Jump to content

Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
LavaBaron (talk | contribs)
17,075 edits
mNo edit summary
→Harney County: Changed ambigious distance to measured distance.
Line 64: Line 64:
[[File:Harney County, Oregon, sign.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Harney County is a large, sparsely populated county in southeastern Oregon]]
[[File:Harney County, Oregon, sign.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Harney County is a large, sparsely populated county in southeastern Oregon]]


Harney County is a rural county in [[southeastern Oregon]].<ref name="CrombieCountyProfile">{{cite news |first=Noelle |last=Crombie |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2016/01/where_is_burns_harney_county_h.html |title=Where is Burns? Harney County home to more cattle than people |work=The Oregonian |date=January 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104205519/www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2016/01/where_is_burns_harney_county_h.html |archive-date=January 4, 2016 |dead-url=no |location=Portland, Oregon |issn=8750-1317}}</ref><ref name="SystemPlan">[http://co.harney.or.us/PDF_Files/HC%20TSP%202001.pdf Harney County Transportation System Plan: Revised Final Draft], Harney County Planning Department (June 2001), pp. 9-10.</ref> It is a five-hour drive{{when|date=January 2016}} from [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name="CrombieCountyProfile"/> At {{convert|10,228|sqmi|km2}} in size, the [[County (United States)|county]] is the largest in Oregon, and one of the largest in the United States.<ref name="CrombieCountyProfile"/><ref name="SystemPlan"/> The county is [[Population density|sparsely populated]], with a population of about 7,700.<ref name="CrombieCountyProfile"/> About 75 percent of the county's area is [[federal land]],<ref name="CrombieCountyProfile"/> variously managed by the [[United States Bureau of Reclamation]], [[Bureau of Land Management]], [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]], and [[United States Forest Service]].<ref name="Township Map">[http://www.co.harney.or.us/PDF_Files/GIS/Downloadable%20Maps/Harney%20County%20with%20Township%208.5x11.pdf Harney County with Townships 8.5 x 11], Harney County [[Geographic information system|GIS]], Harney County/Bureau of Land Management.</ref> About 500 ranches and farms producing [[cattle]], dairy products and hay operate within the county, with cattle outnumbering people 14-to-1.<ref name="CrombieCountyProfile"/> Besides ranching and farming, [[forestry]] and manufacturing are important industries in the county.<ref name="SystemPlan"/>
Harney County is a rural county in [[southeastern Oregon]].<ref name="CrombieCountyProfile">{{cite news |first=Noelle |last=Crombie |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2016/01/where_is_burns_harney_county_h.html |title=Where is Burns? Harney County home to more cattle than people |work=The Oregonian |date=January 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104205519/www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2016/01/where_is_burns_harney_county_h.html |archive-date=January 4, 2016 |dead-url=no |location=Portland, Oregon |issn=8750-1317}}</ref><ref name="SystemPlan">[http://co.harney.or.us/PDF_Files/HC%20TSP%202001.pdf Harney County Transportation System Plan: Revised Final Draft], Harney County Planning Department (June 2001), pp. 9-10.</ref> It is {{convert|311|mi|km}} southeast of [[Portland, Oregon]].<ref name="CrombieCountyProfile"/> At {{convert|10,228|sqmi|km2}} in size, the [[County (United States)|county]] is the largest in Oregon, and one of the largest in the United States.<ref name="CrombieCountyProfile"/><ref name="SystemPlan"/> The county is [[Population density|sparsely populated]], with a population of about 7,700.<ref name="CrombieCountyProfile"/> About 75 percent of the county's area is [[federal land]],<ref name="CrombieCountyProfile"/> variously managed by the [[United States Bureau of Reclamation]], [[Bureau of Land Management]], [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]], and [[United States Forest Service]].<ref name="Township Map">[http://www.co.harney.or.us/PDF_Files/GIS/Downloadable%20Maps/Harney%20County%20with%20Township%208.5x11.pdf Harney County with Townships 8.5 x 11], Harney County [[Geographic information system|GIS]], Harney County/Bureau of Land Management.</ref> About 500 ranches and farms producing [[cattle]], dairy products and hay operate within the county, with cattle outnumbering people 14-to-1.<ref name="CrombieCountyProfile"/> Besides ranching and farming, [[forestry]] and manufacturing are important industries in the county.<ref name="SystemPlan"/>


According to the website of the Harney County Sheriff's Office, the sheriff has a staff of six [[law enforcement officer]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sheriff|url=http://www.co.harney.or.us/sheriff.html|website=co.harney.or.us|publisher=[[Harney County, Oregon]]|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> Burns, the county seat, has a separate police department but, as of 2008, did not employ enough officers to provide "24-hour" coverage.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Lauren|title=Burns, Hines set to share police chief|url=http://burnstimesherald.info/2008/02/20/burns-hines-set-to-share-police-chief/|accessdate=January 3, 2016|work=Burns Times-Herald|date=February 20, 2008}}</ref>
According to the website of the Harney County Sheriff's Office, the sheriff has a staff of six [[law enforcement officer]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sheriff|url=http://www.co.harney.or.us/sheriff.html|website=co.harney.or.us|publisher=[[Harney County, Oregon]]|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> Burns, the county seat, has a separate police department but, as of 2008, did not employ enough officers to provide "24-hour" coverage.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Lauren|title=Burns, Hines set to share police chief|url=http://burnstimesherald.info/2008/02/20/burns-hines-set-to-share-police-chief/|accessdate=January 3, 2016|work=Burns Times-Herald|date=February 20, 2008}}</ref>

Revision as of 16:42, 5 January 2016

occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge
The headquarters of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (pictured in 2008) was occupied by rump militias on January 2, 2016.
DateJanuary 2, 2016 – present
Location
Harney County, Oregon, United States
(30 miles south of Burns, Oregon)
Statusongoing
Parties
Lead figures
  • Richard Evans (Oregon State Police)
  • David Ward (Harney County Sheriff)
Number
  • FBI - unknown
  • Oregon State Police - unknown
  • Harney County Sheriff's Office - up to 6 personnel

150 (militia claim)
20 to 25 (The Oregonian estimate)
12 (The Guardian estimate)

6 to 15 (OPB estimate)
Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge is located in the United States
Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge
Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge is located in Oregon
Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

On January 2, 2016, armed members of several rump militias occupied the headquarters building at the United States Fish and Wildlife Service's Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in protest of the pending imprisonment of Harney County, Oregon ranchers Dwight and Steve Hammond. Ammon Bundy, the leader of the group, said he had led the action after receiving a divine message from God ordering him to do so.[4] Following the start of the occupation, the occupiers announced they had organized themselves into a new group called Citizens for Constitutional Freedom.

Despite their imprisonment being the stated casus belli of the dispute, the Hammonds have repeatedly rejected the intervention of militias with the wife of Dwight Hammond stating "I don't really know the purpose of the guys who are out there."

Some of the militia members stated that they were ready to "kill and be killed".[5] The takeover sparked a debate on the meaning of the word "terrorist" and how the media and law enforcement treat situations involving people of different ethnicities or religions.[6][7][8]

Background

Harney County

Main article: Harney County, Oregon
Harney County is a large, sparsely populated county in southeastern Oregon

Harney County is a rural county in southeastern Oregon.[9][10] It is 311 miles (501 km) southeast of Portland, Oregon.[9] At 10,228 square miles (26,490 km2) in size, the county is the largest in Oregon, and one of the largest in the United States.[9][10] The county is sparsely populated, with a population of about 7,700.[9] About 75 percent of the county's area is federal land,[9] variously managed by the United States Bureau of Reclamation, Bureau of Land Management, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, and United States Forest Service.[11] About 500 ranches and farms producing cattle, dairy products and hay operate within the county, with cattle outnumbering people 14-to-1.[9] Besides ranching and farming, forestry and manufacturing are important industries in the county.[10]

According to the website of the Harney County Sheriff's Office, the sheriff has a staff of six law enforcement officers.[12] Burns, the county seat, has a separate police department but, as of 2008, did not employ enough officers to provide "24-hour" coverage.[13]

Origins of dispute

Dwight Hammond, a cattle rancher in Harney County, owns 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) of land, much of which abuts public land. In 1994, Hammond and his son Steve obstructed the construction of a fence to delineate the boundary between the two parcels of property, prompting their arrest by federal agents. According to federal officials, construction of the fence was needed to stop the Hammond cattle from moving along a cattle trail that intersected public land after the Hammonds had repeatedly violated the terms of their permit, which limited when they could move their cows across refuge property.[14] Officials also reported Hammond had made threats against them in 1986 and 1988, including telling one public lands manager that he was going to "tear off his head and shit down his neck". They also contended Steve Hammond had called them "assholes".[15] The Hammonds, however, countered by noting that the cattle trail in question was a historic route that had been continuously used since 1871. Following their release from jail on recognizance, a rally attended by 500 other cattle ranchers was held in support of the Hammonds in Burns, and then-congressman Robert Freeman Smith wrote a letter of protest to the United States Secretary of the Interior, Bruce Babbitt.[14] Voters successfully recalled two members of the Harney County Court in anger that it had not intervened on the Hammonds' behalf.[15] Charges against the Hammonds were later dropped.

In 1999, Steve Hammond started a fire with the intent of burning off juniper trees and sagebrush, but the fire escaped onto BLM land. The agency reminded Hammond of the required burn permit and that if the fires continued, there would be legal consequences.[16] Both Dwight and Steve Hammond would later on set two additional fires that would lead to arson convictions.[17]

Hammond arson case

Dwight and Steve Hammond were convicted of arson by their peers in 2012 for setting fires on federal land adjacent to their property near Burns in 2001 and 2006.[18] In 2001, according to Probation Officer Robb, hunters in the area witnessed the Hammonds illegally shooting deer and shortly afterwards a fire forced them to leave the area.[19] Later, Steve's nephew Dusty Hammond claimed under testimony that his uncle told him to start lighting matches and "light the whole countryside on fire." Dusty also testified that he was "almost burned up in the fire" and had to flee for his life and was later abused by Steve.[16][20] According to the Hammonds, they set the fire to stop invasive plants from growing onto their grazing fields.[21] The 2006 fire was an illegal backburn set under the cover of night knowing beforehand that a firefighting camp was on the slopes above.[19][22] According to the indictment, the fire threatened to trap four BLM firefighters, one of whom later confronted Dwight Hammond at the fire scene after having moved his crews to avoid the threat.[19][20]

Following their conviction, federal prosecutors requested a five-year sentence for each of the Hammonds as provided for under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA).[22] The AEDPA provides that arson on federal land carries a five-year mandatory minimum sentence.[23][24] U.S. District Judge Michael Robert Hogan determined sentences of that length "would shock the conscience" and would violate the constitutional prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment. Hogan instead sentenced Dwight Hammond to three months' imprisonment and Steve Hammond to a year and a day's imprisonment, which both men served.[25] Federal prosecutors successfully appealed the sentence to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which upheld the mandatory-minimum law, writing that "given the seriousness of arson, a five-year sentence is not grossly disproportionate to the offense." The court vacated the original sentence and remanded for resentencing. The Hammonds filed petitions for certiorari with the Supreme Court, which the court rejected in March 2015.[23] In October 2015, Chief Judge Ann Aiken re-sentenced the pair to five years in prison (with credit for time served), ordering that they return to prison on January 4, 2016.[23][25] Both of the Hammonds reported to prison in California on January 4th in accordance with the law.[26]

In a separate 2014 civil judgment, the Hammonds were ordered to pay $400,000 in restitution to the U.S. government for the related arson fires. The pair paid half the amount immediately and the remaining $200,000 in December 2015.[22]

Opposition to sentences

Ammon Bundy, pictured here in 2014, was one of the leaders of the occupation of the MNWR.

A petition requesting leniency for the Hammonds began circulating prior to their resentencing. Organized by the Oregon Farm Bureau, it had gathered more than 2,000 signatures by October 2015 and the pair's attorney said he hoped it would convince President Barack Obama to grant clemency.[25] Meanwhile, the Oregon Cattlemen's Association, a trade group representing cattle ranchers in Oregon, established a fund to defray the Hammond's legal fees.[27]

By late 2015, the Hammond case had attracted the attention of members of the family of Cliven Bundy, including sons Ammon and Ryan. The Bundys publicized the situation via social media, drawing interest from militia groups outside Oregon who sought to publicly endorse the Hammonds to draw attention to unrelated issues.[18][28] The Hammonds rejected the offers of assistance with Hammond attorney W. Alan Schroeder writing that "neither Ammon Bundy nor anyone within his group/organization speak for the Hammond family."[2] Harney County sheriff David Ward agreed to meet with the militia members who requested the sheriff's office protect the Hammonds from being taken into custody by federal authorities. Though Ward said he sympathized with the Hammonds plight, he declined the militias' request. Ward said that he subsequently received death threats by email.[18]

Militia occupation

Prelude

Blaine Cooper, pictured here in 2014, is among the militia members identified as occupying MNWR.

In December 2015, Ammon Bundy and Ryan Payne set up residence in Burns. The same month, they organized a meeting at the Harney County fairgrounds to rally support for their efforts.[18] At the meeting, a "Committee of Safety" was organized to orchestrate direct action against the Hammond sentences.[18] According to that group's website, the Committee of Safety considers itself "a governmental body established by the people in the absence of the ability of the existing government to provide for the needs and protection of civilized society"[29] (during the American Revolution, committees of safety were shadow governments organized to usurp authority from colonial administrators). Over the following weeks, an increasing number of out-of-state members of militias began arriving in Burns, prompting both opposition and support from area residents.[18] On New Year's Eve, militia member Blaine Cooper posted a message to his Facebook page appealing for like-minded persons to send "supplies or snacks" to a post office box in Burns addressed to "Jon Ritzheimer or Blaine Cooper."[30]

On January 1, 2016, a privately organized public forum held at the Harney County fairgrounds was attended by about 60 local residents and members of militias. A Burns-area resident who organized the event, described it as an opportunity to defuse tensions that had been simmering between locals and out-of-town militia in the preceding days. According to press accounts, the event lasted about two hours and "shifted from sometimes profanity-laden declarations to agreements the Hammonds had been too harshly treated and that a peaceful rally might do some good."[31]

At noon on January 2, a crowd of about 300 gathered in the parking lot of a Safeway grocery store in Burns. Following 40 minutes of speeches, the crowd marched one mile to the home of Dwight and Steve Hammond, stopping briefly en route to protest outside the sheriff's office. The crowd then returned to the same Safeway and broke up, the entire march lasting approximately ninety minutes. According to KOIN-TV, there was "no visible police presence at any point."[21][28]

Initial occupation

Jon Ritzheimer, pictured here in May 2015, was identified as one of the leaders of the armed occupation.

In what appeared to be a pre-planned operation, two sons of Cliven Bundy – Ammon Bundy and Ryan Bundy – along with Jon Ritzheimer[32] and members of the militias, separated from the protest crowd at some point during the day and proceeded to the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge (MNWR), 30 miles away.[1] There, they began occupying unstaffed buildings on the property and set up a roadblock on an access drive.[1] In a video posted to his Facebook page, Ammon Bundy called on supporters to converge on the facility which he described as "the tool to do all the tyranny that has been placed upon the Hammonds."[2] According to The Oregonian, Ryan Bundy has stated that the group wants the Hammonds to be released and for the federal government to relinquish control of the Malheur National Forest.[32]

At 4:02 p.m. on January 2, the official Facebook page of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge posted an update that read "The Refuge will be CLOSED until further notice."[33] The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which operates the MNWR, said that all of its staff were safe and the refuge was closed until further notice.[34] The federal Bureau of Land Management announced that its office in Burns would be closed until further notice.[35][36]

This USGS satellite image of the MNWR headquarters complex is labeled to show key locations referenced in news reports of the militia occupation.

As of January 2, the militia leaders claimed to have 150 armed personnel available at the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. A reporter personally witnessed "no more than a dozen" potential combatants.[37] A separate report by Oregon Public Broadcasting put the number of the militia at the MNWR at "between six and 12."[38] In a statement posted to the Facebook page of the Idaho "3 Percenters" (one of the militias identified by media as involved in the takeover), the group disclaimed involvement, stating that the seizure was "carried out by a small group of persons who chose to carry out this takeover after the rally."[39]

Maureen Peltier, a soldier with the Washington Army National Guard who traveled to Burns to participate in the protest, reported to media on January 3 that the militias who had seized control of the MNWR were in "high spirits" and had "a good security team." Peltier also said that the occupiers were moving children onto the MNWR grounds and had called upon like-minded persons to join them.[40]

Subsequent events

At 11:00 a.m. on January 3, Ammon Bundy called a press conference at the MNWR headquarters building. During the conference, Bundy said the ultimate goal of the occupiers was to "get the economics here in the county revived" for logging and outdoor recreation, and claimed that they were being supplied by area residents.[41] Despite the smaller estimates of militia at the refuge in early press reports, a reporter from The Oregonian who attended the press conference said he believed there were roughly 20 to 25 people present and that the militants had deployed into defensive positions with elements manning a roadblock, guarding the headquarters entry, and stationed in a fire lookout usually used to watch for forest fires. Additional militiamen occupied the facility's buildings.[42]

As of January 4, the persons occupying the MNWR announced they had organized into an umbrella group called Citizens for Constitutional Freedom.[43] At 1:37 p.m. the same day, Dwight and Steve Hammond voluntarily reported to Terminal Island FCI in California to begin serving the remaining four years of their prison sentences.[44] In an interview with Oregon Public Broadcasting, Ammon Bundy's brother, Ryan, said that he and the other persons occupying the MNWR would quit the property "if the county people tell us to." Following the interview, Sheriff David Ward issued a statement requesting the Bundys and others to leave. In response, Ryan Bundy said he wasn't convinced Ward spoke for the county.[45]

Response of authorities

On January 2, the Harney County sheriff's Office reported the Oregon State Police was "handling the incident." At the same time, a spokesperson for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said the agency was "aware" of the situation.[2] Late that same day, The Guardian observed that there was no visible law enforcement presence in the area.[28] Authorities had not approached the refuge or blocked access to it.[1]

On January 3, Sheriff David M. Ward issued a statement asking residents to avoid the scene and saying that the refuge occupiers aimed to overthrow the government: "These men came to Harney County claiming to be part of militia groups supporting local ranchers, when in reality these men had alternative motives, to attempt to overthrow the county and federal government in hopes to spark a movement across the United States."[46][47]

Late on the same day, Oregon State Police officials announced that a multi-agency command center would be established the following day to coordinate a response to the situation. The command center was ultimately set-up at Lincoln Junior High School in Burns, which had been closed as part of a district-wide school shutdown ordered by the school district as a safety precaution.[48] U.S. Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon said that he had been briefed by the special agent in charge of the Portland FBI field office and said that federal, state, and local law enforcement were monitoring the situation in detail.[47][49]

Also that same day, the FBI assumed the lead role in the investigation and announced that it was working with local and state authorities to seek "a peaceful resolution to the situation." The statement also read: "Due to safety considerations for both those inside the refuge as well as the law enforcement officers involved, we will not be releasing any specifics with regards to the law enforcement response."[50][51] It was later announced by Sheriff David Ward that the Harney County Court had officially appealed for police reinforcements from the sheriffs of neighboring counties.[52] Meanwhile, media reported that the entrance gates to Burns Municipal Airport had been blocked by the Oregon State Police using patrol cars and armored vehicles. Despite the increased presence in and around Burns, by the end of the day on January 4, media noted that no overt police presence was visible in the thirty miles between the town and Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters, seemingly underscoring the cautious approach authorities sought to take.[48]

Reactions

In a statement posted to its website, the Harney County Court said that "the Refuge is under federal jurisdiction. The County Court will stay engaged within the limits of our legal authority. The Hammond family is well respected in Harney County, [the] motivation of the militia groups that have descended on Harney County goes far beyond the troubles of the Hammond family as demonstrated by their actions at the Refuge." The court went on to announce it had ordered increased security at the county courthouse.[53]

On January 4, 2016, White House Press Secretary Josh Earnest said "Ultimately this is a local law enforcement matter and the FBI is monitoring the situation and offering support to local law enforcement officials." Earnest added that President Barack Obama was aware of the situation.[54]

State Representative Cliff Bentz, who represents the region in the Oregon House of Representatives, said that the outside groups do not represents Burns or Harney County, saying, "They're trying to use the misfortune of the Hammonds to further the interests of the Bundys."[55]

Following the seizure of the MNWR facilities, on January 2, Harney County School District 3 closed schools in the county for one week.[38]

The group Oath Keepers (of which Jon Ritzheimer was formerly a member) in a statement published on its website prior to the seizure of the MNWR facilities, said "we cannot force ourselves or our protection on people who do not want it. Dwight and Steven Hammond have made it clear, through their attorney, that they just want to turn themselves in and serve out their sentence. And that clear statement of their intent should be the end of the discussion on this."[56]

Cliven Bundy, the father of Ammon and Ryan Bundy, said he was not involved in organizing the takeover of the MNWR facilities and said it was "not exactly what I thought should happen."[28]

The militiamen were mocked on Twitter and other social media, with commentators ridiculing the groups as "Y'all Qaeda" (likening them to the group al-Qaeda).[57][58] Hashtags such as "#OregonUnderAttack", #VanillaISIS, and "#YallQaeda" were used.[59][60]

Through a spokesman, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints on January 4 issued a statement condemning the militia actions and stating "this armed occupation can in no way be justified on a scriptural basis."[61]

When asked about the occupation Susan Hammond, the wife of Dwight Hammond, was dismissive and said "I don't really know the purpose of the guys who are out there."[62]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Zaitz, Les (January 3, 2016). "Militia continue occupation of Oregon refuge, police keep low profile". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b c d Stack, Liam (January 2, 2016). "Militiamen Occupy Oregon Wildlife Refuge in Protest of Ranchers' Prison Terms". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  3. ^ Moore, Wanda; Lerten, Barney (January 4, 2016) [1st pub. January 3, 2016]. "Militia leader explains takeover, says group has name: Calling selves 'Citizens for Constitutional Freedom'". Bend, Oregon: KTVZ. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Binder, Melissa (January 4, 2016). "Oregon militants: Why the Bundys' Mormonism matters". The Oregonian. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  5. ^ "US militia ready to 'kill and be killed'". news.com.au. January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  6. ^ "Armed militia takeover in Oregon sparks debate on meaning of "terrorist"". CBS News. January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  7. ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-35225701
  8. ^ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/with-no-immediate-threat-law-enforcement-leaving-oregon-militia-alone/
  9. ^ a b c d e f Crombie, Noelle (January 3, 2016). "Where is Burns? Harney County home to more cattle than people". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 4, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b c Harney County Transportation System Plan: Revised Final Draft, Harney County Planning Department (June 2001), pp. 9-10.
  11. ^ Harney County with Townships 8.5 x 11, Harney County GIS, Harney County/Bureau of Land Management.
  12. ^ "Sheriff". co.harney.or.us. Harney County, Oregon. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  13. ^ Brown, Lauren (February 20, 2008). "Burns, Hines set to share police chief". Burns Times-Herald. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  14. ^ a b Durbin, Kathie (October 3, 1994). "Ranchers arrested at wildlife refuge". High Country News. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  15. ^ a b St. Clair, Jeffrey (January 31, 2010). "Disquiet on the Western Front: Showdown in the Malheur Marshes". Salem News. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  16. ^ a b "United States of America, Government, V. Steven Dwight Hammond and Dwight Lincoln Hammond, Jr., Defendants" (PDF). OPB. October 30, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  17. ^ Denson, Bryan (October 7, 2015). "Controversial Oregon ranchers in court Wednesday, likely headed back to prison in arson case". Oregonian/OregonLive. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  18. ^ a b c d e f Zaitz, Les (December 30, 2015). "Militiamen, ranchers in showdown for soul of Burns". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ a b c "United States of America, Plaintiff, V. Steven Dwight Hammond and Dwight Lincoln Hammond, Jr., Defendants" (PDF). OPB. October 7, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  20. ^ a b Ditzler, Joseph (June 13, 2012). "Hammond Witness Describes Setting Fire In 2001". OPB. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  21. ^ a b "Anti-gov't protesters march through Burns". KOIN-TV. January 2, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  22. ^ a b c Zaitz, Les (December 31, 2015). "Oregon ranchers' fight with feds sparks militias' interest". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ a b c "The feds' case: What they said of Hammonds' resentencing: Full text of U.S. Department of Justice news release". KTVZ. January 3, 2016.
  24. ^ Wm. Moyer, Justin (January 4, 2016). "The mysterious fires that led to the Bundy clan's Oregon standoff". The Washington Post.
  25. ^ a b c Perkowski, Mateusz (January 3, 2016). "Judge sends Oregon ranchers back to prison". Capital Press.
  26. ^ KOIN News Staff (January 4, 2016). "Hammonds report to CA prison for arson". KOIN-TV. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  27. ^ Hadley, C.J., ed. (2015). "Late News" (PDF). Range Magazine. XXIV (4). Carson City, Nevada: Range Education Foundation: 4. ISSN 1093-3670. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 3, 2016. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ a b c d Wilson, Jason (January 3, 2016). "Oregon militia threatens showdown with US agents at wildlife refuge". The Guardian. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  29. ^ "Harney County Committee of Safety". hccommitteeofsafety.org. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  30. ^ McKernan, Bethan (January 4, 2016). "Oregon 'terrorists' don't plan siege very well, put out plea for snacks and supplies". The Independent. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  31. ^ Zaitz, Les (January 2, 2016). "Burns residents confront the militia over fears of violence". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ a b Zaitz, Les (January 2, 2016). "Militia takes over Malheur National Wildlife Refuge headquarters". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ "Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Facebook Page". Facebook. Mahleur National Wildlife Refuge. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  34. ^ Hannas, Chris (January 4, 2015). "Oregon Militiamen Hunker Down at Wildlife Refuge". Voice of America. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  35. ^ Yan, Holly; Sutton, Joe (January 4, 2015). "Armed protesters refuse to leave federal building in Oregon". CNN. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  36. ^ Zaitz, Les (January 4, 2016). "Oregon militia standoff: Ranchers due at prison and what else to expect Monday". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. ISSN 8750-1317. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  37. ^ Whitnall, Adam (January 3, 2016). "'Oregon Under Attack': Anger over limited response to hostile militia takeover of US government building". The Independent. London. ISSN 0951-9467. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ a b Mesh, Aaron (January 2, 2016). "Militia Group Takes Over Federal Building in Eastern Oregon Because 'The Lord Was Not Pleased'". Willamette Week. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  39. ^ Berry, Harrison (January 3, 2016). "Militia Group Seizes Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Headquarters". Boise Weekly. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  40. ^ Crombie, Noelle (January 3, 2016). "Oregon militants in high spirits, ready for long wait at refuge, supporter says". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ Zaitz, Les (January 3, 2016). "Militant leader explains intentions on Oregon refuge takeover". Oregonian. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  42. ^ Zaitz, Les (January 3, 2016). "Oregon militant leader Ammon Bundy exudes calm as he presides over occupation". The Oregonian. Portland, Oregon. ISSN 8750-1317. Archived from the original on January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; January 4, 2016 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ "Oregon militia in standoff with feds names themselves". CBS News. Associated Press. January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  44. ^ Bailey, Everton (January 4, 2016). "Oregon ranchers at center of militant standoff report to federal prison in California". The Oregonian. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  45. ^ Sepulvado, John (January 4, 2016). "Bundy: We'll Leave Occupied Buildings If Community Wants Us To". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  46. ^ "Sheriff: Refuge occupiers seek to 'overthrow government'". KTVZ. January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  47. ^ a b Duara, Nigel; Hennessy-Fiske, Molly (January 4, 2016). "Oregon refuge occupation: 'It's getting dark, and it is freezing'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  48. ^ a b House, Kelly (January 4, 2016). "As militant occupation continues in Oregon, sheriff says 'go home'". The Oregonian. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  49. ^ Preacher, Amanda (January 3, 2016). "Militiamen Plan For What's Next As the Hammonds Head to Prison". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  50. ^ Wolf, Carissa; Berman, Mark (January 4, 2016). "FBI takes lead on investigating armed takeover of federal building in Oregon". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  51. ^ Smith, Alexander; Fryer, Joe; Walters, Shamar (January 4, 2016). "FBI Seeks 'Peaceful' End to Armed Standoff at Oregon Federal Building". NBC News. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  52. ^ "Read Oregon sheriff's statement to militants occupying wildlife refuge". The Oregonian. January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  53. ^ "Harney County-The Official Site". co.harney.or.us. Harney County, Oregon. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  54. ^ Fabian, Jordan (January 4, 2016). "White House calls Oregon standoff a 'local law enforcement matter'". The Hill. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  55. ^ Jervis, Rick (January 4, 2016). "Sheriff: Militia members used rancher protest as ruse". USA Today. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  56. ^ "The Hammond Family Does NOT Want an Armed Stand Off, and Nobody Has a Right to Force One On Them". oathkeepers.org. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  57. ^ Chan, Wilfred (January 4, 2016). "Oregon standoff? Call it a 'Y'all Qaeda' attack, say Internet users". CNN. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  58. ^ Weber, Peter (January 4, 2016). "Can you come up with a snarkier name for the militants in Oregon than Y'all Qaeda and Vanilla ISIS?". The Week. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  59. ^ "#OregonUnderAttack: Tweets about militia takeover". KOIN-TV. January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
  60. ^ "Oregon Militiamen Receive Fitting Nickname: 'YallQaeda'". Gawker. January 3, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  61. ^ Edwards, Ashton (January 4, 2016). "LDS church releases stance on armed takeover of federal building in Oregon". KSTU-TV. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
  62. ^ Peacher, Amanda (January 3, 2016). "Militiamen Plan For What's Next As The Hammonds Head To Prison". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_the_Malheur_National_Wildlife_Refuge&oldid=698358838"