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Sectarian clashes occur sporadically in Rakhine State, often between the majority Buddhist [[Rakhine people]] and sizable minority [[Rohingya]] Muslim.<ref name="BBC emergency" /> The Burmese government classifies the Rohingya as "immigrants" to Burma, and thus not eligible for citizenship. Some historians argue that the group dates back centuries while others say that it emerged in the 19th century.<ref name="BBC emergency" /> According to the United Nations, the Rohingya are one of the world's most persecuted minorities.<ref name="BBC emergency" /> They are subject to restrictions on education, marriage, reproduction and property ownership,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2012/oct/18/rule-law-meet-rohingya/ | title=Rule of Law? Meet the Rohingya | agency=Yale Daily News | date=18 Oct 2012 | accessdate=5 November 2012}}</ref> as well as forced labor<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/14/myanmar-conflict-rohingya-muslims_n_1595976.html | title=Myanmar Conflict: Rohingya Muslims Persecuted In Myanmar And Bangladesh | agency=Huffington Post | date=14 Jun 2012 | accessdate=5 November 2012}}</ref> and sexual abuse by the state army<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2012/09/29/264157/violence-continues-against-rohingyas/ | title=Violence continues against Myanmar’s Rohingya Muslims | agency=Press TV | date=29 Sep 2012 | accessdate=5 November 2012}}</ref>. Elaine Pearson, deputy director of Human Rights Watch's Asia division, said "All those years of discrimination, abuses and neglect are bound to bubble up at some point, and that's what we are seeing now."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/11/uk-myanmar-violence-idUSLNE85A01C20120611 | title=Muslim, Buddhist mob violence threatens new Myanmar image | agency=Reuters | date=11 Jun 2012 | accessdate=12 June 2012}}</ref>
Sectarian clashes occur sporadically in Rakhine State, often between the majority Buddhist [[Rakhine people]] and sizable minority [[Rohingya]] Muslim.<ref name="BBC emergency" /> The Burmese government classifies the Rohingya as "immigrants" to Burma, and thus not eligible for citizenship. Some historians argue that the group dates back centuries while others say that it emerged in the 19th century.<ref name="BBC emergency" /> According to the United Nations, the Rohingya are one of the world's most persecuted minorities.<ref name="BBC emergency" /> They are subject to restrictions on education, marriage, reproduction and property ownership,<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.yaledailynews.com/news/2012/oct/18/rule-law-meet-rohingya/ | title=Rule of Law? Meet the Rohingya | agency=Yale Daily News | date=18 Oct 2012 | accessdate=5 November 2012}}</ref> as well as forced labor<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/14/myanmar-conflict-rohingya-muslims_n_1595976.html | title=Myanmar Conflict: Rohingya Muslims Persecuted In Myanmar And Bangladesh | agency=Huffington Post | date=14 Jun 2012 | accessdate=5 November 2012}}</ref> and sexual abuse by the state army<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2012/09/29/264157/violence-continues-against-rohingyas/ | title=Violence continues against Myanmar’s Rohingya Muslims | agency=Press TV | date=29 Sep 2012 | accessdate=5 November 2012}}</ref>. Elaine Pearson, deputy director of Human Rights Watch's Asia division, said "All those years of discrimination, abuses and neglect are bound to bubble up at some point, and that's what we are seeing now."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/11/uk-myanmar-violence-idUSLNE85A01C20120611 | title=Muslim, Buddhist mob violence threatens new Myanmar image | agency=Reuters | date=11 Jun 2012 | accessdate=12 June 2012}}</ref>


On the evening of 28 May, a group of men robbed,raped and murdered an ethnic Rakhine woman, Ma Thida Htwe, near the Kyaut Ne Maw village. The locals claim the culprits to have been Rohingya Muslims. The police arrested three suspects and sent them to [[Ramree Township|Yanbye township]] jail.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,ICG,,IDN,,4fd85cdd2,0.html | title=Myanmar Conflict Alert: Preventing communal bloodshed and building better relations | publisher= International Crisis Group (ICG) | date=12 June 2012 | accessdate=29 September 2012 }}</ref> On 3 June,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elevenmyanmar.com/national/crime/241-30-arrested-for-killing-10-aboard-toungup-bus |title=30 arrested for killing 10 aboard Toungup bus |publisher=Elevenmyanmar.com |date=2012-07-05 |accessdate=2012-10-27}}</ref> a mob attacked a bus in [[Taungup]], apparently mistakenly believing those responsible for the murder were on board.<ref name="BBC relocate">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18392262 | title=UN decides to relocate staff from Myanmar's Rakhine state |publisher=BBC | date=11 June 2012 | accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> Ten Muslims were killed in the reprisal attack,<ref name="BBC 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18368556 | title=Burma police clash with Muslim protesters in Maung Daw |publisher=BBC | date=9 June 2012 | accessdate=9 June 2012}}</ref> prompting protests by Burmese Muslims in the commercial capital, Yangon. The government responded by appointing a minister and a senior police chief to head an investigation committee. The committee was ordered to find out "cause and instigation of the incident" and to pursue legal action.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20120608-351252.html | title=Myanmar to probe Muslim deaths | agency=Reuters | date=8 June 2012 | accessdate=9 June 2012}}</ref> As of 2 July, 30 people had been arrested over the killing of ten Muslims.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/02/us-myanmar-violence-idUSBRE8610CE20120702 | title=Myanmar arrests 30 over killing of 10 Muslims | agency=Reuters | date=2 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012}}</ref>
On the evening of 28 May, a group of men robbed, raped and murdered an ethnic Rakhine woman, Ma Thida Htwe, near the Kyaut Ne Maw village. The locals claim the culprits to have been Rohingya Muslims. The police arrested three suspects and sent them to [[Ramree Township|Yanbye township]] jail.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,ICG,,IDN,,4fd85cdd2,0.html | title=Myanmar Conflict Alert: Preventing communal bloodshed and building better relations | publisher= International Crisis Group (ICG) | date=12 June 2012 | accessdate=29 September 2012 }}</ref> On 3 June,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elevenmyanmar.com/national/crime/241-30-arrested-for-killing-10-aboard-toungup-bus |title=30 arrested for killing 10 aboard Toungup bus |publisher=Elevenmyanmar.com |date=2012-07-05 |accessdate=2012-10-27}}</ref> a mob attacked a bus in [[Taungup]], apparently mistakenly believing those responsible for the murder were on board.<ref name="BBC relocate">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18392262 | title=UN decides to relocate staff from Myanmar's Rakhine state |publisher=BBC | date=11 June 2012 | accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> Ten Muslims were killed in the reprisal attack,<ref name="BBC 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18368556 | title=Burma police clash with Muslim protesters in Maung Daw |publisher=BBC | date=9 June 2012 | accessdate=9 June 2012}}</ref> prompting protests by Burmese Muslims in the commercial capital, Yangon. The government responded by appointing a minister and a senior police chief to head an investigation committee. The committee was ordered to find out "cause and instigation of the incident" and to pursue legal action.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20120608-351252.html | title=Myanmar to probe Muslim deaths | agency=Reuters | date=8 June 2012 | accessdate=9 June 2012}}</ref> As of 2 July, 30 people had been arrested over the killing of ten Muslims.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/02/us-myanmar-violence-idUSBRE8610CE20120702 | title=Myanmar arrests 30 over killing of 10 Muslims | agency=Reuters | date=2 July 2012 | accessdate=15 July 2012}}</ref>


==June riots==
==June riots==

Revision as of 18:33, 12 November 2012

2012 Rakhine State Riots
File:Rohingya burning of Rakhine village.jpg
A house being burned during the riots
LocationRakhine State, Myanmar
Date8 June 2012 (2012-06-08) (UTC+06:30)
Attack type
Religious
DeathsJune: 88[1][2][3]
October: at least 80[4]
100,000 displaced[4]

Template:Burmese characters The 2012 Rakhine State riots are a series of ongoing conflicts primarily between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims in northern Rakhine State, Myanmar, though by October Muslims of all ethnicities had begun to be targeted.[5][6] The riots came after weeks of sectarian disputes and have been condemned by most people on both sides of the conflict.[7] The immediate cause of the riots was unclear, with many commentators citing the rape and murder of a Rakhine woman and the following killing of ten Burmese Muslims by ethnic Rakhine as the main cause. The Myanmar government responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions. On 10 June, state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing military to participate in administration of the region.[8][9] As of 22 August, officially there had been 88 casualties – 57 Muslims and 31 Buddhists.[1] An estimated 90,000 people have been displaced by the violence.[10][11] About 2,528 houses were burned, and of those, 1,336 belonged to Rohingyas and 1,192 belonged to Rakhines.[12] The Burmese army and police were accused of playing a leading role in targeting Rohingyas through mass arrests and arbitrary violence.[13]

While the government response was praised by the United States and European Union,[14][15] Amnesty International and other human rights groups were critical, stating that the Rohingya were fleeing arbitrary arrests by the Burmese government, and that the Rohingyas had faced systemic discrimination by the government for decades.[14] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and several human rights groups rejected the President Thein Sein's proposal to resettle the Rohingya abroad.[16] Some aid groups criticized the Myanmar government for creating a humanitarian crisis for Rohingya, for isolating them in camps, "abusive treatment," and preventing access to humanitarian aid, including arrests of aid workers.[17]

Fighting broke out again in October, resulting in at least 80 deaths, the displacement of more than 20,000 people, and the burning of thousands of homes.

Background

Main article: Rohingya insurgency in Western Burma

Sectarian clashes occur sporadically in Rakhine State, often between the majority Buddhist Rakhine people and sizable minority Rohingya Muslim.[18] The Burmese government classifies the Rohingya as "immigrants" to Burma, and thus not eligible for citizenship. Some historians argue that the group dates back centuries while others say that it emerged in the 19th century.[18] According to the United Nations, the Rohingya are one of the world's most persecuted minorities.[18] They are subject to restrictions on education, marriage, reproduction and property ownership,[19] as well as forced labor[20] and sexual abuse by the state army[21]. Elaine Pearson, deputy director of Human Rights Watch's Asia division, said "All those years of discrimination, abuses and neglect are bound to bubble up at some point, and that's what we are seeing now."[22]

On the evening of 28 May, a group of men robbed, raped and murdered an ethnic Rakhine woman, Ma Thida Htwe, near the Kyaut Ne Maw village. The locals claim the culprits to have been Rohingya Muslims. The police arrested three suspects and sent them to Yanbye township jail.[23] On 3 June,[24] a mob attacked a bus in Taungup, apparently mistakenly believing those responsible for the murder were on board.[25] Ten Muslims were killed in the reprisal attack,[26] prompting protests by Burmese Muslims in the commercial capital, Yangon. The government responded by appointing a minister and a senior police chief to head an investigation committee. The committee was ordered to find out "cause and instigation of the incident" and to pursue legal action.[27] As of 2 July, 30 people had been arrested over the killing of ten Muslims.[28]

June riots

The June riots saw various attacks by Buddhist Rakhines and Rohingya Muslims on each other's communities, including destruction of property.[29]

8 June: Initial attacks

Despite increased security measures, at 3:50 pm 8 June, a large mob of Rohingya ignited several houses in Bohmu Village, Maungdaw Township. Telephone lines were also damaged.[30] By the evening, Hmuu Zaw, a high-ranking officer, reported that the security forces were protecting 14 burnt villages in Maungdaw township. Around 5:30, the forces were authorized to use deadly force but they fired mostly warning shots according to local media.[30][31] Soon afterward, authorities declared that the situation in Maungdaw Township had been stabilized. However, three villages of southern Maungdaw were torched in early evening. At 9 o'clock, the government imposed curfew in Maungdaw, forbidding any gathering of more than five persons in public area. An hour later, the rioters had a police outpost in Khayay Mying Village surrounded. The police fired warning shots to disperse them.[31] At 10 o'clock, armed forces had taken positions in Maungdaw. Five people had been confirmed killed as of 8 June.[32]

9 June: Riots spread

File:Police approahes rioters during 2012 Rohingya riots in Burma.jpeg
Security forces approach rioters as they burn remnants of a demolished house

On the morning of 9 June, five army battalions arrived to reinforce the existing security forces. Government set up refugee camps for those whose houses had been burned. Government reports stated that Relief and Resettlement Ministry and Ministry of Defense had distributed 3.3 tons of supplies and 2 tons of clothes respectively.[33]

Despite increased security presence, the riots continued unabated. Security forces successfully prevented rioters' attempt to torch five quarters of Maungdaw. However, Rakhine villagers from Buthidaung Township arrived at refugee camps after their houses had been razed. Soon after, soldiers took positions and anti-riot police patrolled in the township. The rioters marched to Sittwe and burned down three houses in Mingan quarter. An official report stated that at least 7 people had been killed, one hostel, 17 shops and over 494 houses had been destroyed as of 9 June.[33]

10 June: State of emergency

On 10 June, a state of emergency was declared across Rakhine.[18] According to state TV, the order was given in response to "unrest and terrorist attacks" and "intended to restore security and stability to the people immediately."[18] President Thein Sein added that further unrest could threaten the country's moves toward democracy.[34] It was the first time that the current government used the provision. It instigated martial law, giving the military administrative control of the region.[18] The move was criticized by Human Rights Watch, who accused the government of handing control over to a military which had historically brutalized people in the region.[35]

Also on 10 June, according to the Rohingya, "a 12-year-old girl who went for routine shopping was shot to death by police."[34] Some ethnic Rakhine burned Rohingya houses in Bohmu village in retaliation.[36]

Over five thousand people were residing at refugee camps by 10 June.[37] Many of the refugees fled to Sittwe to escape the rioting, overwhelming local officials.[34]

12–14 June

On 12 June, more buildings were set ablaze in Sittwe as many residents throughout Rakhine were relocated.[38] "Smoke is billowing from many directions and we are scared," said one ethnic Rakhine resident. "The government should send in more security forces to protect [our] communities."[35] An unnamed government official put the death toll at 25 to date.[35]

The number of casualties were officially revised to 21 on 13 June.[39] A top United Nations envoy visited the region affected by the riots. "We're here to observe and assess how we can continue to provide support to Rakhine," said Ashok Nigam, UN humanitarian coordinator.[39] The envoy later remarked that army appeared to have restored order to the region.[11]

Meanwhile, Bangladeshi authorities continued to turn away refugees, denying another 140 people entry into Bangladesh. To date at least 15 boats and up to 1,500 total refugees had been turned away.[39] Dipu Moni, Foreign Minister of Bangladesh, said at a news conference in the capital, Dhaka, that Bangladesh did not have the capacity to accept refugees because the impoverished country’s resources already are strained.[40] The UN called on Bangladesh to reconsider.[41]

On 14 June, the situation appeared calm as casualty figures were updated to 29 deaths – 16 Muslim and 13 Buddhists according to Myanmar authorities.[11] The government also estimated 2,500 homes had been destroyed and 30,000 people displaced by the violence. Thirty-seven camps across Rakhine housed the refugees.[11] Opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi warned that violence would continue unless "the rule of law" was restored.[11]

15–28 June

As of 28 June, casualty figures were updated to 80 deaths and estimated 90,000 people were displaced and taking refuge in temporary camps according to official reports.[42] Hundreds of Rohingyas fled across the border to Bangladesh, though many were forced back to Burma.

Tun Khin, the President of the Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK (BROUK), stated that as of 28 June 650 Rohingyas had been killed, 1,200 were missing, and more than 80,000 had been displaced.[13] Rohingyas who fled to Bangladesh also claimed that the Burmese army and police shot groups of villagers. They stated they feared to return to Burma when Bangladesh rejected them as refugees and asked them to go back home.[13]

October riots

Violence between Muslims and Buddhists broke out again in late October.[43][44] According to the Burmese government, more than 80 people were killed, more than 22,000 people were displaced, and more than 4,600 houses burnt.[4] The outburst of fighting brought the total number of displaced since the beginning of the conflict to 100,000.[4]

The violence began in the towns of Min Bya and Mrauk Oo, but spread across the state.[43] Though the majority of Rakhine state's Muslims are Rohingya, Muslims of all ethnicities were reported to be targets of the violence.[5][6] Several Muslim groups announced that they would not be celebrating Eid al-Adha because they felt the government could not protect them.[44]

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon issued a statement on 26 October that "the vigilante attacks, targeted threats and extremist rhetoric must be stopped. If this is not done ... the reform and opening up process being currently pursued by the government is likely to be jeopardised."[43] US State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland called on the Burmese government to halt the violence and allow aid groups unrestricted access.[44] On 27 October, a spokesperson for Thein Sein acknowledged "incidents of whole villages and parts of the towns being burnt down in Rakhine state", after Human Rights Watch released a satellite image showing hundreds of Muslim buildings destroyed in Kyaukpyu on Ramree Island.[5] The United Nations reported on 28 October that 3,200 more displaced people had fled to refugee camps, with an estimated additional 2,500 still in transit.[45]

In early November, Doctors Without Borders reported that pamphlets and posters were being distributed in Rakhine State threatening aid workers who treated Muslims, causing almost all of its local staff to quit.[46]

Reactions

Domestic

  • National League for Democracy – The NLD appealed to the rioters to stop.[47]
  • 88 Generation Students Group – 88 Generation Students leaders called the riots "acts of terrorism" and acts that have "nothing to do with Islam, Buddhism, nor any other religion."[48]
  • All Myanmar Islam Association – All Myanmar Islam Association, the largest Islam association in Myanmar, condemned the "terrorizing and destruction of lives and property of innocent people", declaring that "the perpetrators must be held accountable by law."[49][50]
  • Some local analysts believe the riots and conflict were instigated by the military, with the aim to embarrass Aung San Suu Kyi during her European tour, to reassert their own authority, or to divert attention from other conflicts involving ethnic minorities across the country.[51]
  • In August 2012 President Thein Sein announced the establishment of a 27-member commission to investigate the violence. The commission would include members of different political parties and religious organizations.[52]

International

  •  Bangladesh – Bangladesh, which borders Burma, increased border security in response to the riots. Numerous boat refugees were turned aside by the Border Guard.[25]
  •  Iran – Members of Iranian society condemned the attacks and called on other Muslim states to take a "firm stance" against the violence; protests also took place in Iran.[53]
  •  Pakistan – Pakistani foreign ministry spokesman Moazzam Ali Khan said during a weekly news briefing: "we are concerned about the situation, but there are reports that things have improved there." He added that Pakistan hoped Burmese authorities would exercise necessary steps to bring the situation back to control.[54] Protests against the anti-Muslim riots were lodged by various political parties and organisations in Pakistan, who called for the government, United Nations, OIC and human rights organisations to take notice of the killings and hold Myanmar accountable.[55][56]
  •  Saudi Arabia – The Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia says that it "condemns the ethnic cleansing campaign and brutal attacks against Myanmar's Muslim Rohingya citizens" and it urged the international community to protect "Muslims in Myanmar".[57] King Abdullah ordered $50 million of aid sent to the Rohingyas, in Saudi Arabia's capacity as a "guardian of global Muslim interests".[58]
  •  United Kingdom – Foreign Office minister Jeremy Browne told reporters that he was 'deeply concerned' by the situation and that the UK and other countries would continue to watch developments closely.[59]
  •  United States – US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on Monday called for "all parties to exercise restraint", adding that "the United States continues to be deeply concerned" about the situation.[60][61]
  •  European Union – Earlier in 2012, the EU lifted some of its economic and political sanctions on Myanmar. As of 22 July, EU diplomats were monitoring the situation in the country and were in contact with its officials.[62]
  •  Organisation of Islamic Cooperation – On 15 August, a meeting of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation condemned Myanma authorities for the "violence" against Rohingyas and the denial of the group's citizenship, and vowed to bring the issue to the United Nations General Assembly.[63]

References

  1. ^ a b "Press Release". Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 21 August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Myanmar sets up internal probe of sectarian unrest". The Guardian. 17 August 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Myanmar gov't refutes accusations of religious persecution, discrimination in Rakhine incident". Xinhua. 27 October 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c d "Burma violence: 20,000 displaced in Rakhine state". BBC News. 28 October 2012. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b c "Burma admits Rakhine destruction". BBC News. 27 October 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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  9. ^ Keane, Fergal (11 June 2012). "Old tensions bubble in Burma". BBC News Online. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
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  37. ^ "ရခိုင်၊ ဗမာ၊ သက် ဒုက္ခသည် ငါးထောင်ကျော်". BBC. 10 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  38. ^ "Myanmar clashes continue|World". chinadaily.com.cn. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  39. ^ a b c "Burma unrest: UN envoy visits Rakhine state". BBC News. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
  40. ^ "Bangladesh sends back boatloads of Rohingya Muslims fleeing Myanmar violence".
  41. ^ "UN urges Bangladesh to take in people fleeing Burma violence". BBC News. 15 June 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  42. ^ "RFA news". Rfa.org. Retrieved 2012-10-27.
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