Arachosia: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Afghanistan region during 500 BC.jpg|thumb|The ancient ''Arachosia'' and the ''[[Pashtun people|Pactyan people]]'' during 500 BC.]] |
[[File:Afghanistan region during 500 BC.jpg|thumb|The ancient ''Arachosia'' and the ''[[Pashtun people|Pactyan people]]'' during 500 BC.]] |
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'''Arachosia''' {{IPAc-en|ær|ə|ˈ|k|oʊ|s|i|ə}} is the [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] name of an ancient [[satrapy]] in the eastern part of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]], [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]], [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrian]], and [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]] empires. Arachosia was centred |
'''Arachosia''' {{IPAc-en|ær|ə|ˈ|k|oʊ|s|i|ə}} is the [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] name of an ancient [[satrapy]] in the eastern part of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]], [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]], [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrian]], and [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]] empires. Arachosia was centred in the [[Quetta]]-[[Pishin, Pakistan|Pishin]] valley of [[Pakistan]] next to the [[Indus River]] and possibly extended westward in to the [[Arghandab River|Arghandab]] valley in modern-day southern [[Afghanistan]]. The main river of Arachosia was called ''Arachōtós'', a tributary of the [[Helmand River]] flowing into the [[Indus River]].<ref name=Iranicaarticle /> The Greek term "Arachosia" corresponds to the [[Ariana|Aryan land]] of ''Harauti'' which was on the western banks of the [[Indus River]] and extended westward into [[Helmand province|Helmand]]. The Arachosian capital or metropolis was called [[Alexandria Arachosia|Alexandria]] or Alexandropolis and its exact whereabouts in the region are unknown.<ref name=Iranicaarticle>{{cite web|last=Schmitt|first=Rüdiger|title=Arachosia |publisher=Encyclopædia Iranica|location=United States|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arachosia |date=August 10, 2011}}</ref> Arachosia was a part of the region of ancient [[Ariana]]. |
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"Arachosia" is the Latinized form of Greek Ἀραχωσία - Arachōsíā. <!-- VERBATIM BEGIN -->"The same region appears in the [[Avestan]] ''[[Vendidad|Vidēvdāt]]'' (1.12) under the indigenous dialect form {{lang|ae|Harax<sup>v</sup>aitī}}- (whose ''-ax<sup>v</sup>a-'' is typical non-Avestan)."<ref name=Iranicaarticle /><!-- VERBATIM END --> In Old Persian inscriptions, the region is referred to as [[wikt:𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁|𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁]], written ''h-r-v-u-t-i''.<ref name=Iranicaarticle /> This form is the "etymological equivalent" of [[Vedic Sanskrit]] [[Sarasvati River|{{IAST|Sarasvatī}}-]], the name of a (mythological) river literally meaning <!-- VERBATIM BEGIN -->"rich in waters/lakes" and derived from ''sáras-'' "lake, pond."<!-- VERBATIM END --><ref name=Iranicaarticle /> (''cf.'' [[Aredvi Sura Anahita]]). |
"Arachosia" is the Latinized form of Greek Ἀραχωσία - Arachōsíā. <!-- VERBATIM BEGIN -->"The same region appears in the [[Avestan]] ''[[Vendidad|Vidēvdāt]]'' (1.12) under the indigenous dialect form {{lang|ae|Harax<sup>v</sup>aitī}}- (whose ''-ax<sup>v</sup>a-'' is typical non-Avestan)."<ref name=Iranicaarticle /><!-- VERBATIM END --> In Old Persian inscriptions, the region is referred to as [[wikt:𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁|𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁]], written ''h-r-v-u-t-i''.<ref name=Iranicaarticle /> This form is the "etymological equivalent" of [[Vedic Sanskrit]] [[Sarasvati River|{{IAST|Sarasvatī}}-]], the name of a (mythological) river literally meaning <!-- VERBATIM BEGIN -->"rich in waters/lakes" and derived from ''sáras-'' "lake, pond."<!-- VERBATIM END --><ref name=Iranicaarticle /> (''cf.'' [[Aredvi Sura Anahita]]). |
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"Arachosia" was |
"Arachosia" was the Hellenization of the Harauhuati river, the Avestan name of [[Indus River]] next to which the land that it gave its name to was located.<ref name=Iranicaarticle /> |
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==Geography== |
==Geography== |
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[[File:PtolemyCentralAsia.jpg|thumb|right|upright=2|A 15th century reconstruction (by [[Nicolaus Germanus]]) of a 2nd-century map (by [[Ptolemy]])]] |
[[File:PtolemyCentralAsia.jpg|thumb|right|upright=2|A 15th century reconstruction (by [[Nicolaus Germanus]]) of a 2nd-century map (by [[Ptolemy]])]] |
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Arachosia bordered [[Drangiana]] to the west, [[ |
Arachosia bordered [[Drangiana]] to the south-west, [[Bactria]]-[[Gandahara]] to the north, and [[Gedrosia]] (or [[Dexendrusi]]) to the south. Isidore and [[Ptolemy]] (6.20.4-5) each provide a list of cities in Arachosia, among them (yet another) [[Alexandria in Arachosia|Alexandria]], which lay on the river Arachotus. This city is frequently mis-identified with present-day [[Kandahar]] in Afghanistan, the name of which was thought to be derived (via "Iskanderiya") from "Alexandria",<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lendering|first=Jona|title=Alexandria in Arachosia|publisher=livius.org|location=Amsterdam|url=http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexandria/alexandria_arachosia.html|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}.</ref> reflecting a connection to [[Alexander the Great]]'s visit to the city on his campaign towards India. But a recent discovery of an inscription on a clay tablet has provided proof that 'Kandahar' was already a city that traded actively with Persia well before Alexander's time. Isidore, [[Strabo]] (11.8.9) and [[Pliny the elder|Pliny]] (6.61) also refer to the city as "metropolis of Arachosia." |
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In his list, Ptolemy also refers to a city named Arachotus ({{lang-en|Arachote}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ær|ə|k|oʊ|t}}; {{lang-el|{{lang|grc|Ἀραχωτός}}}}) or Arachoti (acc. to [[Strabo]]), which was the earlier capital of the land. [[Pliny the Elder]] and [[Stephen of Byzantium]] mention that its original name was Cophen (Κωφήν). [[Xuanzang|Hsuan Tsang]] refers to the name as ''Kaofu''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times|last1=Mookerji|first1=Radhakumud |authorlink=|volume=|edition=4|year=1966|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|location=|isbn=978-81-208-0405-0|page=173|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=2010-09-18}}</ref> This city is identified today with [[Arghandab, Afghanistan|Arghandab]] which lies northwest of present-day Kandahar. |
In his list, Ptolemy also refers to a city named Arachotus ({{lang-en|Arachote}} {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ær|ə|k|oʊ|t}}; {{lang-el|{{lang|grc|Ἀραχωτός}}}}) or Arachoti (acc. to [[Strabo]]), which was the earlier capital of the land. [[Pliny the Elder]] and [[Stephen of Byzantium]] mention that its original name was Cophen (Κωφήν). [[Xuanzang|Hsuan Tsang]] refers to the name as ''Kaofu''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chandragupta Maurya and his times|last1=Mookerji|first1=Radhakumud |authorlink=|volume=|edition=4|year=1966|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|location=|isbn=978-81-208-0405-0|page=173|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA173#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=2010-09-18}}</ref> This city is identified today with [[Arghandab, Afghanistan|Arghandab]] which lies northwest of present-day Kandahar. |
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Revision as of 19:54, 20 May 2015
Arachosia /ærəˈkoʊsiə/ is the Hellenized name of an ancient satrapy in the eastern part of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, Greco-Bactrian, and Indo-Scythian empires. Arachosia was centred in the Quetta-Pishin valley of Pakistan next to the Indus River and possibly extended westward in to the Arghandab valley in modern-day southern Afghanistan. The main river of Arachosia was called Arachōtós, a tributary of the Helmand River flowing into the Indus River.[1] The Greek term "Arachosia" corresponds to the Aryan land of Harauti which was on the western banks of the Indus River and extended westward into Helmand. The Arachosian capital or metropolis was called Alexandria or Alexandropolis and its exact whereabouts in the region are unknown.[1] Arachosia was a part of the region of ancient Ariana.
Name
"Arachosia" is the Latinized form of Greek Ἀραχωσία - Arachōsíā. "The same region appears in the Avestan Vidēvdāt (1.12) under the indigenous dialect form Haraxvaitī- (whose -axva- is typical non-Avestan)."[1] In Old Persian inscriptions, the region is referred to as 𐏃𐎼𐎢𐎺𐎫𐎡𐏁, written h-r-v-u-t-i.[1] This form is the "etymological equivalent" of Vedic Sanskrit Sarasvatī-, the name of a (mythological) river literally meaning "rich in waters/lakes" and derived from sáras- "lake, pond."[1] (cf. Aredvi Sura Anahita).
"Arachosia" was the Hellenization of the Harauhuati river, the Avestan name of Indus River next to which the land that it gave its name to was located.[1]
Geography
Arachosia bordered Drangiana to the south-west, Bactria-Gandahara to the north, and Gedrosia (or Dexendrusi) to the south. Isidore and Ptolemy (6.20.4-5) each provide a list of cities in Arachosia, among them (yet another) Alexandria, which lay on the river Arachotus. This city is frequently mis-identified with present-day Kandahar in Afghanistan, the name of which was thought to be derived (via "Iskanderiya") from "Alexandria",[2] reflecting a connection to Alexander the Great's visit to the city on his campaign towards India. But a recent discovery of an inscription on a clay tablet has provided proof that 'Kandahar' was already a city that traded actively with Persia well before Alexander's time. Isidore, Strabo (11.8.9) and Pliny (6.61) also refer to the city as "metropolis of Arachosia."
In his list, Ptolemy also refers to a city named Arachotus (English: Arachote /ˈærəkoʊt/; Greek: Ἀραχωτός) or Arachoti (acc. to Strabo), which was the earlier capital of the land. Pliny the Elder and Stephen of Byzantium mention that its original name was Cophen (Κωφήν). Hsuan Tsang refers to the name as Kaofu.[3] This city is identified today with Arghandab which lies northwest of present-day Kandahar.
Peoples
The inhabitants of Arachosia were Iranian peoples, referred to as Arachosians or Arachoti.[1] They were called Paktyans by ethnicity, and that name survives until today in the form of ethnic Pax̌tūn (Pashtun) tribes.[4]
Isidorus of Charax in his 1st century CE "Parthian stations" itinerary described an "Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia", which he said was still Greek even at such a late time:
"Beyond is Arachosia. And the Parthians call this White India; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the city of Demetrias; then Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia; it is Greek, and by it flows the river Arachotus. As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians."
— "Parthians stations", 1st century CE. Original text in paragraph 19 of Parthian stations
Ptolemy (6.20.3) mentions several tribes of Arachosia by name,[citation needed] the Pargyetae (Greek: Παρ(γ)υῆται), and, to the south, the Sidri (Greek: Σίδροι), Rhoplutae (Ῥωπλοῦται), and Eoritae (Ἐωρῖται). Despite attempts to connect the Eoritae with the "Arattas" of the Mahabharata or with present day Aroras, who populated this land and migrated to India after partition,[citation needed] the identity of these tribes is unknown, and even Ptolemy's orthography is disputed ("Pargyetae" is sometimes rewritten "Parsyetae" or "Aparytae").
History
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The region is first referred to in the Achaemenid-era Elamite Persepolis fortification tablets. It appears again in the Old Persian, Akkadian and Aramaic inscriptions of Darius I and Xerxes I among lists of subject peoples and countries. It is subsequently also identified as the source of the ivory used in Darius' palace at Susa. In the Behistun inscription (DB 3.54-76), the King recounts that a Persian was thrice defeated by the Achaemenid governor of Arachosia, Vivana, who so ensured that the province remained under Darius' control. It has been suggested that this "strategically unintelligible engagement" was ventured by the rebel because "there were close relations between Persia and Arachosia concerning the Zoroastrian faith."[1]
The chronologically next reference to Arachosia comes from the Greeks and Romans, who record that under Darius III the Arachosians and Drangians were under the command of a governor who, together with the army of the Bactrian governor, contrived a plot of the Arachosians against Alexander (Curtius Rufus 8.13.3). Following Alexander's conquest of the Achaemenids, the Macedonian appointed his generals as governors (Arrian 3.28.1, 5.6.2; Curtius Rufus 7.3.5; Plutarch, Eumenes 19.3; Polyaenus 4.6.15; Diodorus 18.3.3; Orosius 3.23.1 3; Justin 13.4.22).
Following the Partition of Babylon, the region became part of the Seleucid Empire, which traded it to the Mauryan Empire in 305 BCE as part of an alliance. The Sunga Dynasty overthrew the Mauryans in 185 BC, but shortly afterwards lost Arachosia to the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. It then became part of the break-away Indo-Greek Kingdom in the mid 2nd century BCE. Indo-Scythians expelled the Indo-Greeks by the mid 1st century BCE, but lost the region to the Arsacids and Indo-Parthians. At what time (and in what form) Parthian rule over Arachosia was reestablished cannot be determined with any authenticity. From Isidore 19 it is certain that a part (perhaps only a little) of the region was under Arsacid rule in the 1st century CE, and that the Parthians called it Indikē Leukē, "White India."[5]
The Kushans captured Arachosia from the Indo-Parthians and ruled the region until around 230 CE, when they were defeated by the Sassanids, the second Persian Empire, after which the Kushans were replaced by Sassanid vassals known as the Kushanshas or Indo-Sassanids. In 420 CE the Kushanshas were driven out of Afghanistan by the Chionites, who established the Kidarite Kingdom. The Kidarites were replaced in the 460s CE by the Hephthalites, who were defeated in 565 CE by a coalition of Persian and Turkish armies. Arachosia became part of the surviving Kushano-Hephthalite Kingdoms of Kapisa, then Kabul, before coming under attack from the Moslem Arabs. These kingdoms were at first vassals of Sassanids. Around 870 CE the Kushano-Hephthalites (aka Turkshahi Dynasty) was replaced by the Hindu Shahi dynasty, which fell to the Muslim Turkish Ghaznavids in the early 11th century CE.
Arab geographers referred to the region (or parts of it) as 'Arokhaj', 'Rokhaj', 'Rohkaj' or simply 'Roh'.
Religion
Arachosia retained Zoroastrian religious and cultural influence until the advent of Islam in the 7th century. Much of the country remained Zoroastrian even while in Arab hands, but within a few centuries Islam became the region's dominant religion. See Sistan for information on the religion of the area after the Arab conquest.
Theory of Croatian Iranian origin
The theory of Croatian origin traces the origin of the Croats to today's Afghanistan, more precisely in the area of Arachosia. This connection was at first drawn due to the similarity of Croatian (Croatia - Croatian: Hrvatska, Croats - Croatian: Hrvati / Čakavian dialect: Harvati / Kajkavian dialect: Horvati) and Arachosian name,[6][7] but other researches indicate that there are also linguistic, cultural, agrobiological and genetic ties.[8][9] Since Croatia became an independent state in 1991, the Iranian theory gained more popularity, and many scientific papers and books have been published.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Schmitt, Rüdiger (August 10, 2011). "Arachosia". United States: Encyclopædia Iranica.
- ^ Lendering, Jona. "Alexandria in Arachosia". Amsterdam: livius.orgTemplate:Inconsistent citations
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link). - ^ Mookerji, Radhakumud (1966). Chandragupta Maurya and his times (4 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 173. ISBN 978-81-208-0405-0. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
- ^ Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936. Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 150. ISBN 90-04-08265-4. Retrieved 2010-09-24.
- ^ The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. 2010-06-24. ISBN 978-1-108-00941-6. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
- ^ "Identity of Croatians in Ancient Afghanistan". iranchamber.comTemplate:Inconsistent citations
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link). - ^ Kalyanaraman, Srinivasan. "Sarasvati Civilization Volume 1". Bangalore: Babasaheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak SamitiTemplate:Inconsistent citations
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: postscript (link). - ^ Budimir/Rac, Stipan/Mladen. "Anthropogenic and agrobiological arguments of the scientific origin of Croats". Zagreb: Staroiransko podrijetlo Hrvata : zbornik simpozija / Lovrić, Andrija-Željko (ed). - Teheran : Iranian Cultural CenterTemplate:Inconsistent citations
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: postscript (link). - ^ Abbas, Samar. "Common Origin of Croats, Serbs and Jats". Bhubaneshwar: iranchamber.comTemplate:Inconsistent citations
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link). - ^ Beshevliev 1967: "Iranian elements in the Proto-Bulgarians" by V. Beshevliev (in Bulgarian)(Antichnoe Obschestvo, Trudy Konferencii po izucheniyu problem antichnosti, str. 237-247, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", Moskva 1967, AN SSSR, Otdelenie Istorii) http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/fadlan/besh.html
- ^ Dvornik 1956: "The Slavs. Their Early History and Civilization." by F. Dvornik, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, USA., 1956.
- ^ Hina 2000: "Scholars assert Croats are Descendants of Iranian Tribes", Hina News Agency, Zagreb, Oct 15, 2000 (http://www.hina.hr)
- ^ Sakac 1949: "Iranisehe Herkunft des kroatischen Volksnamens", ("Iranian origin of the Croatian Ethnonym") S. Sakac, Orientalia Christiana Periodica. XV (1949), 813-340.
- ^ Sakac 1955: "The Iranian origin of the Croatians according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus", by S. Sakac, in "The Croatian nation in its struggle for freedom and independence" (Chicago, 1955); for other works by Sakac, cf. "Prof. Dr. Stjepan Krizin Sakac - In memoriam" by Milan Blazekovic, http://www.studiacroatica.com/revistas/050/0500501.htm
- ^ Schmitt 1985: "Iranica Proto-Bulgarica" (in German), Academie Bulgare des Sciences, Linguistique Balkanique, XXVIII (1985), l, p.13-38; http://members.tripod.com/~Groznijat/bulgar/schmitt.html
- ^ Tomicic 1998: "The old-Iranian origin of Croats", Symposium proceedings, Zagreb 24.6.1998, ed. Prof. Zlatko Tomicic & Andrija-Zeljko Lovric, Cultural center of I.R. of Iran in Croatia, Zagreb, 1999, ISBN 953-6301-07-5, http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/croats2.PDF
- ^ Vernadsky 1952: "Der sarmatische Hintergrund der germanischen Voelkerwanderung," (Sarmatian background of the Germanic Migrations), G. Vernadsky, Saeculum, II (1952), 340-347.
- Frye, Richard N. (1963). The Heritage of Persia. World Publishing company, Cleveland, Ohio. Mentor Book edition, 1966.
- Hill, John E. 2004. The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu. Draft annotated English translation.
- Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation.
- Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
- Toynbee, Arnold J. (1961). Between Oxus and Jumna. London. Oxford University Press.
- Vogelsang, W. (1985). "Early historical Arachosia in South-east Afghanistan; Meeting-place between East and West." Iranica antiqua, 20 (1985), pp. 55–99.
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