±58).[5] On April 6, 2011, the CSU team slightly revised their December forecast, predicting 16 named storms, nine hurricanes, and five major hurricanes.[7]

On May 19, 2011, the Climate Prediction Center issued NOAA's outlook for the Atlantic hurricane season. The CPC expected that 12–18 named storms, 6–10 hurricanes, and 3–6 major hurricanes would form in the Atlantic during 2011. The center cited above-normal sea surface temperatures, a weakening La Niña, and the effect of the warm regime of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation as the basis behind their forecast, adding that seasonal climate models hint that "activity comparable to some of the active seasons since 1995" could occur.[8] On May 26, the UK Met Office (UKMO) issued a forecast of a slightly above-average season. They predicted 13 tropical storms with a 70% chance that the number would be between 10 and 17. However, they do not issue forecasts on the number of hurricanes and major hurricanes. They also predicted an ACE Index of 151 with a 70% chance that the index would be in the range 89 to 212.[10]

Mid-season forecasts

On June 1, CSU issued its start-of-season forecast, with numbers unchanged from those published in April.[11] On June 1, the Florida State University Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (FSU COAPS) issued its third annual Atlantic hurricane season forecast. The FSU COAPS forecast predicts 17 named storms, including 9 hurricanes, and an ACE Index of 163.[12]

Season summary

The first storm, Tropical Storm Arlene, developed on June 29, 29 days after the start of the season. It formed north-east of Honduras and struck Veracruz killing 25. Tropical Storm Bret formed more than half a month after Arlene by the Bahamas, then Cindy formed in the Atlantic three days later. On July 30, Tropical Storm Don brought light rainfall to Texas before dissipating, not bringing the expected and much-needed heavy rainfall that would have helped their drought. Tropical Storm Emily killed five people after passing through Haiti and the Bahamas before the storms of Franklin and Gert sat in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean for a few days in mid-August, posing no threat to land. Tropical Storm Harvey killed three people in Belize and Veracruz and never made hurricane strength, breaking the record for the most non-hurricane named storms at the start of the season (since reliable records began).[2] Harvey dissipated as Tropical Depression Nine formed. It organized and moved into the Caribbean and became Tropical Storm Irene. It strengthened into the first hurricane of the season after it hit Puerto Rico. Just before reaching the Bahamas, Irene strengthened into a Category 3 major hurricane. Meanwhile in the open Atlantic, Tropical Depression Ten formed on August 25 after a tropical wave moved off Western Africa. Irene weakened on August 27 into a minor Category 1 hurricane after having a partial eyewall replacement cycle, and made landfall in Cape Lookout, North Carolina, marking Irene the first hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Hurricane Ike in 2008; that same day Ten dissipated. On August 28, Irene made its second and third landfalls on the U.S., and Tropical Storm Jose formed near Bermuda. The next day, Irene and Jose dissipated, and Tropical Depression Twelve formed well southwest of the Cape Verde islands. It became Tropical Storm Katia on August 30, and intensified into a hurricane on September 1. Tropical Depression Thirteen developed into Tropical Storm Lee in the central Gulf of Mexico on September 2, making landfall in Louisiana on September 4 and bringing heavy rains to the Gulf and East coasts of the United States; Lee was the first tropical cyclone to make landfall in Louisiana since Hurricane Gustav in 2008. During the evening of September 6, Tropical Depression Fourteen formed in the eastern tropical Atlantic and strengthened into Tropical Storm Maria by the late morning of September 7; that same day, Tropical Storm Nate formed in the Bay of Campeche.

Storms

Tropical Storm Arlene

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 29 – July 1
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
993 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Arlene (2011)

The origins of Tropical Storm Arlene trace back to a tropical wave that tracked westward across the Caribbean Sea in late June.[18] It proceeded toward the west-northwest along Central America,[19] bringing heavy rainfall to the area that caused flooding and killed three people.[20][21] By June 27, the disturbance had crossed the Yucatán Peninsula and emerged into the Bay of Campeche.[22][23] Despite moderate wind shear, it organized over warm waters and was designated as Tropical Storm Arlene at midnight June 29 about 280 mi (450 km) south-southeast of Tampico, Tamaulipas.[24]

As it continued to strengthen, Arlene began to move to the west along a ridge to its north and northwest.[25] Although forecast models supported intensification to hurricane status,[26] the storm attained a peak intensity of only 65 mph (100 km/h). Arlene moved ashore near Cabo Rojo as a strong tropical storm around 0900 UTC June 30.[27] Turning west-southwestward, the storm began to weaken as it decreased in organization.[28] On July 1, Arlene was downgraded to a tropical depression just before dissipating over the Sierra Madre Mountains;[29] however, rainfall and gusty winds continued to affect portions of Mexico.[30] Arlene's impact resulted in damaging floods and mudslides throughout the country, as well as a total of 22 confirmed deaths.[31] Across the state of Hidalgo, damage from the storm reached 2.6 billion pesos ($207.4 million).[32]

Tropical Storm Bret

Main article: Tropical Storm Bret (2011)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 17 – July 22
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
996 mbar (hPa)

In mid July, a cold front extended westward over the North Atlantic,[33] as its westernmost component remained stationary near Florida.[34] On July 16, a low-pressure area developed to the north of the Bahamas along the weakening boundary;[35] it became better organized under abating shear conditions.[36] A closed circulation center formed, and the next day at 2100 UTC, the NHC issued the formation of Tropical Depression Two about 100 mi (160 km) northwest of Great Abaco Island.[37] It strengthened into Tropical Storm Bret just three hours after formation.[38] Moving little, Bret continued to strengthen as thunderstorms intensified around the center.[39] The storm developed an eye-like feature on July 18, indicating peak surface winds of around 65 mph (100 km/h) before it began to accelerate northeastward.[40] Although strong wind shear and dry inhibited further development,[41] Bret maintained a well-defined circulation for the next couple of days, with patches of persistent thunderstorms.[42] However, its center remained exposed, causing it weaken to a tropical depression early on July 22.[43] Despite very hostile wind shear conditions, Bret retained tropical cyclone status for several hours[44] prior to dissipating about 375 mi (605 km) north of Bermuda.[45]

Tropical Storm Cindy

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 20 – July 23
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
1000 mbar (hPa)

On July 19, the cold front that was associated with the genesis of Tropical Storm Bret, spawned a broad low-pressure system over the North Atlantic.[46] Racing eastward, the low supported minimal convection around its circulation,[47] though the NHC noted the potential for tropical or subtropical development. The low deepened and became better defined,[48] and by 2100 UTC July 20 it was designated as Tropical Storm Cindy 665 mi (1065 km) east-northeast of Bermuda after convection ignited closer to the warm center. At the time of formation, the cyclone was entrenched in strong southwesterly flow along the subtropical ridge; therefore, a fast, generally northeastward motion was expected for most its existence.[49] Moving on a quick northeastwards track as forecast, Cindy gradually strengthened to attain a peak strength of 60 mph (95 km/h) winds and 1000 millibars (29.53 inHg) of central pressure. While quickly accelerating to the northeast due to fast southerly flow, Cindy began to weaken due to wind shear generated by a large front to the northwest. Early on July 23, the last advisory was issued on Cindy as the system was devoid of strong convection.

Tropical Storm Don

Main article: Tropical Storm Don (2011)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 27 – July 30
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
998 mbar (hPa)

Toward the end of July, a persistent westward moving tropical wave showed signs of organization in the Yucatan Channel. A Hurricane Hunters flight observed gale force winds and a broad circulation, which prompted the National Hurricane Center to initiate advisories on Tropical Storm Don on July 27.[50] After the storm was named, officials in Texas began making preparations for Don. The University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston issued a level one alert for Don, and city officials began preparing for a possible evacuation.[51] The NHC later downgraded Don into a tropical depression then a remnant low after it quickly disintegrated upon making landfall and hitting the dry air over Texas as a result of the state's extreme drought, dropping much less than the forecasted rainfall at no more than 2/3 of an inch along the coast.[52]

Tropical Storm Emily

Main article: Tropical Storm Emily (2011)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 1 – August 7
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1003 mbar (hPa)

A strong tropical wave tracked the open Atlantic for several days in late July. The wave remained fairly disorganized, lacking a defined circulation. By July 31, it approached the Lesser Antilles and became better defined, producing inclement weather over much of the area. Late on August 1, it finally developed a closed circulation center, prompting the National Hurricane Center to declare the formation of Tropical Storm Emily just after it had crossed the islands. On August 2, Emily continued to show signs of strengthening, even though most of the convection was off to the south and west of the circulation center. On August 4, Emily weakened into a remnant low but was expected to regenerate at least into a tropical depression. Over the next 2 days, Emily moved over the Bahamas, and up to Florida's southeastern coast, as it slowly strengthened. Later, on August 6, Emily regenerated into a weak depression, dissipating again the next day. The remnants of Emily tracked east-northeastward toward Bermuda. Soon afterwards, Emily's remnants took a eastward turn, and moved towards the open Atlantic. On August 10, convection significantly re-developed in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, and the National Hurricane Center assessed the system as having a 10% chance of regeneration into a tropical cyclone.[53]

Tropical Storm Franklin

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 12 – August 14
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1004 mbar (hPa)

During the early afternoon of August 10, a disorganized area of showers and thunderstorms developed off the east coast of Florida, in association with an elongated area of low pressure.[54] Tracking northeastward in response to deep southeasterly flow,[55] the disturbance slowly organized; however, by the morning of August 12, the chances of the system developing into a tropical cyclone remained low.[56] Over the following several hours, marked organization of thunderstorm activity took place around a well-defined low pressure area.[57] Subsequently, the system was classified as Tropical Depression Six that day roughly 260 mi (420 km) north of Bermuda.[58] Although well to the north of Bermuda, the system brought unsettled weather to the archipelago, with rainfall reaching 0.07 in (1.8 mm) at L.F. Wade International Airport.[59]

Maintaining a northeasterly track, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Franklin early on August 13 following a large burst of convection over its center.[60] Later that morning, Franklin attained its peak winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) before encountering increasing wind shear and decreasing sea surface temperatures.[61] Rapid deterioration of the storm's structure took place as environmental conditions became increasingly hostile for tropical cyclones. Convection was sheared more than 100 mi (155 km) from the center of circulation and Franklin began acquiring characteristics of an extratropical cyclone.[62] Early on August 14, Franklin quickly completed its transition into an extratropical system, prompting the final advisory from the NHC.[63]

Tropical Storm Gert

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 14 – August 16
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
1000 mbar (hPa)

During the second week of August, a weak low-pressure area, located east of Bermuda, became associated with a synoptic-scale trough.[64] Dropping west-southwestward, it interacted with an upper low to produce an area of disorganized convection, and by then the NHC began to monitor the system.[65][66] By August 14, the small low had become very well-defined, with a tight wind circulation center and deep convection; it was designated as a tropical depression at 0300 UTC that day, about 360 mi (580 km) south-southeast of Bermuda.[67] As the depression re-curved west-northwestward along the weakening subtropical ridge, it intensified into Tropical Storm Gert, due to light wind shear and moist air, about 15 hours after its formation.[68] As Gert neared Bermuda, a small 7 to 9 mi (11 to 14 km) eye-like feature became apparent on radar imagery. Coinciding with this, Gert reached its peak intensity with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).[69] Passing roughly 90 mi (150 km) east of Bermuda, Gert brought light rain and winds up to 25 mph (40 km/h) to the islands.[59] By August 16, convection associated with Gert had mostly dissipated and whether or not the system retained a closed surface low was ambiguous. As a result, Gert degenerated into a post-tropical cyclone over the open Atlantic.[70]

Tropical Storm Harvey

Main article: Tropical Storm Harvey (2011)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 18 – August 22
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
994 mbar (hPa)

In mid-August, a westward moving tropical wave entered the Caribbean Sea. It eventually gained enough organization to be classified as Tropical Depression Eight on August 18. It was upgraded to Tropical Storm Harvey on August 19th. By late August 19 the storm was intensifying rapidly and it was announced that it could become a hurricane just before landfall. However, by Saturday afternoon, August 20, Harvey made landfall, never having reached hurricane strength, resetting the Atlantic record as the first eight named storms of the season did not reach hurricane strength. Harvey was then downgraded into a depression and it dissipated on August 22.[71]

Hurricane Irene

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 20 – August 29
Peak intensity120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min);
942 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Irene (2011)

In the evening of August 20, a large low pressure area became organized enough to be classified as Tropical Storm Irene. It passed over the Leeward Islands early on August 21. Early on August 22, Irene strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane, with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h) and a central pressure of 987 mbar, becoming the first hurricane of the season. This broke a streak of eight consecutive tropical cyclones to start the 2011 season, all of which did not strengthen beyond tropical storm force. Early on August 24, Irene became a Category 3 major hurricane, with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). Irene went through a partial eyewall replacement cycle which weakened it slightly, but caused its wind field to greatly expand. On August 26, New York mayor Michael Bloomberg told coastal residents to 'get moving, now.'[72] The next day, Irene made landfall on Cape Lookout, North Carolina as a category 1 hurricane with 85 mph winds and unusually low pressure for a category 1 hurricane. Hurricane Irene made a second U.S. landfall at Little Egg Inlet in New Jersey at 5:35 a.m making it the first landfalling hurricane in 108 years for New Jersey. On August 28, Irene was downgraded to a tropical storm as it made its third U.S. landfall in the Coney Island area of Brooklyn, New York, at approximately 9:00 a.m on August 28. Irene became a post-tropical storm over Quebec and Atlantic Canada on August 29.[73]

Forming on August 20 gave Irene the title as the second earliest 9th Atlantic storm, along with an unnamed tropical storm from the 1936 season. At least 55 people were confirmed dead across 10 U.S. states in the aftermath[74] and damage from Hurricane Irene may reach USD$10 billion.[75]

Tropical Depression Ten

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 25 – August 27
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1007 mbar (hPa)

On August 21, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa. During the next 4 days, the tropical wave moved out into the Atlantic, as it slowly strengthened. Tropical Depression Ten formed in the eastern Atlantic on August 25, when the same tropical wave, which was now associated with an area of low pressure, west of the Cape Verde Islands, became more organized. However, the depression remained poorly organized, and the last advisory was issued late on August 26, as the system dissipated to a remnant low.

Tropical Storm Jose

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 28 – August 29
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1007 mbar (hPa)

On August 17, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa. [76] During the first few days, the tropical wave produced convection, as it slowly moved westward, and became associated with an area of low pressure. But by the next week, the wave dissipated to a weak area of low pressure – due to high wind shear – as it began to move northwestward, while fluctuating slightly in intensity. In the next few days, the tropical wave approached Bermuda; while remaining disorganized, and weakening even further. Yet very early on August 28 and during the next few hours, the tropical wave partially strengthened as conditions for development slightly improved. However, early on August 28 – during the morning hours – the tropical wave nearly dissipated due to the high wind shear once again, this time generated by Hurricane Irene, after the tropical wave passed east to the south of Bermuda. [77] But soon afterwards on August 28, the tropical wave managed to develop into Tropical Storm Jose, just to the west of Bermuda; Jose then began to move north-northeast, slowly. It lasted only 27 hours, as it dissipated on August 29.

Hurricane Katia

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 29 – September 10
Peak intensity135 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);
946 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Hurricane Katia (2011)

The eleventh named storm of the season formed south of the Cape Verde Islands on August 29. The system became a tropical storm on August 30, at which time it was named Katia. It became the season's second hurricane early on September 1; however, its strength fluctuated until September 4 when it reached category 2 hurricane strength. On September 5 the system reached Category 3 (major hurricane status). Katia further strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane on September 5. It was downgraded to a category 1 storm by the end of the following day, and remained at that strength even as it became extra-tropical. The storm was of potential concern and was being monitored closely as it may have indirectly impacted the east coast of the United States and Canada. Warnings of severe weather have been made for Northern Ireland and Scotland for the remnants of Katia. [78]

Tropical Storm Lee

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 1 – September 5
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
986 mbar (hPa)
Main article: Tropical Storm Lee (2011)

In late August, a tropical wave producing scattered showers and thunderstorms entered the Western Caribbean.[79] Moving generally west-northwestward, the wave began to organize in the southeastern portion of the Gulf of Mexico. During the afternoon hours of September 1, the hurricane hunters went out to investigate the well-defined wave, and found a closed low-level circulation. Thus, advisories were initiated on Tropical Depression Thirteen.[80] Moving northwest, the tropical depression was upgraded to a tropical storm, given the name "Lee" on September 2.[81] Continuing to organize, Lee reached a peak intensity of 60 mph early on September 3, while located just south of Louisiana. At 4 a.m. CDT September 4, Lee made landfall roughly 50 miles to the southwest of Lafayette, Louisiana with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph.[82] Further weakening occurred as Lee moved across Louisiana, and the last NHC advisory on Lee was issued early on September 5, while its remnants proceeded to wreak havoc (mainly flooding) over the following 2 to 3 days northward into Pennsylvania, New York State and Canada (Quebec and Ontario.)[83]

Tropical Storm Maria

Main article: Tropical Storm Maria (2011)
Tropical Storm Maria
Current storm status
Tropical storm (1-min mean)
Satellite image
Forecast map
As of:5 a.m. AST (0900 UTC) September 11
Location:19.0°N 63.7°W ± 30 nm
About 95 mi (150 km) ENE of St. Thomas
About 160 mi (260 km) ENE of San Juan, Puerto Rico
Sustained winds:50 knots (60 mph; 95 km/h) (1-min mean)
gusting to 60 knots (70 mph; 110 km/h)
Pressure:1004 mbar (hPa; 29.65 inHg)
Movement:NW at 11 kt (13 mph; 20 km/h)
See more detailed information.

On September 5, a low pressure area associated with a tropical wave to the west of Africa quickly organized.[84] It was designated Tropical Depression Fourteen on the evening of September 6.[85] On the morning of September 7, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Maria.[86]

Template:HurricaneWarningsTable

For latest official information see:

Tropical Storm Nate

Tropical Storm Nate
Current storm status
Tropical storm (1-min mean)
Satellite image
Forecast map
As of:4 a.m. CDT (0900 UTC) September 11
Location:19.9°N 95.7°W ± 20 nm
About 60 mi (95 km) NE of Veracruz
About 135 mi (215 km) SE of Tuxpan
Sustained winds:50 knots (60 mph; 95 km/h) (1-min mean)
gusting to 60 knots (70 mph; 110 km/h)
Pressure:1003 mbar (hPa; 29.62 inHg)
Movement:W at 6 kt (7 mph; 11 km/h)
See more detailed information.
Main article: Tropical Storm Nate (2011)

On the morning of September 6, rain showers associated with a stationary low pressure system began to increase in intensity in the southern Gulf of Mexico.[87] By the afternoon of September 7, the system had intensified and became Tropical Storm Nate.[88] Template:HurricaneWarningsTable

For latest official information see:

Timeline of recent events

See also: Timeline of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season
Tropical Storm Nate (2011)Tropical Storm Maria (2011)Tropical Storm Lee (2011)Hurricane Katia (2011)Hurricane Irene (2011)Tropical Storm Harvey (2011)Tropical Storm Emily (2011)Tropical Storm Don (2011)Tropical Storm Bret (2011)Tropical Storm Arlene (2011)Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale

September

September 1
  • 0300 UTC (11:00 p.m. EDT August 31): Tropical Storm Katia strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane.
  • 2100 UTC (5:00 p.m. EDT): Hurricane Katia weakens to a tropical storm.
September 2
  • 0000 UTC (7:00 p.m. CDT September 1): Tropical Depression Thirteen forms about 225 miles southwest of the Mouth of the Mississippi River.
  • 1500 UTC (11:00 a.m. EDT) : Tropical Storm Katia re-strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane.
  • 1800 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT) : Tropical Depression Thirteen strengthens into Tropical Storm Lee.
September 3
  • 2100 UTC (5:00 p.m. EDT): Hurricane Katia weakens to a tropical storm.
September 4
  • 0900 UTC (4:00 a.m. CDT): Tropical Storm Lee makes landfall southwest of Intracoastal City, Louisiana with 45 mph (75 km/h) winds.
  • 1100 UTC (7:00 a.m. AST) : Tropical Storm Katia re-strengthens into a Category 1 hurricane.
  • 1500 UTC (11:00 a.m. EDT): Hurricane Katia strengthens into a Category 2 hurricane.
  • 0300 UTC (10:00 p.m. CDT): Tropical Storm Lee weakens into a tropical depression.
September 5
  • 2100 UTC (5:00 p.m. AST) : Hurricane Katia strengthens into a Category 3 hurricane.
September 6
  • 0300 UTC (11:00 p.m. AST September 5) : Hurricane Katia strengthens into a Category 4 hurricane.
  • 0900 UTC (5:00 a.m. AST) : Hurricane Katia weakens to a Category 3 hurricane.
  • 2100 UTC (5:00 p.m. AST) : Tropical Depression Fourteen forms about 920 miles west southwest of the Cape Verde Islands.
  • 2100 UTC (5:00 p.m. AST) : Hurricane Katia weakens to a Category 2 hurricane.
September 7
  • 0900 UTC (5:00 a.m. AST) : Hurricane Katia weakens to a Category 1 hurricane.
  • 1500 UTC (11:00 a.m. AST) : Tropical Depression Fourteen strengthens to Tropical Storm Maria.
  • 2100 UTC (4:00 p.m. CDT) : Tropical Storm Nate forms about 125 miles (200 km) west of Campeche, Mexico.
September 10
  • 1500 UTC (11:00 a.m. AST) : Hurricane Katia becomes post-tropical.

Storm names

The following names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2011. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the World Meteorological Organization in the spring of 2012. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2017 season. This is the same list used in the 2005 season with the exception of Don, Katia, Rina, Sean, and Whitney, which replaced Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, and Wilma, respectively. Storms have been named Don and Katia for the first time this year.[89]

  • Ophelia (unused)
  • Philippe (unused)
  • Rina (unused)
  • Sean (unused)
  • Tammy (unused)
  • Vince (unused)
  • Whitney (unused)

Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that formed in the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season to date. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s) – denoted by bold location names – damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low, and all of the damage figures are in 2011 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
2011 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics
Storm
name 		Dates active Storm category
at peak intensity 		Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h) 		Min.
press.
(mbar) 		Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Ref(s)
Arlene June 29 – July 1 Tropical storm 65 (100) 993 Central America, Yucatan Peninsula, Florida, Mexico (Veracruz), Texas 213.2 19 (6)
Bret July 17 – July 22 Tropical storm 65 (100) 996 Florida, The Bahamas, Bermuda None 0
Cindy July 20 – July 23 Tropical storm 60 (95) 1000 None None 0
Don July 27 – July 30 Tropical storm 50 (85) 998 Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Yucatan Peninsula, South Texas, Northeastern Mexico None 0
Emily August 1 – August 7 Tropical storm 50 (85) 1003 Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Hispanola, Turks and Caicos Islands, Eastern Cuba, The Bahamas, South Florida >5 4 (1)
Franklin August 12 – August 14 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1004 Bermuda None 0
Gert August 14 – August 16 Tropical storm 60 (95) 1000 Bermuda None 0
Harvey August 18 – August 22 Tropical storm 60 (95) 994 Lesser Antilles, Honduras, Belize, Guatemala, Mexico (Veracruz) N/A 3
Irene August 20 – August 29 Category 3 hurricane 120 (195) 942 Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, Eastern Cuba, Southeastern United States (Outer Banks), Mid-Atlantic states (New Jersey, New York), New England, Eastern Canada >10,100 55
Ten August 25 – August 27 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1007 None None 0
Jose August 28 – August 29 Tropical storm 45 (75) 1007 Bermuda None 0
Katia August 29 – September 10  Category 4 hurricane 135 (215) 946 Leeward Islands, Bahamas, United States East Coast, Bermuda, Atlantic Canada None 1 (1)
Lee September 1 – September 5  Tropical storm 60 (95) 986 Southern United States (Louisiana), Northeastern United States N/A 17
Maria September 6 – Still active  Tropical storm 60 (95) 1002 Lesser Antilles N/A 0
Nate September 7 – Still active  Tropical storm 70 (105) 994 Mexico (Veracruz) N/A 0
Season aggregates
15 systems June 29 – Season still active   135 (215) 942 >10,326.2 99 (8)  

Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE)

ACE (104kt²) ([[{{{ref}}}|Source]]) — Storm:
1 24.8 Katia 8 1.71 Lee
2 20.3 Irene 9 1.63 Arlene
3 3.67 Nate 10 1.60 Gert
4 2.95 Bret 11 1.50 Don
5 2.71 Maria 12 1.24 Harvey
6 1.99 Emily 13 0.528 Jose
7 1.84 Cindy 14 0.405 Franklin
Total: 66.9

The table on the right shows the ACE for each storm in the season. Broadly speaking, the ACE is a measure of the power of a hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed, so storms that last a long time, as well as particularly strong hurricanes, have high ACEs. ACE is calculated for only full advisories on specifically tropical systems reaching or exceeding wind speeds of 34 knots (39 mph, 63 km/h), or tropical storm strength. Accordingly, tropical depressions are not included here. The ACE also does not include subtropical storms. Later the NHC reexamines the data, and produces a final report on each storm, which can lead to the ACE for a storm being revised either upward or downward. Until the final reports are issued, ACEs are, therefore, provisional.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ A named storm is a tropical cyclone or subtropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of at least 34 knots (39 mph; 63 km/h).[15][16]

References

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