Kindertransport: Difference between revisions
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In 1940, the British government ordered the internment of all male 16- to 70-year old refugees from enemy countries — so-called "friendly [[enemy aliens]]". Many of the kinder who had arrived in earlier years were now young men, and so they were also interned. Approximately 1,000 of these "prior-kinder" were interned in these makeshift [[List of concentration and internment camps|internment camps]], many of which were in the [[The Isle of Man]]. Around 400 were transported overseas to Canada and Australia. (and see [[HMT Dunera|HMT ''Dunera'']].) As the camp internees reached the age of 18, they were offered the chance to do war work or to enter the Army Auxiliary [[Royal Pioneer Corps|Pioneer Corps]]. About 1,000 German and Austrian "prior-kinder," but now adults, went on to serve in the British armed forces, including in combat units. Several dozen joined elite formations such as the Special Forces, where their language skills could be put to good use during the [[D-Day Invasion]] and afterwards, during the WWII progress of the Allies finally into [[Germany]]. |
In 1940, the British government ordered the internment of all male 16- to 70-year old refugees from enemy countries — so-called "friendly [[enemy aliens]]". Many of the kinder who had arrived in earlier years were now young men, and so they were also interned. Approximately 1,000 of these "prior-kinder" were interned in these makeshift [[List of concentration and internment camps|internment camps]], many of which were in the [[The Isle of Man]]. Around 400 were transported overseas to Canada and Australia. (and see [[HMT Dunera|HMT ''Dunera'']].) As the camp internees reached the age of 18, they were offered the chance to do war work or to enter the Army Auxiliary [[Royal Pioneer Corps|Pioneer Corps]]. About 1,000 German and Austrian "prior-kinder," but now adults, went on to serve in the British armed forces, including in combat units. Several dozen joined elite formations such as the Special Forces, where their language skills could be put to good use during the [[D-Day Invasion]] and afterwards, during the WWII progress of the Allies finally into [[Germany]]. |
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It is important to note that this British internment of "friendly enemy aliens" lasted only for short duration (generally a few months). The British Government processed the internees as fast as they could, and soon released them |
It is important to note that this British internment of "friendly enemy aliens" lasted only for short duration (generally a few months). The British Government processed the internees as fast as they could, and soon released them. |
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==Notable people saved== |
==Notable people saved== |
Revision as of 11:27, 31 May 2012
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Kindertransport-Meisler.jpg/220px-Kindertransport-Meisler.jpg)
The Kindertransport (also Refugee Children Movement or "RCM'") is the name given to the rescue mission that took place during the nine months prior to the outbreak of the Second World War. The United Kingdom took in nearly 10,000 predominantly Jewish children from Nazi Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Free City of Danzig. The children were placed in British foster homes, hostels, and farms. Most of the rescued children survived the war. A small number were reunited with parents who had either spent the war in hiding or survived the Nazi camps, but the majority, after the war, found their parents had been killed.
World Jewish Relief (then called 'The Central British Fund for German Jewry') was established in 1933 as a direct result and to support in whatever way possible the needs of Jews both in Germany and Austria. Records for every child who arrived in the UK through the Kindertransports are maintained by World Jewish Relief.
Policy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69279%2C_London%2C_Ankunft_j%C3%BCdische_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S69279%2C_London%2C_Ankunft_j%C3%BCdische_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg)
On 15 November 1938, 5 days after the devastation of "Kristallnacht", the "Night of Broken Glass," in Germany and Austria, a delegation of British Jewish leaders appealed in person to the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Neville Chamberlain. Among other measures, they requested that the British government permit the temporary admission of unaccompanied Jewish children, but without their parents.
The British Cabinet debated the issue the next day and subsequently prepared a Bill to present to Parliament. That bill stated that the Government would waive certain immigration requirements so as to allow the entry into Great Britain of unaccompanied children ranging from infants up to the age of 17, under conditions as outlined in the next paragraph. No limit upon the permitted number of refugees was ever publicly announced. Initially the Jewish refugee Agencies considered 5,000 as a realistic target goal. However, after the British Colonial Office turned down the Jewish Agencies' separate request to allow the admission of 10,000 children to British-controlled Palestine, the Jewish Agencies then increased their planned target number to 15,000 unaccompanied children to enter Great Britain in this way.
On the eve of a major House of Commons of the United Kingdom debate on refugees on 21 November 1938, Home Secretary Sir Samuel Hoare met a large delegation representing various Jewish and non-Jewish groups working on behalf of refugees. The groups were allied under a nondenominational organisation called the Movement for the Care of Children from Germany. The Home Secretary agreed that, to speed up the immigration process, travel documents would be issued on the basis of group lists rather than individual applications. The Agencies promised to find homes for all the children. They also promised to fund the operation and to ensure that none of the refugees would become a financial burden on the public. Every child would have a guarantee of £50 sterling to finance his or her eventual re-emigration, as it was expected the children would stay in the country only temporarily.[1]
Organization and management
Vienna, Westbahnhof Station 2008, a tribute to the British people for saving the lives of thousands of children from Nazi terror through the Kindertransports.
Within a very short time, the Movement for the Care of Children from Germany, later known as the Refugee Children's Movement (RCM), sent representatives to Germany and Austria to establish the systems for choosing, organising, and transporting the children. The World Jewish Relief Fund (formerly the Central British Fund) was also involved.
On 25 November, British citizens heard an appeal for foster homes on the BBC Home Service radio station from Viscount Samuel. Soon there were 500 offers, and RCM volunteers started visiting possible foster homes and reporting on conditions. They did not insist that prospective homes for Jewish children should be Jewish homes. Nor did they probe too carefully into the motives and character of the families: it was sufficient for the houses to look clean and the families to seem respectable.[2]
In Germany, a network of organisers was established, and these volunteers worked around the clock to make priority lists of those most imperilled: teenagers who were in concentration camps or in danger of arrest, Polish children or teenagers threatened with deportation, children in Jewish orphanages, children whose parents were too impoverished to keep them, or children with a parent in a concentration camp. Once the children were identified or grouped by list, their guardians or parents were issued a travel date and departure details. They could only take a small sealed suitcase with no valuables and only ten marks or less in money. Some children had nothing but a manilla tag with a number on the front and their name on the back,[3] others were issued with a numbered identity card with photo:[4] "This document of identity is issued with the approval of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom to young persons to be admitted to the United Kingdom for educational purposes under the care of the Inter-Aid Committee for children. / This Document requires no Visa. / Personal Particulars. / (Name; Sex; Date of Birth; Place; Full Names and Address of Parents)"
The first party of nearly 200 children arrived in Harwich on 2 December, three weeks after Kristallnacht. In the following nine months, 10,000 unaccompanied, mainly Jewish, children travelled to England.[5] Initially the children came mainly from Germany and Austria (now part of the Greater Reich). In March 1939, after the German army invaded Czechoslovakia, transports from Prague were hastily organised. In February and August 1939 trains from Poland were arranged. Transports out of Nazi-occupied Europe continued until the declaration of war 1 September 1939. During the war years many Kinder served in the British armed forces, the nursing professions, in food production and in war related industries. [citation needed] Several thousand remained in Britain when the war ended, and as adults made considerable contributions to Britain's services, industries, commerce, education, science and the arts, for the defence, welfare and development of their country of adoption. No fewer than four Kinder were Nobel Prize winners; two of whom had gone from Britain to America.
Transport arrangements and the ending of the Programme
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/F%C3%BCrdaskind.jpg/220px-F%C3%BCrdaskind.jpg)
The Nazis had decreed that the evacuations must not block ports in Germany, so most Transport parties went by train to the Netherlands; then to a British port, generally Harwich, by cross-channel ferry from the Hook of Holland near Rotterdam. From the port, a train took the children to Liverpool Street Station in London, where they were met by their volunteer foster parents. Some children without prearranged foster families were sheltered at temporary holding centres located at summer holiday camps such as Dovercourt near Harwich and Pakefield. There was at least one Transport direct from Germany; the Transport of 13 June 1939 which left from Bremen, Germany on the ship Europa, arriving at Southampton.[6]
The first Kindertransport left Berlin on 1 December 1938 and arrived in Harwich on 2 December with 196 children. Most were from a Berlin Jewish orphanage burned by the Nazis during the night of 9 November, and the others were from Hamburg.[7][8]
The first train from Vienna left on 10 December 1938 with 600 children, after negotiations with Adolf Eichmann. The main group of 500 went to Harwich and were accommodated at a holiday camp at Dovercourt Bay near Harwich, while 100 stayed temporarily in Holland.[9]
Many Quaker representatives went with the parties from Germany to Holland, or met the parties at Liverpool Street Station in London ensured that there was someone there to receive and care for each child. Between 1939 and 1941, 160 children without foster families, were sent to the Whittingehame Farm School in East Lothian, Scotland. Whittingehame was the family estate and home of the late British Prime Minister Arthur Balfour, author of the Balfour Declaration.[10]
The RCM ran out of money at the end of August 1939 and decided it could not take more children. The last group of children left Germany on 1 September 1939, the day Germany invaded Poland, and two days later Britain, France and other countries declared war on Germany. A party left Prague on 3 September 1939 but was sent back.[11]
Separately, the last known boat transport left the Netherlands on 14 May 1940, the day the Dutch army surrendered to Germany. Hundreds of children were still in the Netherlands and Belgium when Germany occupied those countries, resulting ultimately in their murder at the hands of the Nazis and their collaborators.[citation needed]
The Habonim Hostels and Kindertransport
In the UK a number of members of Habonim, a Jewish youth movement inclined to socialism and Zionism, were instrumental in running the country hostels of South West England, where some of the Kindertransport children were placed. These members of Habonim were held back from going to live on kibbutz by the effects of the Second World War. Other Jewish youth movements in the UK also subsequently participated in this work by running additional hostels.
These hostels were turned into centers for study of secular and Jewish subjects as well as temporary homes for the children. They were run on communal lines. About 120 of the kindertransport children grew up during the war years at these hostels at Exmouth, Dawlish and Teignmouth, South Devon. The hostels themselves were large family mansions that were made available by their owners and helped by both the British government and the Jewish social and charitable organizations. Some of the Habonim members also participated with the older children in helping to farm and to grow agricultural produce to aid the war effort. The languages used were a mixture of German, Polish, Czech, Yiddish, Hebrew and English.
Records
Records for every Kind that arrived in the UK through the Kindertransports are still maintained by World Jewish Relief through its Jewish Refugees Committee. On the supply of authorised documentation, copies of these documents can be supplied to family members at a small fee to cover administration costs.
Nicholas Winton
Before Christmas 1938, 29 year old British stockbroker of German-Jewish origin,[12] Nicholas Winton was about to fly to Switzerland for a ski vacation when he decided to travel to Prague instead to help a friend who was involved in Jewish refugee work.[12] He established an organization to aid Jewish children from Czechoslovakia separated from their families by the Nazis, setting up an office at a dining room table in his hotel in Wenceslas Square.[13] Winton found homes for 669 children.[14] Winton's mother also worked with Winton to place the children in homes, and later hostels, with a team of sponsors from groups like Maidenhead Rotary Club and Rugby Refugee Committee.[11][15] Throughout the summer he placed advertisements seeking British families to take them in. The last group, which left Prague on 3 September 1939, was sent back because the Nazis had invaded Poland, marking the start of the Second World War.[11]
Wilfrid Israel
Wilfrid Israel (1899–1943) may have been a key figure in the rescue of Jews from Germany and occupied Europe. He warned the British government, through Lord Samuel, of the impending Kristallnacht in November 1938. Through a British agent, Frank Foley, passport officer at the Berlin consulate, he kept British intelligence informed of Nazi activities. He spoke for the Reichsvertretung, (the German Jewish communal organisation) and the Hilfsverein (the self help body), urged a plan of rescue on the Foreign Office and helped British Quakers to visit Jewish communities all over Germany to prove to the British government that Jewish parents were indeed prepared to part with their children.[16]
Rabbi Solomon Schonfeld
It is remarkable what one dedicated person was able to do to save kinder. Another example is that of Rabbi Solomon Schonfeld, who also individually brought in 300 kinder. These were all Orthodox, and he was very insistent they went to Orthodox foster-homes and followed Orthodox Judaism. He also did many other important acts. See the entry Solomon Schonfeld, and the book "Holocaust Hero: Solomon Schonfeld," by Dr. Kranzler (Ktav Publishing House, New Jersey, 2004)
Internment and war service
In 1940, the British government ordered the internment of all male 16- to 70-year old refugees from enemy countries — so-called "friendly enemy aliens". Many of the kinder who had arrived in earlier years were now young men, and so they were also interned. Approximately 1,000 of these "prior-kinder" were interned in these makeshift internment camps, many of which were in the The Isle of Man. Around 400 were transported overseas to Canada and Australia. (and see HMT Dunera.) As the camp internees reached the age of 18, they were offered the chance to do war work or to enter the Army Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. About 1,000 German and Austrian "prior-kinder," but now adults, went on to serve in the British armed forces, including in combat units. Several dozen joined elite formations such as the Special Forces, where their language skills could be put to good use during the D-Day Invasion and afterwards, during the WWII progress of the Allies finally into Germany.
It is important to note that this British internment of "friendly enemy aliens" lasted only for short duration (generally a few months). The British Government processed the internees as fast as they could, and soon released them.
Notable people saved
A number of children saved by the Kindertransports went on to become prominent figures in public life. These include:
- Frank Auerbach (from Germany), British painter
- Gretel Beer (from Austria) British cookbook author
- Leslie Brent (from Germany), British immunologist
- Rolf Decker (from Germany), American professional, Olympic and international footballer
- Alfred Dubs, Baron Dubs (from Czechoslovakia), British politician.
- Susan Einzig (from Germany), Book Illustrator
- Vera Gissing (from Czechoslovakia) British author
- John Grenville (from Germany), British historian.
- Eva Hesse (from Germany), American artist.
- Hans Jacobus (from Germany), German journalist
- Walter Kaufmann (from Germany) Australian and German author.
- Walter Kohn (from Austria), American physicist and Nobel laureate.
- George Kovacs (from Austria), American Innovator in Lighting Fixture design.
- Frank Meisler (from Danzig), architect and sculptor
- Gustav Metzger (from Germany), Stateless artist and political activist.
- Ruth Morley, nee Birnholz (from Austria), American costume designer for film and theater. Created the "Annie Hall look".
- Otto Newman (from Austria), British sociologist.
- Arno Penzias (from Germany), American physicist and Nobel laureate.
- Sir Erich Reich (from Austria), British entrepreneur.
- Karel Reisz (from Czechoslovakia), British film director.
- Joe Schlesinger, CM (from Austria), Canadian journalist and author.
- Lore Segal (from Austria), American novelist, translator, teacher, and author of children’s books. Her adult book In Other People's Houses describes her own knocked-from-house-to-house experiences.
- Dame Stephanie "Steve" Shirley (from Germany), British businesswoman and philanthropist.
- Sir Guenter Treitel (from Germany), British law scholar.
- Hanuš Weber (from Czechoslovakia), Swedish TV producer
- Kurt Weiler (from Germany), Producer animated cartoons (DEFA)
- Dr. Ruth Westheimer (from Austria) American therapist and sex expert
- Lily Renee Willhelm
USA: The One Thousand Children
A similar but much less formal effort to bring unaccompanied mainly Jewish children to the United States did exist. It is known as the "One Thousand Children." It brought to the United States, between November 1934 and May 1945, about 1400 mostly Jewish children, who (like the kinder) were unaccompanied by their parents. In contrast to the Kindertransport, for which the British Government had waived immigration visa requirements, these children received no United States Government visa immigration assistance. Furthermore, it is documented that the State Department deliberately made it very difficult for Jewish refugees to get entrance visas.[17]
Relatedly, the 1939 proposed Wagner-Rogers Bill to admit 20,000 Jewish children refugees to the United States from Nazi Germany, who were unaccompanied and under the age of 14 (necessarily leaving their parents behind), co-sponsored by Sen. Robert F. Wagner (D-N.Y.) and Rep. Edith Rogers (R-Mass.), failed to get Congressional approval in February 1939.[18](see the One Thousand Children entry).
In popular culture
The first documentary film made on the subject of the Kindertransport was My Knees Were Jumping: Remembering the Kindertransports which was shown, and nominated for the Grand Jury Prize, at the Sundance Film Festival in 1996[19] and released theatrically in 1998. The director, Melissa Hacker, is the daughter of the costume designer Ruth Morley who was a Kindertransport child. The film is narrated by Joanne Woodward [20]
Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport, narrated by Judi Dench and released by Warner Bros. Pictures, won the Academy Award in 2001 for best documentary feature. There is also a companion book by the same name. The film's producer, Deborah Oppenheimer, is the daughter of a Kindertransport survivor.[21] The director, Mark Jonathan Harris, is a three-time Oscar winner.
The Children Who Cheated the Nazis, narrated by Richard Attenborough is a British documentary film by Sue Read and Jim Goulding, first shown on Channel 4 in 2000. Attenborough's parents were among those who responded to the appeal for families to foster the refugee children; they took in two girls.
"Kindertransport: The Play," is the name of a play by Diane Samuels, which examines the life, during World War II and afterwards, of a Kindertransport child. Among other things, it presents the confusions and traumas that arose for many kinder before, and after, they were fully integrated into their English foster-homes; and, as importantly, when their real parents reappeared in their life, or more likely and tragically, when they learned that their real parents were dead.
In the novel The Remains of the Day and subsequent film adaptation, two teenage refugee sisters fleeing Germany are employed in Lord Darlington's household, only to be dismissed soon afterwards when Darlington, a Nazi sympathiser, reads the work of Houston Stewart Chamberlain.
Austerlitz, by the Anglo-German novelist W G Sebald, is an odyssey of a kindertransport boy brought up in a Welsh manse who later traces his origins to Prague and then goes back there. He finds someone who knew his mother, and he retraces his journey by train
Sisterland, a young adult novel by Linda Newbery, concerns a Kindertransport child, Sarah Reubens, who is now a grandmother; sixteen-year-old Hilly uncovers the secret her grandmother has kept hidden for years. This novel was shortlisted for the 2003 Carnegie Medal.[22]
Far to Go, a novel by Alison Pick, a Canadian writer and descendant of European Jews, is the fictional account of a Sudetenland Jewish family who after fleeing to Prague use bribery to secure a place for their six-year old son aboard one of Nicholas Winton's transports.
In BBC1's The Kindertransport Story, three rescued children, now in their eighties, tell their moving stories. Also taking part in the programme was Lord Attenborough, whose own parents took in two girls after responding to the urgent appeal for foster families.
Personal accounts
- Bob Rosner (2005) One of the Lucky Ones: rescued by the Kindertransport, Beth Shalom, Newark (England). ISBN 0-9543001-9-X. -- An account of 9-year-old Robert from Vienna and his 13-year-old sister Renate, who stayed throughout the war with Leo Schultz OBE in Hull and attended Kingston High School. Their parents survived the war and Renate returned to Vienna.
- Brand, Gisele. "Comes the Dark". Verand Press, (2003). ISBN 1-876454-09-1. Published in Australia. A factional account of the author's family life up to the beginning of the war, her experiences on the kinder-transport and life beyond.
- David, Ruth. Child of our Time: A Young Girl's Flight from the Holocaust, I.B. Tauris.
- Golabek, Mona and Lee Cohen. "The Children of Willesden Lane." -- account of a young Jewish pianist who escaped the Nazis by the Kindertransport.
- Newman, Otto, British sociologist and author; Escapes and Adventures: A 20th Century Odyssey. Lulu Press, 2008
- Oppenheimer, Deborah and Harris, Mark Jonathan. "Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport" (2008, Bloomsbury/St Martins, New York & London) ISBN 1-58234-101-X.
- Segal, Lore. "Other People's Houses." -- the author’s life as a Kindertransport girl from Vienna, told in the voice of a child. The New Press, New York 1994.
- Smith, Lyn. "Remembering: Voices of the Holocaust." Ebury Press, Great Britain, 2005, Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York, 2006. ISBN 0-7867-1640-1.
- Strasser, Charles. "From Refugee to OBE." Keller Publishing, 2007, ISBN 978-1-934002-03-2 ISBN 10: 1-934002-03-8.
- Weber, Hanuš. Ilse: A Love Story Without a Happy Ending, Stockholm: Författares Bokmaskin, 2004. Weber was a Czech Jew whose parents placed him on the last Kindertransport from Prague in June, 1939. His book is mostly about his mother, who was killed in Auschwitz in 1944.
- Whiteman, Dorit. "The Uprooted: A Hitler Legacy: Voices of Those Who Escaped Before the "Final Solution." by Perseus Books, Cambridge, MA 1993.
- A collection of personal accounts can be found at the website of the Quakers in Britain at www.quaker.org.uk/kinder.
- Leverton, Bertha and Lowensohn, Shmuel (editors), "I Came Alone: The Stories of the Kindertransports", The Book Guild, Ltd., 1990. ISBN 0-86332-566-1
Winton train
On 1 September 2009, a special "Winton train" set off from the Prague Main railway station. The train, consisting of an original locomotive and carriages used in the 1930s, headed to London via the original Kindertransport route. On board the train were several surviving "Winton children" and their descendants, who were to be welcomed by the now hundred year old Sir Nicholas Winton in London. The occasion marked the 70th anniversary of the intended last Kindertransport which was due to set off on 3 September 1939 but never did because of the outbreak of the Second World War. At the train's departure, Sir Nicholas Winton's statue was unveiled at the railway station.[23]
See also
- Whittingehame Farm School, East Lothian
- Bunce Court School, Otterden, Kent
- Anna Essinger – set up the reception camp at Dovercourt
- Hanna Bergas – one of three teachers to help children arriving at Dovercourt
- Else Hirsch – helped organize ten Kindertransports
- Leica Freedom Train
- The Holocaust
- Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom
- Timeline of young people's rights in the United States
References
- ^ Baruch Tenenbaum. "Nicholas Winton, British savior". IRWF. The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
- ^ http://www.eastrenfrewshire.gov.uk/holocaust/holocaust_remembrance_2004_-_holocausts/holocaust_remembrance_2004_-_the_nazi_holocaust/kindertrasport.htm
- ^ Into the Arms of Strangers Oppenheimer, page 98
- ^ Into the Arms of Strangers Oppenheimer, page 76
- ^ World Jewish Relief
- ^ [1]
- ^ The Times (London) 3 December 1938 p14
- ^ Kindertransport.org History
- ^ The Times (London) 12 December 1938 p13
- ^ http://www.jpost.com/ChristianInIsrael/Features/Article.aspx?id=185477
- ^ a b c Lahav, Yehuda (2 September 2009). "Jews saved by U.K. stockbroker to reenact 1939 journey to safety". Haaretz.com. Ha'aretz. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b "ČD Winton Train - Biography". Winton Train. České drahy. 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
- ^ "Nicholas Winton, the Schindler of Britain". www.auschwitz.dk. Louis Bülow. 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
- ^ "UK's 'Schindler' awaits Nobel vote", BBC News Online, London, 1 February 2008.
- ^ Nicholas Winton and the rescued generation Muriel Emanuel, Věra Gissing - 2002 "Many German refugee boys and some Winton children were given refuge in Christadelphian homes and hostels and there is substantial documentation to show how closely Overton worked with Winton and, later, with Winton's mother, "
- ^ Naomi Shepherd: ‘A Refuge from Darkness’ Pantheon books, N.Y, 1984. Published as ‘Wilfrid Israel, German Jewry’s Secret Ambassador’ by Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, in 1984; in German translation by Siedler Verlag, Berlin; and in Hebrew as "שגריר ללא ארץ", the Bialik Institute in 1989. This biography won the Wingate Prize for the best book on Jewish subjects for 1984.
- ^ Wyman, David S. (1984). New York: Pantheon. pp. 124–142. ISBN 0-394-42813-7.
{{cite book}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ Gurock, Jeffrey. "America, American Jews, and the Holocaust: American Jewish History." Routledge, 1997, p.227
- ^ IMDB listing
- ^ League of Professional Theatre Women biography
- ^ Bloomsbury biography
- ^ Guardian Book News
- ^ ČTK (1 September 2009). "Train in honour of Jewish children rescuer Winton leaves Prague". České noviny. Neris s.r.o. Retrieved 1 September 2009.
- ^ Tarmon (Tremberg) and Levy, Asher, Shimon (1989). Habonim in Britain 1929-1953. Israel: Irgun Vatikei Habonim. pp. 155, 196–203.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Educational site focusing on the children arriving in Britain.
- Kindertransport Association of North America - an association of children rescued in the Kindertransport who have settled in North America.
- About World Jewish Relief's (formerly the Central British Fund) role in Kindertransport
- WWW.ajr.org.uk/kindertransport The Kindertransport Webpage maintained by the Association of Jewish Refugees in London, UK, with links to the Kindertransport Association of the United Kingdom.
- A collection of personal reminiscences and tributes from people who were rescued on the Kindertransport, collected by the Quakers in 2008.
- Link to information about the film "My Knees Were Jumping: Remembering the Kindertransports" (1996)
- Link to information about the film "Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport" (2000)
- Link to information about the British documentary "The Children Who Cheated the Nazis" (2000)
- World Jewish Relief (formally known as The British Jewish Refugee Committee)
- Wiener Library in London (holds documents, books, pamphlets, video interviews on the Kindertransport)
- Archive of ten refugees in Gloucester in 1939
- Through My Eyes website (personal stories of war & identity - including 3 Kindertransport evacuees - an Imperial War Museum online resource)