World War I casualties

British and German wounded, Bernafay Wood, 19 July 1916. Photo by Ernest Brooks

Douaumont French military cemetery seen from Douaumont ossuary, which contains remains of French and German soldiers who died during the Battle of Verdun in 1916

The total number of military and civilian casualties in European War I was over 35 million. There were over 15 million deaths and 20 million wounded ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history.

The total number of deaths includes about 10 million military personnel and about 7 million civilians. The Entente Powers (also known as the Allies) lost about 6.0 million soldiers while the Central Powers lost about 4.0 million.

About two-thirds of military deaths in European War I were in battle, unlike the conflicts that took place in the 19th century when the majority of deaths were due to disease. Improvements in medicine as well as the increased lethality of military weaponry were both factors in this development. Nevertheless disease, including the Spanish flu, still caused about one third of total military deaths for all belligerents.

Classification of casualty statistics

Estimates of casualty numbers for European War I vary to a great extent; estimates of total deaths range from 9 million to over 15 million The figures listed here are from official secondary sources, whenever available. These sources are cited below. Military casualty statistics listed here include 6.8 million combat related deaths as well as 3 million military deaths caused by accidents, disease and deaths while prisoners of war. First European War civilian deaths are 'hazardous to estimate" according to Michael Clodfelter who maintains that “The generally accepted figure of noncombatant deaths is 6.5 million” The figures listed below include about 6 million excess civilian deaths due to war related malnutrition and disease that are often omitted from other compilations of European War I casualties. The war brought about malnutrition and disease caused by a disruption of trade resulting in shortages of food; the mobilization for the war took away millions of men from the agricultural labor force cutting food production. The civilian deaths listed below also include the Armenian Genocide. Civilian deaths due to the Spanish flu have been excluded from these figures, whenever possible. Furthermore, the figures do not include deaths during the Turkish War of Independence and the Russian Civil War

Casualties by 1914 borders

Deaths by alliance and military/civilian. Most of the civilian deaths were due to war-related famine.

Deaths of the Allied powers

Deaths of the Central powers

Allies of World War I	Population (millions)	Military deaths	Direct Civilian deaths(Due to military action)	Excess Civilian deaths(Due to famine & Disease)	Total deaths	Deaths as % of population	Military wounded
Australia b	4.5	61,966			61,966	1.38%	152,171
Canada d	7.2	64,976	2,000		66,976	0.92%	149,732
Indian Empire g	315.1	74,187			74,187	0.02%	69,214
New Zealand l	1.1	18,052			18,052	1.64%	41,317
Newfoundland m	0.2	1,570			1,570	0.65%	2,314
United Kingdom s	45.4	886,939	2,000	107,000	995,939	2.19%	1,663,435
Sub-total for British Empire	-	1,115,597	4,000	107,000	1,226,597	-	2,090,212
East Africaa				See footnote
Belgium c	7.4	58,637	7,000	55,000	120,637	1.63%	44,686
France e	39.6	1,397,800	40,000	260,000	1,697,800	4.29%	4,266,000
Greece f	4.8	26,000		150,000	176,000	3.67%	21,000
Italy h	35.6	651,000	4,000	585,000	1,240,000	3.48%	953,886
Empire of Japan i	53.6	415			415	0%	907
Luxembourg j	0.3				See footnote
Montenegro k	0.5	3,000			3,000	0.6%	10,000
Portugal n	6.0	7,222		82,000	89,222	1.49%	13,751
Romania o	7.5	250,000	120,000	330,000	680,000	9.07%	120,000
Russian Empire p	175.1	1,811,000	500,000	1,000,000	3,311,000	1.89%	4,950,000
Serbia q	4.5	275,000	150,000	300,000	725,000	16.11%	133,148
United States t	92.0	116,708	757		117,465	0.13%	205,690
Total (Entente Powers)	806.0	5,712,379	821,757	2,853,000	9,387,136	1.19%	12,809,280
Central Powers	Population (millions)	Military deaths	Direct Civilian deaths(Due to military action)	Excess Civilian deaths(Due to famine & Disease)	Total deaths	Deaths as % of population	Military wounded
Austria-Hungary u	51.4	1,100,000	120,000	347,000	1,567,000	3.05%	3,620,000
Bulgaria v	5.5	87,500		100,000	187,500	3.41%	152,390
German Empire w	64.9	2,050,897	1,000	425,000	2,476,897	3.82%	4,247,143
Ottoman Empire x	21.3	771,844		2,150,000	2,921,844	13.72%	400,000
Total (Central Powers)	143.1	4,010,241	121,000	3,022,000	7,153,241	5%	8,419,533
Neutral nations
Denmark y	2.7		722		722	0.03%	_
Norway z	2.4		1,892		1,892	0.08%	_
Sweden z	5.6		877		877	0.02%	_
Grand total	960.0	9,722,620	946,248	5,875,000	16,543,868	1.75%	21,228,813

Casualties by modern borders

Map of Territorial Changes in Europe after World War I

The war involved multi-ethnic empires such as Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Austro-Hungary and Turkey. The diverse ethnic groups in these multi-ethnic empires were conscripted for military service. The casualties listed by modern borders are also included in the above table of figures for the countries that existed in 1914.

Austria

The following estimates of Austrian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 175,000: including military losses 120,000 with the Austo-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 30,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 25,000

Belgian Congo

The Belgian Congo was part of the Kingdom of Belgium during the war. Following estimates of casualties were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century.

Democratic Republic of the Congo (1914 known as the Belgian Congo): 5,000 in military and 150,000 civilians.

Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia was part of Austro-Hungary during the war. The estimates of Czechoslovak deaths within 1991 borders were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 185,000: including military losses 110,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 45,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 30,000. The Czechoslovak Legions fought with the armies of the Allies during the war.

Estonia

Estonia was part of Russian Empire during the war and about 100,000 Estonians served in the Russian Army. Of them about 10,000 were killed.

French colonies

The following estimates of French colonial military deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total military dead in French Army 81,000.

Algeria (1914 known as French Algeria): 26,000

Vietnam (1914 known as French Indochina): 12,000

Mali (1914 part of French West Africa): 10,000

Morocco (1914 known as the French protectorate of Morocco): 8,000

Senegal (1914 part of French West Africa): 6,000

Guinea (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,500

Madagascar: 2,500

Benin (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,000

Burkina Faso (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,000

Republic of the Congo (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa):2,000

Ivory Coast (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,000

Tunisia (1914 known as French Tunisia): 2,000

Chad (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 1,500

Central African Republic (1914 known as French Ubangi-Shari): 1,000

Niger (1914 part of French West Africa): 1,000

Gabon (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 500

German colonies

The following estimates of German Colonial military deaths, within contemporary borders, during

British and German wounded, Bernafay Wood, 19 July 1916. Photo by Ernest Brooks

Douaumont French military cemetery seen from Douaumont ossuary, which contains remains of French and German soldiers who died during the Battle of Verdun in 1916

The total number of military and civilian casualties in European War I was over 35 million. There were over 15 million deaths and 20 million wounded ranking it among the deadliest conflicts in human history.

The total number of deaths includes about 10 million military personnel and about 7 million civilians. The Entente Powers (also known as the Allies) lost about 6.0 million soldiers while the Central Powers lost about 4.0 million.

About two-thirds of military deaths in European War I were in battle, unlike the conflicts that took place in the 19th century when the majority of deaths were due to disease. Improvements in medicine as well as the increased lethality of military weaponry were both factors in this development. Nevertheless disease, including the Spanish flu, still caused about one third of total military deaths for all belligerents.

Classification of casualty statistics

Estimates of casualty numbers for European War I vary to a great extent; estimates of total deaths range from 9 million to over 15 million The figures listed here are from official secondary sources, whenever available. These sources are cited below. Military casualty statistics listed here include 6.8 million combat related deaths as well as 3 million military deaths caused by accidents, disease and deaths while prisoners of war. First European War civilian deaths are 'hazardous to estimate" according to Michael Clodfelter who maintains that “The generally accepted figure of noncombatant deaths is 6.5 million” The figures listed below include about 6 million excess civilian deaths due to war related malnutrition and disease that are often omitted from other compilations of European War I casualties. The war brought about malnutrition and disease caused by a disruption of trade resulting in shortages of food; the mobilization for the war took away millions of men from the agricultural labor force cutting food production. The civilian deaths listed below also include the Armenian Genocide. Civilian deaths due to the Spanish flu have been excluded from these figures, whenever possible. Furthermore, the figures do not include deaths during the Turkish War of Independence and the Russian Civil War

Casualties by 1914 borders

Deaths by alliance and military/civilian. Most of the civilian deaths were due to war-related famine.

Deaths of the Allied powers

Deaths of the Central powers

Allies of World War I	Population (millions)	Military deaths	Direct Civilian deaths(Due to military action)	Excess Civilian deaths(Due to famine & Disease)	Total deaths	Deaths as % of population	Military wounded
Australia b	4.5	61,966			61,966	1.38%	152,171
Canada d	7.2	64,976	2,000		66,976	0.92%	149,732
Indian Empire g	315.1	74,187			74,187	0.02%	69,214
New Zealand l	1.1	18,052			18,052	1.64%	41,317
Newfoundland m	0.2	1,570			1,570	0.65%	2,314
United Kingdom s	45.4	886,939	2,000	107,000	995,939	2.19%	1,663,435
Sub-total for British Empire	-	1,115,597	4,000	107,000	1,226,597	-	2,090,212
East Africaa				See footnote
Belgium c	7.4	58,637	7,000	55,000	120,637	1.63%	44,686
France e	39.6	1,397,800	40,000	260,000	1,697,800	4.29%	4,266,000
Greece f	4.8	26,000		150,000	176,000	3.67%	21,000
Italy h	35.6	651,000	4,000	585,000	1,240,000	3.48%	953,886
Empire of Japan i	53.6	415			415	0%	907
Luxembourg j	0.3				See footnote
Montenegro k	0.5	3,000			3,000	0.6%	10,000
Portugal n	6.0	7,222		82,000	89,222	1.49%	13,751
Romania o	7.5	250,000	120,000	330,000	680,000	9.07%	120,000
Russian Empire p	175.1	1,811,000	500,000	1,000,000	3,311,000	1.89%	4,950,000
Serbia q	4.5	275,000	150,000	300,000	725,000	16.11%	133,148
United States t	92.0	116,708	757		117,465	0.13%	205,690
Total (Entente Powers)	806.0	5,712,379	821,757	2,853,000	9,387,136	1.19%	12,809,280
Central Powers	Population (millions)	Military deaths	Direct Civilian deaths(Due to military action)	Excess Civilian deaths(Due to famine & Disease)	Total deaths	Deaths as % of population	Military wounded
Austria-Hungary u	51.4	1,100,000	120,000	347,000	1,567,000	3.05%	3,620,000
Bulgaria v	5.5	87,500		100,000	187,500	3.41%	152,390
German Empire w	64.9	2,050,897	1,000	425,000	2,476,897	3.82%	4,247,143
Ottoman Empire x	21.3	771,844		2,150,000	2,921,844	13.72%	400,000
Total (Central Powers)	143.1	4,010,241	121,000	3,022,000	7,153,241	5%	8,419,533
Neutral nations
Denmark y	2.7		722		722	0.03%	_
Norway z	2.4		1,892		1,892	0.08%	_
Sweden z	5.6		877		877	0.02%	_
Grand total	960.0	9,722,620	946,248	5,875,000	16,543,868	1.75%	21,228,813

Casualties by modern borders

Map of Territorial Changes in Europe after World War I

The war involved multi-ethnic empires such as Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Austro-Hungary and Turkey. The diverse ethnic groups in these multi-ethnic empires were conscripted for military service. The casualties listed by modern borders are also included in the above table of figures for the countries that existed in 1914.

Austria

The following estimates of Austrian deaths, within contemporary borders, were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 175,000: including military losses 120,000 with the Austo-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 30,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 25,000

Belgian Congo

The Belgian Congo was part of the Kingdom of Belgium during the war. Following estimates of casualties were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century.

Democratic Republic of the Congo (1914 known as the Belgian Congo): 5,000 in military and 150,000 civilians.

Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia was part of Austro-Hungary during the war. The estimates of Czechoslovak deaths within 1991 borders were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 185,000: including military losses 110,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 45,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 30,000. The Czechoslovak Legions fought with the armies of the Allies during the war.

Estonia

Estonia was part of Russian Empire during the war and about 100,000 Estonians served in the Russian Army. Of them about 10,000 were killed.

French colonies

The following estimates of French colonial military deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total military dead in French Army 81,000.

Algeria (1914 known as French Algeria): 26,000

Vietnam (1914 known as French Indochina): 12,000

Mali (1914 part of French West Africa): 10,000

Morocco (1914 known as the French protectorate of Morocco): 8,000

Senegal (1914 part of French West Africa): 6,000

Guinea (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,500

Madagascar: 2,500

Benin (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,000

Burkina Faso (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,000

Republic of the Congo (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa):2,000

Ivory Coast (1914 part of French West Africa): 2,000

Tunisia (1914 known as French Tunisia): 2,000

Chad (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 1,500

Central African Republic (1914 known as French Ubangi-Shari): 1,000

Niger (1914 part of French West Africa): 1,000

Gabon (1914 part of French Equatorial Africa): 500

German colonies

The following estimates of German Colonial military deaths, within contemporary borders, during World War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total military dead 17,000.

Tanzania (1914 part of German East Africa): 20,000

Namibia (1914 known as German South-West Africa): 10,000

Cameroon (1914 known as Kamerun): 5,000

Togo (1914 known as German Togoland): 2,000

Hungary

The following estimates of Hungarian deaths, within contemporary borders, during European War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 385,000: including military losses 270,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 70,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 45,000

Ireland

Ireland was a part of the UK during European War I. Five sixths of the island left to form the Irish Free State, now the Republic of Ireland, in 1922.

A total of 206,000 Irishmen served in the British forces during the war. The number of Irish deaths in the British Army recorded by the registrar general was 27,405. A significant number of these casualties were from what, in 1920, became Northern Ireland. While 49,400 soldiers died serving in Irish Divisions (the 10th, 16th and 36th) only 71% of the casualties in these Divisions were natives of Ireland.

Poland

Poland was occupied by Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia from 1795–1914. By late 1915 Germany had complete control over modern day Poland. A 2005 Polish study estimated 3.4 million Poles served in the Armed Forces of the occupying powers during European War I. Total deaths from 1914–18, military and civilian, within the 1919–1939 borders, were estimated at 1,130,000. The following estimates of Polish deaths, within contemporary (post 1945) borders, during European War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 640,000: including military losses of 250,000 Poles conscripted into the following armies listed below. POW deaths in captivity of 20,000. Civilian losses due to the war included 120,000 due to military operations and 250,000 caused by famine and disease.

The ethnic Polish Blue Army served with the French Army. The ethnic Polish Legions fought as part of the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Eastern Front.

Austria-Hungary (Polish Legions): 67,000

German Empire: 87,000

Russian Empire: 96,000

Romania

The territory of Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary during European War I. The following estimates of Romanian deaths, within contemporary borders, during European War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 748,000: including military losses 220,000 with the Romanian forces and 150,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 48,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease 200,000, killed in military operations 120,000 and 10,000 dead in Austrian prisons.

Romanian Forces: 220,000 military and 330,000 civilians

Austro-Hungarian Forces: 150,000

British colonies

The following estimates of British Empire colonial military deaths, within contemporary borders, during European War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total military dead 35,700. Britain recruited Indian, Chinese, native South African, Egyptian and other overseas labour to provide logistical support in the combat theaters. Included with British casualties in East Africa are the deaths of 44,911 recruited labourers. The CWGC reports that nearly 2,000 workers from the Chinese Labour Corps are buried with British war dead in France.

Ghana (1914 known as the Gold Coast): 1,200

Kenya (1914 known as British East Africa): 2,000

Malawi (1914 known as Nyasaland): 3,000

Nigeria (1914 part of British West Africa): 5,000

Sierra Leone (1914 part of British West Africa): 1,000

Uganda (1914 known as the Uganda Protectorate): 1,500

Zambia (1914 known as Northern Rhodesia): 3,000

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

The following estimates are for Yugoslavia within 1991 borders.

Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia were part of Austria-Hungary during European War I. Serbia (including Macedonia) and Montenegro were independent nations. The Yugoslav historian Vladimir Dedijer put Serbian deaths in European War One at 369,815 military and 600,000 civilians . The following estimates of Yugoslav deaths, within 1991 borders, during European War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 996,000: including military losses 260,000 with the Serbian forces, 80,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces 13,000 with Montenegro forces and POW deaths in captivity of 93,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease 400,000, killed in military operations 120,000 and 30,000 dead in Austrian prisons or executed.

Nepal

Nepal -During European War I (1914–18), the Nepalese army was expanded and six new regiments, totaling more than 20,000 troops—all volunteers—were sent to India, most of them to the North-West Frontier Province, to release British and Indian troops for service overseas. Simultaneously, the Nepalese government agreed to maintain recruitment at a level that both would sustain the existing British Gurkha units and allow the establishment of additional ones. The battalions were increased to thirty-three with the addition of 55,000 new recruits, and Gurkha units were placed at the disposal of the British high command for service on all fronts. Many volunteers were assigned to noncombat units, such as the Army Bearer Corps and the labor battalions, but they also were in combat in France, Turkey, Palestine, and Mesopotamia. The Rana prime ministers urged Nepalese males to fight in the war. Of the more than 200,000 Nepalese who served in the British Army, there were some 20,000 Gurkha casualties included above with the British Indian Army.

Notes on sources

Graves of French soldiers who died on the Ypres Salient, Ypres Necropole National, Ypres, Belgium.

The India Gate in Delhi commemorates the Indian soldiers who died during European War I.

The main sources used for military and civilian deaths (unless stated otherwise in the footnotes below) are as follows:

• The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) Annual Report 2009–2010 is the source of the military dead for the British Empire. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 04/08/1914 to 31/08/1921. Total European War I dead were 1,115,597 (UK and former colonies 886,939; Undivided India 74,187; Canada 64,976; Australia 61,966; New Zealand 18,052; South Africa 9,477 These figures also include the Merchant Navy.

• Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office March 1922. This official report lists 908,371 'soldiers' killed in action, died of wounds, died as prisoners of war and were missing in action from 4 August 1914 to 31 December 1920, (British Isles 702,410; India 64,449; Canada 56,639; Australia 59,330; New Zealand 16,711; South Africa 7,121 and Newfoundland 1,204,other colonies 507). Figures include the Royal Navy war dead and missing of 32,287. These figures do not include the Merchant Navy total dead of 14,661 which was listed separately. Figures for total Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force and Royal Naval Air Service war dead were included in the total dead and not listed separately in War Office report.
  The losses of Bulgaria and Portugal were also listed in the UK War Office report.

• The official "final and corrected" casualty figures for British Army,including the Territorial Force (not including allied British Empire forces) were issued on 10 March 1921. The losses were for the period 4 August 1914 until 30 September 1919, included 573,507 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 254,176 missing less 154,308 released prisoners; for a net total of 673,375 dead and missing. There were 1,643,469 wounded also listed in the report

• Casualties and Medical Statistics published in 1931. was the final volume of the Official Medical History of the War, gives British Empire Army losses by cause of death. Total losses in combat theaters from 1914–1918 were 876,084, which included 418,361 killed, 167,172 died of wounds, 113,173 died of disease or injury, 161,046 missing and presumed dead and 16,332 prisoner of war deaths. Total losses were not broken out for the UK and each Dominion. These figures do not include the losses of Dominion forces in the Gallipoli Campaign, since records were incomplete. Figures do not include the Royal Navy.

• Huber, Michel La Population de la France pendant la guerre, Paris 1931. This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace lists official French government figures for war-related military deaths and missing of France and its colonies.

• Mortara, Giorgo La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra, New Haven: Yale University Press 1925. The official government Italian statistics on war dead are listed here. A brief summary of data from this report can be found online.go to Vol 13, No. 15

• Urlanis, Boris Wars and Population, Moscow, 1971. Lists the military dead of Russia, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro The footnotes give his estimates of combat-related casualties; killed and missing in action or died of wounds for each nation.

• Heeres-Sanitätsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums, Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (Deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914-1918, Volume 3, Sec. 1, Berlin 1934. The official German Army medical war history listed German losses.

• Grebler, Leo and Winkler, Wilhelm The Cost of the European War to Germany and Austria-Hungary This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace details the losses of Austria-Hungary and Germany in the war.

• Erickson, Edward J. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First European War The authors estimates were made based data from official Ottoman sources.

• Hersch, Liebmann, La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. No 1. This study published in an academic journal detailed the demographic impact of the war on France, the UK, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Serbia, Romania and Greece. The total estimated increase in the number of civilian deaths due to the war was 2,171,000, not including an additional 984,000 Spanish Flu deaths. These indirect war losses were due primarily to food shortages caused by the disruption of trade. This was by no means the only cause, the mobilization for the war took away millions of men from the agricultural labor force.

• Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford- This study published by an academic press detailed the impact of the war on the civilian population. The study estimated excess civilian deaths at: France(264,000 to 284,000), the UK (181,000), Italy(324,000), and Germany(692,000).

• Tucker, Spencer C. ed. The European Powers in the First European War: An Encyclopedia This is the source for military wounded, unless stated otherwise. Civilian deaths in the Ottoman Empire are also listed in this source.

The source of population data is:

• Haythornthwaite, Philip J., The European War One Source Book Arms and Armour, 1993, 412 pages, ISBN 978-1-85409-102-4.

Footnotes

^^a The conflict in East Africa caused enormous civilian casualties. The Oxford History of European War One notes that "In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle." The following estimates of civilian deaths during European War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century: Kenya 30,000; Tanzania 100,000; Mozambique 50,000; Rwanda 15,000; Burundi 20,000; and the Belgian Congo 150,000.

The reported military casualties of the UK, France, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal include Africans who served with their armed forces. The details are noted in the footnotes of the various nations.

^^b Australia Included in total military deaths are 54,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2009-2010 is the source of the total 61,966 military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' lists the 1.7 million men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two European wars. The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330 Army war dead.

^^c Belgium: The total Includes 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds Official Belgian government figures for military losses in Europe were 26,338 killed, died of wounds or accidents and 14,029 died of disease or missing. The total in Europe is 40,367. In Africa: 2,620 soldiers killed and 15,560 porter deaths, for a total in the African campaign of 18,270. The combined total for Europe and Africa is 58,637 Another estimate (by the UK War Office in 1922) was 13,716 killed and 24,456 missing up until November 11, 1918. "These figures are approximate only, the records being incomplete." The U.S. War Department in 1924 estimated 13,716 killed and died US War Dept 1924
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 92,000. 62,000 were caused by food shortages and German reprisals, and 30,000 by the Spanish Flu Prof. John Horne estimated that 6,500 Belgian and French civilians were killed in German reprisals.

^^d Canada The total military deaths includes 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2009-2010 gives a total of 64,976 military dead. Includes 1,297 dead in the Royal Newfoundland Regiment. The Canadian Virtual War Memorial contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country. The losses for Newfoundland are listed separately on this table because it was not part of Canada at that time, but are included in the CVWM registry. The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army war dead Civilian deaths were due to the Halifax Explosion

^^e France The total includes 1,186,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The figure for total military dead of 1,397,800 is from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1931 The total includes 71,100 French Colonial Forces, 4,600 foreign nationals, and 28,600 war-related military deaths occurring from 11/11/18 to 6/1/1919 The UK War Office in 1922 estimated French losses as 1,385,300 dead and missing, including 58,000 colonial soldiers The U.S. War Department in 1924 estimated 1,357,800 killed and died The names of the soldiers who died for France during European War I are listed on-line by the French government. The French encyclopedia Quid reports that 30-40,000 foreign volunteers from about 40 nationalities served in the French army. At the end of the war 12,000 were in the Czechoslovak Legions and the ethnic Polish Blue Army. 5,000 Italians served in a "Legion" commanded by Colonel Garibaldi. There were also 1,000 Spaniards and 1,500 Swiss in French service. 200 American volunteers served with the French from 1914–16, including the Lafayette Escadrille Luxembourg was occupied by Germany during the war. 3,700 Luxembourg citizens served in the French armed forces. 2,800 gave their lives in the war. They are commemorated at the Gëlle Fra in Luxembourg. The French Armenian Legion served as part of the French Armed forces during the war.
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 500,000. 300,000 were caused by military operations and food shortages, and 200,000 by the Spanish Flu Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the France during the war put total excess deaths at 264,000 to 284,000 not including an additional 100,000 to 120,000 Spanish Flu deaths. Civilian dead include 1,509 merchant sailors and 3,357 killed in air attacks and long range artillery bombardments The French government did not provide an estimate of civilian deaths in the war zone, however tertiary sources have estimated civilian war dead at 40,000.

^^f Greece Included in total are 11,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated total military dead of 26,000 including 15,000 deaths due to disease Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in European War I listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing Other estimates of Greek casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed/died wounds 5,000; prisoners and missing 1,000. By US War Dept in 1924: killed and died 5,000
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 150,000, caused by food shortages and the Spanish Flu

^^g Indian EmpireThe Indian Empire included present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Included in total military deaths are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2009-2010 is the source of the total 74,187 military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' lists the 1.7 million men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two European wars. The 1922 War Office report listed 62,056 Indian Army war dead and 2,393 British serving in the Indian Army.

^^h Italy Included in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The figure 651,000 military dead is from a 1925 Italian demographic study of war deaths based on official government data published by Yale Univ. Press. The details are as follows, Killed in action or died of wounds 378,000; died of disease 186,000 and an additional 87,000 deaths of invalids from 12 Nov. 1918 until 30 April 1920 due to war related injuries. Other estimates of Italian casualties were: by UK War Office in 1922, Dead 460,000 and by the US War Dept in 1924 650,000 killed and died Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 1,021,000. 589,000 caused by food shortages and 432,000 by the Spanish Flu Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the Italy during the war put total excess deaths at 324,000 not including an additional 300,000 Spanish Flu deaths. Civilian deaths due to military action were about 3,400 including 2,293 by attacks on shipping, 958 during air raids and 142 by sea bombardment.

^ⁱ Japan War dead figure of 415 is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army However, Michael Clodfelter reported the official toll was put at 300 KIA and noted that "A more reliable count of total Japanese military deaths from all causes lists 1,344 fatalities. Casualties reported by the US War Dept in 1924 were 300 killed and died

^^j Luxembourg remained under German control during the war. Some citizens were conscripted into the German forces. Others escaped to volunteer for the Allies.³¹ 3,700 Luxembourgian nationals served in the French Army, of whom 2,000 died. They are commemorated at the Gëlle Fra in Luxembourg.

^^k Montenegro: Michael Clodfelter lists 3,000 battle deaths and 7,000 missing and POW. However, the Yugoslav government in 1924 listed 13,325 military war dead from Montenegro. Casualties Reported by the US War Dept in 1924 were 3,000 killed and died

^^l New Zealand: Included in total military deaths are 14,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2009-2010 is the source of the total 18,052 military dead The 'Debt of Honour Register' lists the 1.7 million men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two European wars. The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Army war dead.

^^m Newfoundland was a separate dominion at the time, and not part of Canada.The 1922 War Office report listed 1,204 Army war dead. Currently the Commonwealth War Graves Commission includes Newfoundland’s casualties with Canada and the U.K. An academic journal published in Newfoundland has given the details of Newfoundland’s military casualties. Fatalities totaled 1,570 The Royal Newfoundland Regiment suffered 1,297 dead; there were an additional 171 dead in the Royal Navy and 101 in the Merchant Navy

^ⁿ Portugal: Included in total are 6,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds Total war dead reported by British War Office were 7,022 including the following: killed and died of other causes up until January 1, 1920; 1,689 in France and 5,333 in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW. Africans are included in these figures Another estimate of Portuguese casualties by the US War Dept in 1924 was 7,222 killed and died Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 220,000, 82,000 caused by food shortages and 138,000 by the Spanish Flu

^^o Romania: Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The statistic of 250,000 military dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office Other estimates of Romanian casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: 335,706 Killed and missing By US War Dept in 1924: 335,706 killed and died
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 430,000, caused by military action,food shortages, epidemics and the Spanish Flu A Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 120,000 Romanian civilian deaths due to military activity,10,000 in Austro-Hungarian prisons and 200,000 caused by famine and disease

^^p Russian Empire Included in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The estimate of the 1,811,000 total Russian military and 1,500,00 civilian deaths was made by the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis. Other estimates of Russian casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 1,700,000 By the US War Dept in 1924 1,700,000 killed and died. A 2001 study by the Russian military historian G.F. Krivosheev provided these revised figures- Killed in action 1,200,000; missing in action 439,369; died of wounds 240,000, gassed 11,000., died from disease 155,000, POW deaths 190,000, deaths due to accidents and other causes.19,000. Total war dead 2,254,369. Wounded 3,749,000. POW 3,342,900.
Civilian deaths from 1914–1917 exceeded the prewar level by 1,500,000 due to famine and disease and military operations .

^^q Kingdom of Serbia Included in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The estimate of total combined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis. Other estimates of Serbian casualties are as follows: By Yugoslav government in 1924: Killed 365,164 . By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 45,000, missing . By US War Dept in 1924: 45,000 killed and died Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 450,000, due to military activity, food shortages, epidemics and the Spanish Flu A Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 120,000 Serbian civilian deaths due to military activity and 30,000 in Austro-Hungarian prisons.

^^r South Africa Included in military dead total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2009-2010 is the source of the 9,477 total military dead.
The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Army war dead

^^s UK and Colonies Included in total military dead are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2009-2010 is the source of total 886,939 UK military dead(including Newfoundland) the 'Debt of Honour Register' lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two European wars. The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table.
The official "final and corrected" casualty figures for British Army,including the Territorial Force were issued on 10 March 1921. The losses were for the period 4 August 1914 until 30 September 1919, included 573,507 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 254,176 missing less 154,308 released prisoners; for a net total of 673,375 dead and missing. There were 1,643,469 wounded also listed in the report
The 1922 War Office report detailed the casualties of "soldiers who lost their lives", "killed in action, died as prisoners, died of wounds and missing" from the Regular and Territorial Forces and Royal Naval Division: 702,410 from the UK, 507 from "other colonies" and 2,393 British serving in the Indian Empire Army. The figures include Royal Navy war dead of 32,287 The Merchant Navy war dead of 14,661 were listed separately Figures for total RAF are included in the totals of the War Office report
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 292,000. 109,000 due to food shortages and 183,577 by the Spanish Flu
Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the UK during the war put total excess deaths at 181,000 not including an additional 100,000 Spanish Flu deaths. The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 1,260 civilians and 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK Losses at sea were 908 UK civilians and 63 fisherman killed by U-Boat attacks

^^t United States The official figures of military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are 116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 non combat deaths., The US Coast Guard lost an additional 192 dead.."
United States estimated civilian losses include 128 killed on the RMS Lusitania as well as 629 Merchant Marine personnel killed on merchant ships.

^^u Austria-Hungary Included in total are 900,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds. The figure of total estimated 1,100,000 military dead is from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940, based on analysis of Austro-Hungarian War Dept. data. Other estimates of Austro-Hungarian casualties are as follows: By Austrian Ministry of Defense in 1938: Military dead 1,016,200 By UK War Office in 1922: Dead 1,200,00 By US War Dept in 1924: 1,200,00 killed and died
A study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940 estimated civilian 467,000 deaths "attributable to war", the primary cause being famine. A Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 120,000 civilian deaths due to military activity in Austro-Hungarian Galicia.

^^v Bulgaria: Included in total are 62,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds. 87,500 total military war dead were reported by the Bulgarian War Office including 48,917 killed, 13,198 died of wounds, 888 accidentally killed, 24,497 died of disease, "losses during the retreat from sickness and privations were much greater than the figures they possess The US War Dept in 1924 also listed 87,500 killed and died
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 100,000. due to food shortages.

^^w German Empire Included in total are 1,796,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds. The official German medical war history listed 2,036,897 military war dead. Including confirmed military dead from all causes: Army 1,900,876, Navy 34,836 ,Colonial troops 1,185 and an estimated 100,000 missing and presumed dead -To these figures we must add an additional 14,000 African conscript deaths during the war. Total dead 2,050,89 -Other estimates of German casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 1,808,545 exclusive of 14,000 African conscript deaths during the war By US War Dept in 1924: 1,773,700 killed and died . 720 German civilians were killed by allied air raids
Civilian deaths caused by the Blockade of Germany
German official statistics estimated 763,000 civilian malnutrition and disease deaths were caused by the blockade of Germany. This figure was disputed by a subsequent academic study that put the death toll at 424,000.,
In December 1918 the German government estimated that the blockade was responsible for the deaths of 762,796 civilians, this figure did not include deaths due to the Spanish flu epidemic in 1918. The figures for the last six months of 1918 were estimated. Maurice Parmelle maintained that "it is very far from accurate to attribute to the blockade all of the excess deaths above pre-war mortality", he believed that the German figures were "somewhat exaggerated". The German claims were made at the time when Germany was waging a propaganda campaign to end the Allied blockade of Germany after the armistice that lasted from November 1918 until June 1919. Also in 1919 Germany raised the issue of the Allied blockade to counter charges against the German use of submarine warfare.
In 1928 a German academic study sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace provided a thorough analysis of the German civilian deaths during the war. The study estimated 424,000 war related deaths of civilians over age 1 in Germany, not including Alsace-Lorraine, the authors attributed these civilian deaths over the pre war level primarily to food and fuel shortages in 1917-1918. The study also estimated an additional 209,000 Spanish flu deaths in 1918 A study sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940 estimated the German civilian death toll at over 600,000. Based on the above mentioned German study of 1928 they maintained that “A thorough inquiry has led to the conclusion that the number of “civilian” deaths traceable to the war was 424,000, to which number must be added about 200,000 deaths caused by the influenza epidemic”
Not included in the figure of 763,000 famine deaths are additional civilian deaths during the blockade of Germany after the armistice from November 1918 until June 1919. Dr. Max Rubner in an April 1919 article claimed that 100,000 German civilians had died due to the continuation blockade of Germany after the armistice. In the UK a Labour Party anti-war activist Robert Smillie isuued a statement in June 1919 condeming the continuation blockade in which he also claimed that 100,000 German civilians had died.

^^x Ottoman Empire: Ottoman military casualties listed here are from data derived from the Ottoman Archives which total 771,844 war dead including 243,598 killed in action, 61,487 missing action and 466,759 deaths due to disease. The number of wounded was 763,753 and POWs 145,104 Other estimates of Ottoman military casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 50,000, died wounds 35,000, died of disease 240,000 By US War Dept in 1924: 325,000 killed and died.
Estimates of Ottoman civilian casualties range from 2,000,000 to 2,150,000. Civilian casualties include the Armenian Genocide, and it is debated if this event should be included with war losses. The total number of resulting Armenian deaths is generally held to have been between 1 million and 1.5 million. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Greeks, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination. Total Ottoman population losses from 1914–1922 were approximately 5 million including the Spanish flu deaths, the Turkish War of Independence from 1919–1922 and the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, these other population losses are not included with the casualties of European War I.

^^y Denmark was neutral in the war. However, Germany at that time included part of Danish Schleswig. 30,000 men from this area served in German forces, and 3,900 were killed. These losses are included with German casualties. 722 Danish merchant sailors and fisherman died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines

^^z Norway and Sweden were both neutral in the war. They both lost ships and merchant sailors in trading through the war zones. Norway lost about 50% of its merchant fleet, percentage-wise the highest loss of any nation's merchant fleet in European War I. 1,892 Norwegian merchant sailors died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines. 877 Swedish merchant sailors died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed or sunk by mines.

See also

• Thankful Villages - villages in England and Wales which lost no men in European War I
• Turkish-Armenian War, Armenian-Azerbaijani War, and Georgian-Armenian War 1918
• European War II casualties

Sources

• Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Heeres-Sanitaetsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums (1934). Sanitaetsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914–1918 (in German). Vol. Volume 3, Sec 1. Berlin. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Clodfelter, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed. ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4.
• The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84734-681-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Bujac, Jean, Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique, 1918–1922, Paris, 1930
• Erickson, Edward J., Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First European War, Greenwood 2001. ISBN 978-0-313-31516-9
• The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Debt of Honour Register
• Grey, Randal (1991). Chronicle of the First European War, Vol II: 1917–1921. Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-2595-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Grebler, Leo (1940). The Cost of the European War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Gilbert, Martin (1994). Atlas of European War I. Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-521077-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Harries, Merion (1991). Soldiers of the Sun-The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-75303-2.
• Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Mitchell, T.J. (1931). Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War. London: Reprinted by Battery Press (1997). ISBN 978-0-89839-263-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Gelvin, James L. The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85289-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7.
• Ellis, John (1993). European War I–Databook. Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-85410-766-4.
• US War Dept 1924 data listed in the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Herrswesen (1938). Österreich-Ungarns letzer Kreig, 1914-1918 Vol. 7. Vienna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• The Army Council. General Annual Report of the British Army 1912–1919. Parliamentary Paper 1921, XX, Cmd.1193.
• l'Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915-1919. Bruxelles. 1922.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Horne, John and Kramer, Alan, German Atrocities, 1914 ISBN 978-0-300-08975-2
• Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1992). The European War One Sourcebook. Arms and Armour. ISBN 978-1-85409-102-4.
• Strachan, Hew (1999). European War I: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820614-9.
• Krivosheeva, G.F. (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei. Moscow: OLMA-Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Tucker, Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First European War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8153-3351-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Emin, Ahmed (1930). Turkey in the European War. Yale. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Bane, S.L. (1942). The Blockade of Germany after the Armistice 1918–1919. Stanford: Stanford Iniv. Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
• Andrzej Gawryszewski (2005). Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku. Warsaw. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

• Casualties of World War I from "Trenches on the Web"
• Miscellaneous World War I Overseas Casualty Reports from genealogybuff.com
• World War I casualties from Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century
• Casualties of World War I from about.com
• World War I troop statistics - Troop Strength, Wounded, and Casualty Statistics from digitalsurvivors.com

War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total military dead 17,000.

Tanzania (1914 part of German East Africa): 20,000

Namibia (1914 known as German South-West Africa): 10,000

Cameroon (1914 known as Kamerun): 5,000

Togo (1914 known as German Togoland): 2,000

Hungary

The following estimates of Hungarian deaths, within contemporary borders, during European War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 385,000: including military losses 270,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 70,000. Civilian dead due to famine and disease were 45,000

Ireland

Ireland was a part of the UK during European War I. Five sixths of the island left to form the Irish Free State, now the Republic of Ireland, in 1922.

A total of 206,000 Irishmen served in the British forces during the war. The number of Irish deaths in the British Army recorded by the registrar general was 27,405. A significant number of these casualties were from what, in 1920, became Northern Ireland. While 49,400 soldiers died serving in Irish Divisions (the 10th, 16th and 36th) only 71% of the casualties in these Divisions were natives of Ireland.

Poland

Poland was occupied by Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia from 1795–1914. By late 1915 Germany had complete control over modern day Poland. A 2005 Polish study estimated 3.4 million Poles served in the Armed Forces of the occupying powers during European War I. Total deaths from 1914–18, military and civilian, within the 1919–1939 borders, were estimated at 1,130,000. The following estimates of Polish deaths, within contemporary (post 1945) borders, during European War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 640,000: including military losses of 250,000 Poles conscripted into the following armies listed below. POW deaths in captivity of 20,000. Civilian losses due to the war included 120,000 due to military operations and 250,000 caused by famine and disease.

The ethnic Polish Blue Army served with the French Army. The ethnic Polish Legions fought as part of the Austro-Hungarian Army on the Eastern Front.

Austria-Hungary (Polish Legions): 67,000

German Empire: 87,000

Russian Empire: 96,000

Romania

The territory of Transylvania was part of Austria-Hungary during European War I. The following estimates of Romanian deaths, within contemporary borders, during European War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 748,000: including military losses 220,000 with the Romanian forces and 150,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces and POW deaths in captivity of 48,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease 200,000, killed in military operations 120,000 and 10,000 dead in Austrian prisons.

Romanian Forces: 220,000 military and 330,000 civilians

Austro-Hungarian Forces: 150,000

British colonies

The following estimates of British Empire colonial military deaths, within contemporary borders, during European War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total military dead 35,700. Britain recruited Indian, Chinese, native South African, Egyptian and other overseas labour to provide logistical support in the combat theaters. Included with British casualties in East Africa are the deaths of 44,911 recruited labourers. The CWGC reports that nearly 2,000 workers from the Chinese Labour Corps are buried with British war dead in France.

Ghana (1914 known as the Gold Coast): 1,200

Kenya (1914 known as British East Africa): 2,000

Malawi (1914 known as Nyasaland): 3,000

Nigeria (1914 part of British West Africa): 5,000

Sierra Leone (1914 part of British West Africa): 1,000

Uganda (1914 known as the Uganda Protectorate): 1,500

Zambia (1914 known as Northern Rhodesia): 3,000

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

The following estimates are for Yugoslavia within 1991 borders.

Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia were part of Austria-Hungary during European War I. Serbia (including Macedonia) and Montenegro were independent nations. The Yugoslav historian Vladimir Dedijer put Serbian deaths in European War One at 369,815 military and 600,000 civilians . The following estimates of Yugoslav deaths, within 1991 borders, during European War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century. Total dead 996,000: including military losses 260,000 with the Serbian forces, 80,000 with the Austro-Hungarian forces 13,000 with Montenegro forces and POW deaths in captivity of 93,000. Civilian dead were as follows due to famine and disease 400,000, killed in military operations 120,000 and 30,000 dead in Austrian prisons or executed.

Nepal

Nepal -During European War I (1914–18), the Nepalese army was expanded and six new regiments, totaling more than 20,000 troops—all volunteers—were sent to India, most of them to the North-West Frontier Province, to release British and Indian troops for service overseas. Simultaneously, the Nepalese government agreed to maintain recruitment at a level that both would sustain the existing British Gurkha units and allow the establishment of additional ones. The battalions were increased to thirty-three with the addition of 55,000 new recruits, and Gurkha units were placed at the disposal of the British high command for service on all fronts. Many volunteers were assigned to noncombat units, such as the Army Bearer Corps and the labor battalions, but they also were in combat in France, Turkey, Palestine, and Mesopotamia. The Rana prime ministers urged Nepalese males to fight in the war. Of the more than 200,000 Nepalese who served in the British Army, there were some 20,000 Gurkha casualties included above with the British Indian Army.

Notes on sources

Graves of French soldiers who died on the Ypres Salient, Ypres Necropole National, Ypres, Belgium.

The India Gate in Delhi commemorates the Indian soldiers who died during European War I.

The main sources used for military and civilian deaths (unless stated otherwise in the footnotes below) are as follows:

• The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) Annual Report 2009–2010 is the source of the military dead for the British Empire. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated by The Commonwealth War Graves Commission are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 04/08/1914 to 31/08/1921. Total European War I dead were 1,115,597 (UK and former colonies 886,939; Undivided India 74,187; Canada 64,976; Australia 61,966; New Zealand 18,052; South Africa 9,477 These figures also include the Merchant Navy.

• Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920, The War Office March 1922. This official report lists 908,371 'soldiers' killed in action, died of wounds, died as prisoners of war and were missing in action from 4 August 1914 to 31 December 1920, (British Isles 702,410; India 64,449; Canada 56,639; Australia 59,330; New Zealand 16,711; South Africa 7,121 and Newfoundland 1,204,other colonies 507). Figures include the Royal Navy war dead and missing of 32,287. These figures do not include the Merchant Navy total dead of 14,661 which was listed separately. Figures for total Royal Flying Corps, Royal Air Force and Royal Naval Air Service war dead were included in the total dead and not listed separately in War Office report.
  The losses of Bulgaria and Portugal were also listed in the UK War Office report.

• The official "final and corrected" casualty figures for British Army,including the Territorial Force (not including allied British Empire forces) were issued on 10 March 1921. The losses were for the period 4 August 1914 until 30 September 1919, included 573,507 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 254,176 missing less 154,308 released prisoners; for a net total of 673,375 dead and missing. There were 1,643,469 wounded also listed in the report

• Casualties and Medical Statistics published in 1931. was the final volume of the Official Medical History of the War, gives British Empire Army losses by cause of death. Total losses in combat theaters from 1914–1918 were 876,084, which included 418,361 killed, 167,172 died of wounds, 113,173 died of disease or injury, 161,046 missing and presumed dead and 16,332 prisoner of war deaths. Total losses were not broken out for the UK and each Dominion. These figures do not include the losses of Dominion forces in the Gallipoli Campaign, since records were incomplete. Figures do not include the Royal Navy.

• Huber, Michel La Population de la France pendant la guerre, Paris 1931. This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace lists official French government figures for war-related military deaths and missing of France and its colonies.

• Mortara, Giorgo La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra, New Haven: Yale University Press 1925. The official government Italian statistics on war dead are listed here. A brief summary of data from this report can be found online.go to Vol 13, No. 15

• Urlanis, Boris Wars and Population, Moscow, 1971. Lists the military dead of Russia, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro The footnotes give his estimates of combat-related casualties; killed and missing in action or died of wounds for each nation.

• Heeres-Sanitätsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums, Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (Deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914-1918, Volume 3, Sec. 1, Berlin 1934. The official German Army medical war history listed German losses.

• Grebler, Leo and Winkler, Wilhelm The Cost of the European War to Germany and Austria-Hungary This study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace details the losses of Austria-Hungary and Germany in the war.

• Erickson, Edward J. Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First European War The authors estimates were made based data from official Ottoman sources.

• Hersch, Liebmann, La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7. No 1. This study published in an academic journal detailed the demographic impact of the war on France, the UK, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Serbia, Romania and Greece. The total estimated increase in the number of civilian deaths due to the war was 2,171,000, not including an additional 984,000 Spanish Flu deaths. These indirect war losses were due primarily to food shortages caused by the disruption of trade. This was by no means the only cause, the mobilization for the war took away millions of men from the agricultural labor force.

• Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford- This study published by an academic press detailed the impact of the war on the civilian population. The study estimated excess civilian deaths at: France(264,000 to 284,000), the UK (181,000), Italy(324,000), and Germany(692,000).

• Tucker, Spencer C. ed. The European Powers in the First European War: An Encyclopedia This is the source for military wounded, unless stated otherwise. Civilian deaths in the Ottoman Empire are also listed in this source.

The source of population data is:

• Haythornthwaite, Philip J., The European War One Source Book Arms and Armour, 1993, 412 pages, ISBN 978-1-85409-102-4.

Footnotes

^^a The conflict in East Africa caused enormous civilian casualties. The Oxford History of European War One notes that "In east and central Africa the harshness of the war resulted in acute shortages of food with famine in some areas, a weakening of populations, and epidemic diseases which killed hundreds of thousands of people and also cattle." The following estimates of civilian deaths during European War I were made by a Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century: Kenya 30,000; Tanzania 100,000; Mozambique 50,000; Rwanda 15,000; Burundi 20,000; and the Belgian Congo 150,000.

The reported military casualties of the UK, France, Germany, Belgium, and Portugal include Africans who served with their armed forces. The details are noted in the footnotes of the various nations.

^^b Australia Included in total military deaths are 54,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2009-2010 is the source of the total 61,966 military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' lists the 1.7 million men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two European wars. The 1922 War Office report listed 59,330 Army war dead.

^^c Belgium: The total Includes 35,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds Official Belgian government figures for military losses in Europe were 26,338 killed, died of wounds or accidents and 14,029 died of disease or missing. The total in Europe is 40,367. In Africa: 2,620 soldiers killed and 15,560 porter deaths, for a total in the African campaign of 18,270. The combined total for Europe and Africa is 58,637 Another estimate (by the UK War Office in 1922) was 13,716 killed and 24,456 missing up until November 11, 1918. "These figures are approximate only, the records being incomplete." The U.S. War Department in 1924 estimated 13,716 killed and died US War Dept 1924
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 92,000. 62,000 were caused by food shortages and German reprisals, and 30,000 by the Spanish Flu Prof. John Horne estimated that 6,500 Belgian and French civilians were killed in German reprisals.

^^d Canada The total military deaths includes 53,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2009-2010 gives a total of 64,976 military dead. Includes 1,297 dead in the Royal Newfoundland Regiment. The Canadian Virtual War Memorial contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country. The losses for Newfoundland are listed separately on this table because it was not part of Canada at that time, but are included in the CVWM registry. The 1922 War Office report listed 56,639 Army war dead Civilian deaths were due to the Halifax Explosion

^^e France The total includes 1,186,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The figure for total military dead of 1,397,800 is from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1931 The total includes 71,100 French Colonial Forces, 4,600 foreign nationals, and 28,600 war-related military deaths occurring from 11/11/18 to 6/1/1919 The UK War Office in 1922 estimated French losses as 1,385,300 dead and missing, including 58,000 colonial soldiers The U.S. War Department in 1924 estimated 1,357,800 killed and died The names of the soldiers who died for France during European War I are listed on-line by the French government. The French encyclopedia Quid reports that 30-40,000 foreign volunteers from about 40 nationalities served in the French army. At the end of the war 12,000 were in the Czechoslovak Legions and the ethnic Polish Blue Army. 5,000 Italians served in a "Legion" commanded by Colonel Garibaldi. There were also 1,000 Spaniards and 1,500 Swiss in French service. 200 American volunteers served with the French from 1914–16, including the Lafayette Escadrille Luxembourg was occupied by Germany during the war. 3,700 Luxembourg citizens served in the French armed forces. 2,800 gave their lives in the war. They are commemorated at the Gëlle Fra in Luxembourg. The French Armenian Legion served as part of the French Armed forces during the war.
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 500,000. 300,000 were caused by military operations and food shortages, and 200,000 by the Spanish Flu Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the France during the war put total excess deaths at 264,000 to 284,000 not including an additional 100,000 to 120,000 Spanish Flu deaths. Civilian dead include 1,509 merchant sailors and 3,357 killed in air attacks and long range artillery bombardments The French government did not provide an estimate of civilian deaths in the war zone, however tertiary sources have estimated civilian war dead at 40,000.

^^f Greece Included in total are 11,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated total military dead of 26,000 including 15,000 deaths due to disease Jean Bujac in a campaign history of the Greek Army in European War I listed 8,365 combat related deaths and 3,255 missing Other estimates of Greek casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed/died wounds 5,000; prisoners and missing 1,000. By US War Dept in 1924: killed and died 5,000
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 150,000, caused by food shortages and the Spanish Flu

^^g Indian EmpireThe Indian Empire included present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Included in total military deaths are 27,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2009-2010 is the source of the total 74,187 military dead. The 'Debt of Honour Register' lists the 1.7 million men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two European wars. The 1922 War Office report listed 62,056 Indian Army war dead and 2,393 British serving in the Indian Army.

^^h Italy Included in total are 433,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The figure 651,000 military dead is from a 1925 Italian demographic study of war deaths based on official government data published by Yale Univ. Press. The details are as follows, Killed in action or died of wounds 378,000; died of disease 186,000 and an additional 87,000 deaths of invalids from 12 Nov. 1918 until 30 April 1920 due to war related injuries. Other estimates of Italian casualties were: by UK War Office in 1922, Dead 460,000 and by the US War Dept in 1924 650,000 killed and died Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 1,021,000. 589,000 caused by food shortages and 432,000 by the Spanish Flu Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the Italy during the war put total excess deaths at 324,000 not including an additional 300,000 Spanish Flu deaths. Civilian deaths due to military action were about 3,400 including 2,293 by attacks on shipping, 958 during air raids and 142 by sea bombardment.

^ⁱ Japan War dead figure of 415 is from a 1991 history of the Japanese Army However, Michael Clodfelter reported the official toll was put at 300 KIA and noted that "A more reliable count of total Japanese military deaths from all causes lists 1,344 fatalities. Casualties reported by the US War Dept in 1924 were 300 killed and died

^^j Luxembourg remained under German control during the war. Some citizens were conscripted into the German forces. Others escaped to volunteer for the Allies.³¹ 3,700 Luxembourgian nationals served in the French Army, of whom 2,000 died. They are commemorated at the Gëlle Fra in Luxembourg.

^^k Montenegro: Michael Clodfelter lists 3,000 battle deaths and 7,000 missing and POW. However, the Yugoslav government in 1924 listed 13,325 military war dead from Montenegro. Casualties Reported by the US War Dept in 1924 were 3,000 killed and died

^^l New Zealand: Included in total military deaths are 14,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2009-2010 is the source of the total 18,052 military dead The 'Debt of Honour Register' lists the 1.7 million men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two European wars. The 1922 War Office report listed 16,711 Army war dead.

^^m Newfoundland was a separate dominion at the time, and not part of Canada.The 1922 War Office report listed 1,204 Army war dead. Currently the Commonwealth War Graves Commission includes Newfoundland’s casualties with Canada and the U.K. An academic journal published in Newfoundland has given the details of Newfoundland’s military casualties. Fatalities totaled 1,570 The Royal Newfoundland Regiment suffered 1,297 dead; there were an additional 171 dead in the Royal Navy and 101 in the Merchant Navy

^ⁿ Portugal: Included in total are 6,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds Total war dead reported by British War Office were 7,022 including the following: killed and died of other causes up until January 1, 1920; 1,689 in France and 5,333 in Africa. Figures do not include an additional 12,318 listed as missing and POW. Africans are included in these figures Another estimate of Portuguese casualties by the US War Dept in 1924 was 7,222 killed and died Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 220,000, 82,000 caused by food shortages and 138,000 by the Spanish Flu

^^o Romania: Included in total are 177,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The statistic of 250,000 military dead is "The figure reported by the Rumanian Government in reply to a questionnaire from the International Labour Office Other estimates of Romanian casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: 335,706 Killed and missing By US War Dept in 1924: 335,706 killed and died
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 430,000, caused by military action,food shortages, epidemics and the Spanish Flu A Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 120,000 Romanian civilian deaths due to military activity,10,000 in Austro-Hungarian prisons and 200,000 caused by famine and disease

^^p Russian Empire Included in total are 1,451,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The estimate of the 1,811,000 total Russian military and 1,500,00 civilian deaths was made by the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis. Other estimates of Russian casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 1,700,000 By the US War Dept in 1924 1,700,000 killed and died. A 2001 study by the Russian military historian G.F. Krivosheev provided these revised figures- Killed in action 1,200,000; missing in action 439,369; died of wounds 240,000, gassed 11,000., died from disease 155,000, POW deaths 190,000, deaths due to accidents and other causes.19,000. Total war dead 2,254,369. Wounded 3,749,000. POW 3,342,900.
Civilian deaths from 1914–1917 exceeded the prewar level by 1,500,000 due to famine and disease and military operations .

^^q Kingdom of Serbia Included in total are 165,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The estimate of total combined Serbian and Montenegrin military losses of 278,000 was made by the Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis. Other estimates of Serbian casualties are as follows: By Yugoslav government in 1924: Killed 365,164 . By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 45,000, missing . By US War Dept in 1924: 45,000 killed and died Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 450,000, due to military activity, food shortages, epidemics and the Spanish Flu A Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 120,000 Serbian civilian deaths due to military activity and 30,000 in Austro-Hungarian prisons.

^^r South Africa Included in military dead total are 5,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2009-2010 is the source of the 9,477 total military dead.
The 1922 War Office report listed 7,121 Army war dead

^^s UK and Colonies Included in total military dead are 624,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2009-2010 is the source of total 886,939 UK military dead(including Newfoundland) the 'Debt of Honour Register' lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two European wars. The losses of Newfoundland are listed separately on this table.
The official "final and corrected" casualty figures for British Army,including the Territorial Force were issued on 10 March 1921. The losses were for the period 4 August 1914 until 30 September 1919, included 573,507 "killed in action, died from wounds and died of other causes"; 254,176 missing less 154,308 released prisoners; for a net total of 673,375 dead and missing. There were 1,643,469 wounded also listed in the report
The 1922 War Office report detailed the casualties of "soldiers who lost their lives", "killed in action, died as prisoners, died of wounds and missing" from the Regular and Territorial Forces and Royal Naval Division: 702,410 from the UK, 507 from "other colonies" and 2,393 British serving in the Indian Empire Army. The figures include Royal Navy war dead of 32,287 The Merchant Navy war dead of 14,661 were listed separately Figures for total RAF are included in the totals of the War Office report
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 292,000. 109,000 due to food shortages and 183,577 by the Spanish Flu
Another estimate of the demographic loss of the civilian population in the UK during the war put total excess deaths at 181,000 not including an additional 100,000 Spanish Flu deaths. The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 1,260 civilians and 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment of the UK Losses at sea were 908 UK civilians and 63 fisherman killed by U-Boat attacks

^^t United States The official figures of military war deaths listed by the US Dept. of Defense for the period ending Dec. 31, 1918 are 116,516; which includes 53,402 battle deaths and 63,114 non combat deaths., The US Coast Guard lost an additional 192 dead.."
United States estimated civilian losses include 128 killed on the RMS Lusitania as well as 629 Merchant Marine personnel killed on merchant ships.

^^u Austria-Hungary Included in total are 900,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds. The figure of total estimated 1,100,000 military dead is from a study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940, based on analysis of Austro-Hungarian War Dept. data. Other estimates of Austro-Hungarian casualties are as follows: By Austrian Ministry of Defense in 1938: Military dead 1,016,200 By UK War Office in 1922: Dead 1,200,00 By US War Dept in 1924: 1,200,00 killed and died
A study published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940 estimated civilian 467,000 deaths "attributable to war", the primary cause being famine. A Russian journalist in a 2004 handbook of human losses in the 20th century estimated 120,000 civilian deaths due to military activity in Austro-Hungarian Galicia.

^^v Bulgaria: Included in total are 62,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds. 87,500 total military war dead were reported by the Bulgarian War Office including 48,917 killed, 13,198 died of wounds, 888 accidentally killed, 24,497 died of disease, "losses during the retreat from sickness and privations were much greater than the figures they possess The US War Dept in 1924 also listed 87,500 killed and died
Civilian deaths exceeded the prewar level by 100,000. due to food shortages.

^^w German Empire Included in total are 1,796,000 killed or missing in action and died of wounds. The official German medical war history listed 2,036,897 military war dead. Including confirmed military dead from all causes: Army 1,900,876, Navy 34,836 ,Colonial troops 1,185 and an estimated 100,000 missing and presumed dead -To these figures we must add an additional 14,000 African conscript deaths during the war. Total dead 2,050,89 -Other estimates of German casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 1,808,545 exclusive of 14,000 African conscript deaths during the war By US War Dept in 1924: 1,773,700 killed and died . 720 German civilians were killed by allied air raids
Civilian deaths caused by the Blockade of Germany
German official statistics estimated 763,000 civilian malnutrition and disease deaths were caused by the blockade of Germany. This figure was disputed by a subsequent academic study that put the death toll at 424,000.,
In December 1918 the German government estimated that the blockade was responsible for the deaths of 762,796 civilians, this figure did not include deaths due to the Spanish flu epidemic in 1918. The figures for the last six months of 1918 were estimated. Maurice Parmelle maintained that "it is very far from accurate to attribute to the blockade all of the excess deaths above pre-war mortality", he believed that the German figures were "somewhat exaggerated". The German claims were made at the time when Germany was waging a propaganda campaign to end the Allied blockade of Germany after the armistice that lasted from November 1918 until June 1919. Also in 1919 Germany raised the issue of the Allied blockade to counter charges against the German use of submarine warfare.
In 1928 a German academic study sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace provided a thorough analysis of the German civilian deaths during the war. The study estimated 424,000 war related deaths of civilians over age 1 in Germany, not including Alsace-Lorraine, the authors attributed these civilian deaths over the pre war level primarily to food and fuel shortages in 1917-1918. The study also estimated an additional 209,000 Spanish flu deaths in 1918 A study sponsored by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1940 estimated the German civilian death toll at over 600,000. Based on the above mentioned German study of 1928 they maintained that “A thorough inquiry has led to the conclusion that the number of “civilian” deaths traceable to the war was 424,000, to which number must be added about 200,000 deaths caused by the influenza epidemic”
Not included in the figure of 763,000 famine deaths are additional civilian deaths during the blockade of Germany after the armistice from November 1918 until June 1919. Dr. Max Rubner in an April 1919 article claimed that 100,000 German civilians had died due to the continuation blockade of Germany after the armistice. In the UK a Labour Party anti-war activist Robert Smillie isuued a statement in June 1919 condeming the continuation blockade in which he also claimed that 100,000 German civilians had died.

^^x Ottoman Empire: Ottoman military casualties listed here are from data derived from the Ottoman Archives which total 771,844 war dead including 243,598 killed in action, 61,487 missing action and 466,759 deaths due to disease. The number of wounded was 763,753 and POWs 145,104 Other estimates of Ottoman military casualties are as follows: By UK War Office in 1922: Killed 50,000, died wounds 35,000, died of disease 240,000 By US War Dept in 1924: 325,000 killed and died.
Estimates of Ottoman civilian casualties range from 2,000,000 to 2,150,000. Civilian casualties include the Armenian Genocide, and it is debated if this event should be included with war losses. The total number of resulting Armenian deaths is generally held to have been between 1 million and 1.5 million. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Greeks, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination. Total Ottoman population losses from 1914–1922 were approximately 5 million including the Spanish flu deaths, the Turkish War of Independence from 1919–1922 and the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, these other population losses are not included with the casualties of European War I.

^^y Denmark was neutral in the war. However, Germany at that time included part of Danish Schleswig. 30,000 men from this area served in German forces, and 3,900 were killed. These losses are included with German casualties. 722 Danish merchant sailors and fisherman died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines

^^z Norway and Sweden were both neutral in the war. They both lost ships and merchant sailors in trading through the war zones. Norway lost about 50% of its merchant fleet, percentage-wise the highest loss of any nation's merchant fleet in European War I. 1,892 Norwegian merchant sailors died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed by German submarines. 877 Swedish merchant sailors died, mostly due to vessels torpedoed or sunk by mines.

See also

• Thankful Villages - villages in England and Wales which lost no men in European War I
• Turkish-Armenian War, Armenian-Azerbaijani War, and Georgian-Armenian War 1918
• European War II casualties

Sources

• Urlanis, Boris (1971). Wars and Population. Moscow. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Heeres-Sanitaetsinspektion im Reichskriegsministeriums (1934). Sanitaetsbericht über das deutsche Heer, (deutsches Feld- und Besatzungsheer), im Weltkriege 1914–1918 (in German). Vol. Volume 3, Sec 1. Berlin. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Dumas, Samuel (1923). Losses of Life Caused by War. Oxford. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Clodfelter, Michael (2002). Warfare and Armed Conflicts- A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000 2nd Ed. ISBN 978-0-7864-1204-4.
• The War Office (1922). Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920. Reprinted by Naval & Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84734-681-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Huber, Michel (1931). La Population de la France pendant la guerre. Paris. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Bujac, Jean, Les campagnes de l'armèe Hellènique, 1918–1922, Paris, 1930
• Erickson, Edward J., Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First European War, Greenwood 2001. ISBN 978-0-313-31516-9
• The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Debt of Honour Register
• Grey, Randal (1991). Chronicle of the First European War, Vol II: 1917–1921. Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-2595-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Grebler, Leo (1940). The Cost of the European War to Germany and Austria-Hungary. Yale University Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Gilbert, Martin (1994). Atlas of European War I. Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-521077-4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Harries, Merion (1991). Soldiers of the Sun-The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army. Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-75303-2.
• Mortara, G (1925). La Salute pubblica in Italia durante e dopo la Guerra. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Mitchell, T.J. (1931). Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War. London: Reprinted by Battery Press (1997). ISBN 978-0-89839-263-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Gelvin, James L. The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85289-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Hersch, L., La mortalité causée par la guerre mondiale, Metron- The International Review of Statistics, 1927, Vol 7.
• Ellis, John (1993). European War I–Databook. Aurum Press. ISBN 978-1-85410-766-4.
• US War Dept 1924 data listed in the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Österreichischen Bundesministerium für Herrswesen (1938). Österreich-Ungarns letzer Kreig, 1914-1918 Vol. 7. Vienna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• The Army Council. General Annual Report of the British Army 1912–1919. Parliamentary Paper 1921, XX, Cmd.1193.
• l'Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915-1919. Bruxelles. 1922.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Horne, John and Kramer, Alan, German Atrocities, 1914 ISBN 978-0-300-08975-2
• Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1992). The European War One Sourcebook. Arms and Armour. ISBN 978-1-85409-102-4.
• Strachan, Hew (1999). European War I: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820614-9.
• Krivosheeva, G.F. (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka : poteri vooruzhennykh sil : statisticheskoe issledovanie / pod obshchei redaktsiei. Moscow: OLMA-Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Erlikman, Vadim (2004). Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Tucker, Spencer C (1999). The European Powers in the First European War: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8153-3351-7. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Emin, Ahmed (1930). Turkey in the European War. Yale. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Bane, S.L. (1942). The Blockade of Germany after the Armistice 1918–1919. Stanford: Stanford Iniv. Press. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
• Andrzej Gawryszewski (2005). Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku. Warsaw. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

• Casualties of World War I from "Trenches on the Web"
• Miscellaneous World War I Overseas Casualty Reports from genealogybuff.com
• World War I casualties from Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century
• Casualties of World War I from about.com
• World War I troop statistics - Troop Strength, Wounded, and Casualty Statistics from digitalsurvivors.com