Salvia hispanica: Difference between revisions
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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Chia is an [[annual plant|annual]] [[Herbaceous plant|herb]] growing up to {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, with [[Phyllotaxis|opposite]] leaves that are {{convert|4|-|8|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|-|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide. Its flowers are purple or white and are produced in numerous clusters in a [[Raceme|spike]] at the end of each stem.<ref name="Sahagun">Anderson, A.J.O. and Dibble, C.E. "An Ethnobiography of the Nahuatl", The [[Florentine Codex]], (translation of the work by Fr. [[Bernardino de Sahagún]]), Books 10-11, from the Period 1558-1569</ref> Chia is hardy from [[Hardiness zone|USDA Zones]] 9-12. Many plants cultivated as ''S. hispanica'' are actually ''[[Salvia lavandulifolia|S. lavandulifolia]]''.<ref>Mark Griffiths, Editor. ''Index of Garden Plants.'' (Portland, Oregon: [[Timber Press]], 2nd American Edition, 1995.) ISBN 0-88192-246-3.</ref> |
Chia is an [[annual plant|annual]] [[Herbaceous plant|herb]] growing up to {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall, with [[Phyllotaxis|opposite]] leaves that are {{convert|4|-|8|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|-|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide. Its flowers are purple or white and are produced in numerous clusters in a [[Raceme|spike]] at the end of each stem.<ref name="Sahagun">Anderson, A.J.O. and Dibble, C.E. "An Ethnobiography of the Nahuatl", The [[Florentine Codex]], (translation of the work by Fr. [[Bernardino de Sahagún]]), Books 10-11, from the Period 1558-1569</ref> Chia is hardy from [[Hardiness zone|USDA Zones]] 9-12. Many plants cultivated as ''S. hispanica'' are actually ''[[Salvia lavandulifolia|S. lavandulifolia]]''.<ref>Mark Griffiths, Editor. ''Index of Garden Plants.'' (Portland, Oregon: [[Timber Press]], 2nd American Edition, 1995.) ISBN 0-88192-246-3.</ref> |
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==Seeds== |
==Seeds== |
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[[File:Semillas de Chía.jpg|thumb| |
[[File:Semillas de Chía.jpg|thumb|left|160px|[[Seed]]s]] |
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Chia is grown commercially for its [[seed]], a food that is rich in [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s, since the [[seed]]s yield 25–30% extractable [[Vegetable fats and oils|oil]], including [[Alpha-linolenic acid|α-linolenic acid]] (ALA). Of total fat, the composition of the oil can be 55% [[omega-3 fatty acid|ω-3]], 18% [[omega-6 fatty acid|ω-6]], 6% [[omega-9 fatty acid|ω-9]], and 10% [[saturated fat]].<ref name="USDA">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3061/2|year=2010|author= USDA SR-21 Nutrient Data|title=Nutrition facts for dried chia seeds, one ounce|publisher=Conde Nast, Nutrition Data}}</ref> |
Chia is grown commercially for its [[seed]], a food that is rich in [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s, since the [[seed]]s yield 25–30% extractable [[Vegetable fats and oils|oil]], including [[Alpha-linolenic acid|α-linolenic acid]] (ALA). Of total fat, the composition of the oil can be 55% [[omega-3 fatty acid|ω-3]], 18% [[omega-6 fatty acid|ω-6]], 6% [[omega-9 fatty acid|ω-9]], and 10% [[saturated fat]].<ref name="USDA">{{cite web|url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/nut-and-seed-products/3061/2|year=2010|author= USDA SR-21 Nutrient Data|title=Nutrition facts for dried chia seeds, one ounce|publisher=Conde Nast, Nutrition Data}}</ref> |
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==Mesoamerican usage== |
==Mesoamerican usage== |
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[[File:Salviahispanica-florentinecodex2.jpg|thumb|Drawing from the [[Florentine Codex]] showing a ''Salvia hispanica'' plant<ref name="CAHILL" />]] |
[[File:Salviahispanica-florentinecodex2.jpg|thumb|right|Drawing from the [[Florentine Codex]] showing a ''Salvia hispanica'' plant<ref name="CAHILL" />]] |
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{{nutritionalvalue | name=Seeds, chia seeds, dried |
{{nutritionalvalue |
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| name=Seeds, chia seeds, dried |
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| kJ=2034 |
| kJ=2034 |
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| protein=16.54 g |
| protein=16.54 g |
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| note=[http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=12006&format=Full Link to USDA Database entry] |
| note=[http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=12006&format=Full Link to USDA Database entry] |
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''S. hispanica'' is described and pictured in the [[Mendoza Codex]] and the [[Florentine Codex]], 16th century [[Aztec codices]] created between 1540 and 1585. Both describe and picture ''Salvia hispanica'' and its usage by the [[Aztec]]. The Mendoza Codex indicates that the plant was widely cultivated and given as tribute in 21 of the 38 Aztec provincial states. Economic historians suggest that it was a staple food that was as widely used as [[maize]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Cahill|2003|p=605}}</ref> |
''S. hispanica'' is described and pictured in the [[Mendoza Codex]] and the [[Florentine Codex]], 16th century [[Aztec codices]] created between 1540 and 1585. Both describe and picture ''Salvia hispanica'' and its usage by the [[Aztec]]. The Mendoza Codex indicates that the plant was widely cultivated and given as tribute in 21 of the 38 Aztec provincial states. Economic historians suggest that it was a staple food that was as widely used as [[maize]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Cahill|2003|p=605}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
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Revision as of 08:48, 20 July 2013
| Chia | |
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| Species: | S. hispanica
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| Binomial name | |
| Salvia hispanica | |
Salvia hispanica, commonly known as chia, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, Lamiaceae, native to central and southern Mexico and Guatemala.[1] The 16th century Codex Mendoza provides evidence that it was cultivated by the Aztec in pre-Columbian times; economic historians have suggested that it was as important as maize as a food crop.[2] It is still used in Mexico and Guatemala, with the seeds sometimes ground, while whole seeds are used for nutritious drinks and as a food source.[3][4]
Etymology
The word chia is derived from the Nahuatl word chian, meaning oily.[1] The present Mexican state of Chiapas received its name from the Nahuatl "chia water" or "chia river."
It is one of two plants known as chia, the other being Salvia columbariae which is more commonly known as the golden chia.
Description
Chia is an annual herb growing up to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall, with opposite leaves that are 4–8 cm (1.6–3.1 in) long and 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) wide. Its flowers are purple or white and are produced in numerous clusters in a spike at the end of each stem.[5] Chia is hardy from USDA Zones 9-12. Many plants cultivated as S. hispanica are actually S. lavandulifolia.[6]
Seeds
Chia is grown commercially for its seed, a food that is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, since the seeds yield 25–30% extractable oil, including α-linolenic acid (ALA). Of total fat, the composition of the oil can be 55% ω-3, 18% ω-6, 6% ω-9, and 10% saturated fat.[7]
Chia seeds are typically small ovals with a diameter of about 1 mm (0.039 in). They are mottle-colored with brown, gray, black and white.
Chia seed is traditionally consumed in Mexico, and the southwestern United States, but is not widely known in Europe. Chia (or chian or chien) has mostly been identified as Salvia hispanica L. Today, chia is grown commercially in its native Mexico, and in Bolivia, Argentina, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Australia, and Guatemala. In 2008, Australia was the world's largest producer of chia.[8] A similar species, Salvia columbariae or golden chia, is used in the same way but is not grown commercially for food. Salvia hispanica seed is marketed most often under its common name "chia", but also under several trademarks.
Nutrient content and food uses
According to the USDA, a one ounce (28 gram) serving of chia seeds contains 9 grams of fat, 5 milligrams of sodium, 11 grams of dietary fiber and 4 grams of protein. The seeds also have 18% of the recommended daily intake of calcium, 27% phosphorus and 30% manganese,[7] similar in nutrient content to other edible seeds such as flax or sesame.[9][10] Although preliminary research indicates potential for dietary health benefits, this work remains sparse and inconclusive.[11]
In 2009, the European Union approved chia seeds as a novel food, allowing up to 5% of a bread product's total matter.[12]
Chia seeds may be added to other foods as a topping or put into smoothies, breakfast cereals, energy bars, yogurt, made into a gelatin-like substance, or consumed raw.[13][14]
Preliminary research
One pilot study found that 10 weeks ingestion of 25 grams per day of milled chia seeds, compared to intact seeds, produced higher blood levels of alpha-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 long-chain fatty acid considered good for the heart, while having no effect on inflammation or disease risk factors.[15][16]
Mesoamerican usage
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 2,034 kJ (486 kcal) |
42.12 g | |
| Dietary fiber | 34.4 g |
30.74 g | |
| Saturated | 3.330 |
| Monounsaturated | 2.309 |
| Polyunsaturated | 23.665 |
16.54 g | |
| Vitamins | Quantity %DV† |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 6% 54 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) | 52% 0.62 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) | 13% 0.17 mg |
| Niacin (B3) | 55% 8.83 mg |
| Folate (B9) | 12% 49 μg |
| Vitamin C | 2% 1.6 mg |
| Vitamin E | 3% 0.5 mg |
| Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
| Calcium | 49% 631 mg |
| Iron | 43% 7.72 mg |
| Magnesium | 80% 335 mg |
| Manganese | 118% 2.723 mg |
| Phosphorus | 69% 860 mg |
| Potassium | 14% 407 mg |
| Sodium | 1% 16 mg |
| Zinc | 42% 4.58 mg |
| †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[17] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[18] | |
S. hispanica is described and pictured in the Mendoza Codex and the Florentine Codex, 16th century Aztec codices created between 1540 and 1585. Both describe and picture Salvia hispanica and its usage by the Aztec. The Mendoza Codex indicates that the plant was widely cultivated and given as tribute in 21 of the 38 Aztec provincial states. Economic historians suggest that it was a staple food that was as widely used as maize.[19]
Aztec tribute records from the Mendoza Codex, Matrícula de Tributos, and the Matricula de Huexotzinco (1560)—along with colonial cultivation reports and linguistic studies—give detail to the geographic location of the tributes, and provide some geographic specificity to the main S. hispanica growing regions. Most of the provinces grew the plant, except for areas of lowland coastal tropics and desert. The traditional area of cultivation was in a distinct area that covered parts of north-central Mexico south to Nicaragua. A second and separate area of cultivation area, which was apparently pre-Columbian, was in southern Honduras and Nicaragua.[20]
Chia pets
In the United States, the first substantial wave of chia seed sales came in the 1980s in the form of the Chia Pet. Chia pets are clay figures of popular icons, such as sheep or human heads, on top of which chia seeds are spread in a sticky paste. The figures are then watered and the seeds on the chia pet start to sprout in a form suggesting the figure's hair. About 500,000 chia pets a year are sold today in the US as novelties or house plants. [citation needed]
References
- ^ "Salvia hispanica L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2000-04-19. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ a b Cahill, Joseph P. (2003). "Ethnobotany of Chia, Salvia hispanica L. (Lamiaceae)". Economic Botany. 57 (4): 604–618. doi:10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0604:EOCSHL]2.0.CO;2.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ Kintzios, Spiridon E. (2000). Sage: The Genus Salvia. CRC Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-90-5823-005-8.
- ^ Stephanie Strom (November 23, 2012). "30 Years After Chia Pets, Seeds Hit Food Aisles". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-26.
Whole and ground chia seeds are being added to fruit drinks, snack foods and cereals and sold on their own to be baked into cookies and sprinkled on yogurt. ...
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Anderson, A.J.O. and Dibble, C.E. "An Ethnobiography of the Nahuatl", The Florentine Codex, (translation of the work by Fr. Bernardino de Sahagún), Books 10-11, from the Period 1558-1569
- ^ Mark Griffiths, Editor. Index of Garden Plants. (Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, 2nd American Edition, 1995.) ISBN 0-88192-246-3.
- ^ a b USDA SR-21 Nutrient Data (2010). "Nutrition facts for dried chia seeds, one ounce". Conde Nast, Nutrition Data.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Chia: The Ord Valley's new super crop
- ^ USDA SR-21 Nutrient Data (2010). "Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Seeds, flaxseed". Conde Nast, Nutrition Data. Retrieved 2010-11-29.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ USDA SR-21 Nutrient Data (2010). "Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Seeds, sesame seed kernels, dried (decorticated)". Conde Nast, Nutrition Data. Retrieved 2010-11-29.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Ulbricht C; et al. (2009). "Chia (Salvia hispanica): a systematic review by the natural standard research collaboration". Rev Recent Clin Trials. 4 (3): 168–74. PMID 20028328.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - ^ The European Union, "Commission Decision of 13 October 2009 authorising the placing on the market of Chia seed(Salvia hispanica) as a novel food ingredient under Regulation (EC) No 268/97 of the European Parliament and of the Council" (L294/14) 2009/827/EC pp. 14-15 (November 11, 2009)
- ^ "Chewing Chia Packs A Super Punch". NPR. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- ^ Albergotti, Reed. "The NFL's Top Secret Seed". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
- ^ Stephanie Strom (November 23, 2012). "30 Years After Chia Pets, Seeds Hit Food Aisles". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-11-26.
significantly more alpha-linolenic acid in omega-3 reached the bloodstream and was converted into eicosapentaenoic acid, a long-chain fatty acid considered good for the heart ...
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ Nieman DC, Gillitt N, Jin F, Henson DA, Kennerly K, Shanely RA, Ore B, Su M, Schwartz S (2012). "Chia seed supplementation and disease risk factors in overweight women: a metabolomics investigation". J Altern Complement Med. 18 (7): 700–8. doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0443. PMID 22830971.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ Cahill 2003, p. 605
- ^ "A second apparently pre-Columbian cultivation area is known in southern Honduras and Nicaragua."Jamboonsri, Watchareewan; Phillips, Timothy D.; Geneve, Robert L.; Cahill, Joseph P.; Hildebrand, David F. (2011). "Extending the range of an ancient crop, Salvia hispanica L.—a new ω3 source". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. Online First. Springer. doi:10.1007/s10722-011-9673-x.