Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation

Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation

Official seal
Motto	Libertad, Paz y Fraternidad (Freedom, Peace, and Fraternity)
Established	1946 (as Escuela de las Americas), as WHINSEC 2000/2001
Commandant	Colonel Glenn R. Huber Jr.
Budget	$14M as of FY2010
Members	215
Owner	United States Department of Defense
Address	7161 Richardson Circle
Location	Fort Benning , Georgia , United States
Coordinates	32°21′54.1″N 84°57′21.25″W
Website	Official website

The Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC), formerly known as the US Army School of the Americas, is a United States Department of Defense Institute located at Fort Benning near Columbus, Georgia, that provides military training to government personnel in US-allied Latin American nations.

The school was founded in 1946 and from 1961 was assigned the specific goal of teaching "anti-communist counterinsurgency training," a role which it would fulfill for the rest of the Cold War. In this period, it educated several Latin American dictators, generations of their military and, during the 1980s, included the uses of torture in its curriculum. In 2000/2001, the institute was renamed to WHINSEC.

History

The US Army School of the Americas was founded in 1946 and originally located at Fort Gulick in the Panama Canal Zone. In 1984 the school was expelled from Panama under the terms of the Panama Canal Treaty. From 1961 (during the Kennedy administration), the School was assigned the specific Cold War goal of teaching "anti-communist" counterinsurgency training to military personnel of Latin American countries. At the time and in those places, "communists" was, in the words of anthropologist Lesley Gill, "... an enormously elastic category that could accommodate almost any critic of the status quo."

During this period, Colombia supplied the largest number of students from any client country. As the Cold War drew to a close around 1990, United States foreign policy shifted focus from "anti-communism" to the War on Drugs, with narcoguerillas replacing "communists". This term was later replaced by "the more ominous sounding 'terrorist'".

In 1999, the School of the Americas website said in its FAQ section, "Many of the [School′s] critics supported Marxism -- Liberation Theology -- in Latin America -- which was defeated with the assistance of the U.S. Army."

WHINSEC

By 2000 the School of the Americas was under increasing criticism in the United States for training students who later participated in undemocratic governments and committed human rights abuses. In 2000 Congress, through the FY01 National Defense Act, withdrew the Secretary of the Army's authority to operate USARSA.

The next year, WHINSEC was founded as a successor institute. U.S. Army Maj. Joseph Blair, a former director of instruction at the school, said in 2002 that "there are no substantive changes besides the name. [...] They teach the identical courses that I taught and changed the course names and use the same manuals."

In 2013, researcher Ruth Blakeley concluded after interviews with WHINSEC personnel and anti-SOA/WHINSEC protesters that "there was considerable transparency [...] established after the transition from SOA to WHINSEC" and that "a much more rigorous human rights training program was in place than in any other US military institution".

Participation

Since its opening in 2001, WHINSEC has trained more than 19,000 students from 36 countries of the Western Hemisphere. In 2014-2015, the principal "Command & General Staff Officer" course had 65 graduates (60 male and 5 female) representing 13 nations: Belize, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and the U.S.A.

In 2004, Venezuela ceased all training of its soldiers at WHINSEC after a long period of chilling relations between the United States and Venezuela. On March 28, 2006, the government of Argentina, headed by President Néstor Kirchner, decided to stop sending soldiers to train at WHINSEC, and the government of Uruguay affirmed that it would continue its current policy of not sending soldiers to WHINSEC.

In 2007, Óscar Arias, president of Costa Rica, decided to stop sending Costa Rican police to the WHINSEC, although he later reneged, saying the training would be beneficial for counter-narcotics operations. Costa Rica has no military but has sent some 2,600 police officers to the school. Bolivian President Evo Morales formally announced on February 18, 2008, that he would not send Bolivian military or police officers to WHINSEC. In 2012, President Rafael Correa announced that Ecuador would withdraw all their troops from the military school at Ft. Benning, citing links to human rights violations.

In 2005 a bill to abolish the institute, with 134 cosponsors, was introduced to the House Armed Services Committee. In June 2007, the McGovern/Lewis Amendment to shut off funding for the Institute failed by six votes. This effort to close the Institute was endorsed by the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, which described the Institute as a "black eye" for America.

Current organization

Charter

Authorized by the United States Congress through 10 U.S.C. § 2166 in 2001, WHINSEC "provides professional education and training to eligible personnel of nations of the Western Hemisphere within the context of the democratic principles set forth in the Charter of the Organization of American States (such charter being a treaty to which the United States is a party), while fostering mutual knowledge, transparency, confidence, and cooperation among the participating nations and promoting democratic values, respect for human rights, and knowledge and understanding of United States customs and traditions. WHINSEC has provided training for more than 10,000 individuals since its existence and over 60,000 US and international students since its original establishment in 1946. Its educational format incorporates guest lecturers and experts from sectors of US and international government, non-government, human rights, law enforcement, academic institutions, and interagency departments to share best practices in pursuit of improved security cooperation between all nations of the Western Hemisphere.

Background

In 10 USC 2166, Congress establishes an independent review board (a federal advisory committee) to "inquire into the curriculum, instruction, physical equipment, fiscal affairs, and academic methods of the Institute, other matters relating to the Institute that the Board decides to consider, and any other matter that the Secretary of Defense determines appropriate". The "Board of Visitors" (BoV), as this committee is named, is responsible for reviewing the curriculum of WHINSEC to "determine whether the curriculum complies with applicable United States laws and regulations; is consistent with United States policy goals toward Latin America and the Caribbean; adheres to current United States doctrine; and appropriately emphasizes the matters specified in subsection (d)(1): "The curriculum of the Institute shall include mandatory instruction for each student, for at least 8 hours, on human rights, the rule of law, due process, civilian control of the military, and the role of the military in a democratic society." The Board must also submit an annual report to the Secretary of Defense on its findings and recommendations related to its review of the institute. From 1997 thru 2012, copies of their reports were posted on the Federal Advisory Committee website.

The fourteen-member BoV currently includes these people:

• Senator Carl Levin (Senate Armed Services Committee majority, D-MI)
• Senator Saxby Chambliss (Senate Armed Services Committee minority, R-GA)
• Rep. Phil Gingrey (House Armed Services Committee majority, R-GA)
• Rep. Loretta Sanchez (House Armed Services Committee minority, D-CA)
• GEN John F. Kelly (United States Southern Command)
• GEN Charles H. Jacoby (United States Northern Command)

It also has six members designated by the Secretary of Defense from the community at large. These six members include representatives from the human rights, religious, academic, and business communities. Members of the Board are not compensated for service on the Board. A full listing of the BoV members can be found on the Federal Advisory Committee website and the WHINSEC public website. The BoV annual meeting is open to the public, and meeting dates are posted in advance on the Federal Register.

Criticism of WHINSEC

Human rights violations by graduates

WHINSEC has been criticized for human rights violations committed by former students.

According to the Center for International Policy, "The School of the Americas had been questioned for years, as it trained many military personnel before and during the years of the 'national security doctrine' – the dirty war years in the Southern Cone and the civil war years in Central America – in which the armed forces within several Latin American countries ruled or had disproportionate government influence and committed serious human rights violations in those countries." SOA and WHINSEC graduates continue to surface in news reports regarding both current human rights cases and new reports.

Defenders argue that today the curriculum includes human rights, but according to Human Rights Watch, "training alone, even when it includes human rights instruction, does not prevent human rights abuses."

WHINSEC has said "that no school should be held accountable for the actions of its graduates."

SOA Watch

Main article: School of the Americas Watch

Since 1990, Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit human rights organization School of the Americas Watch has worked to monitor graduates of the institution and to close the former SOA, now WHINSEC, through legislative action, grassroots organizing and nonviolent direct action. It maintains a database with graduates of both the SOA and WHINSEC who have been accused of human rights violations and other criminal activity. In regard to the renaming of the institution, SOA Watch claims that the approach taken by the Department of Defense is not grounded in any critical assessment of the training, procedures, performance, or results (consequences) of the training programs of the SOA. According to critics of the SOA, the name change ignores congressional concern and public outcry over the SOA's past and present link to human rights atrocities.

Protests and public demonstrations

Since 1990, SOA Watch has sponsored an annual public demonstration of protest of SOA/WHINSEC at Ft. Benning. In 2005, the demonstration drew 19,000 people. The protests are timed to coincide with the anniversary of the assassination of six Jesuit priests in El Salvador on November 1989 by graduates of the School of the Americas. On November 16, 1989, six Jesuit priests (Ignacio Ellacuria, Segundo Montes, Ignacio Martin-Baro, Joaquin López y López, Juan Ramon Moreno, and Amado López); their housekeeper, Elba Ramos; and her daughter, Celia Marisela Ramos, were murdered by the Salvadoran Military on the campus of the University of Central America in San Salvador, El Salvador, because they had been labeled as subversives by the government. A United Nations panel concluded that nineteen of the 27 killers were SOA graduates.

Graduates of the School of the Americas

The U.S. Army School of the Americas is a school that has run more dictators than any other school in the history of the world.

A number of graduates of the SOA and WHINSEC have been accused of human rights violations and criminal activity in their home countries. In August 2007, according to an Associated Press report, Colonel Alberto Quijano of the Colombian army's Special Forces was arrested for providing security and mobilizing troops for Diego León Montoya Sánchez (aka "Don Diego"), the leader of the Norte del Valle Cartel and one of the FBI's 10 most-wanted criminals. School of the Americas Watch said in a statement that it matched the names of those in the scandal with its database of attendees at the institute. Alberto Quijano attended courses and was an instructor who taught classes on peacekeeping operations and democratic sustainment at the school from 2003 to 2004.
Other former students include members of the Atlacatl Battalion, responsible for the El Mozote massacre, and Franck Romain, former leader of the Tonton Macoute, responsible for the St Jean Bosco massacre.

Critics of SOA Watch argue the connection is often misleading. According to Paul Mulshine, Roberto D'Aubuisson's sole link to the SOA is that he had taken a course in radio operations long before El Salvador's civil war began.

Country	Some of the graduates
Argentina	Emilio Massera, Jorge Rafael Videla, Leopoldo Galtieri, Roberto Eduardo Viola
Bolivia	Hugo Banzer Suárez, Luis Arce Gómez, Juan Ramón Quintana Taborga
Chile	Raúl Iturriaga, Manuel Contreras
Ecuador	Guillermo Rodríguez
El Salvador	Roberto D'Aubuisson
Gambia	President of the Gambia Yahya Jammeh
Guatemala	Marco Antonio Yon Sosa Efraín Ríos Montt Otto Pérez Molina
Mexico	The Zetas Cartel founders Heriberto 'The Executioner' Lazcano and Arturo 'Zeta One' Guzmán Decena
Panama	Manuel Noriega
Peru	Vladimiro Montesinos, Juan Velasco Alvarado

Educated according to other sources

In 1992 the OAS Inter-American Commission on Human Rights recommended prosecution of Col. Cid Díaz for murder in association with the 1983 Las Hojas massacre. His name is on a State Department list of gross human rights abusers. Díaz went to the Institute in 2003.

Media representation

assins]], a 1994 short documentary film produced by Robert Richter. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.

• Hidden in Plain Sight, a 2003 feature-length documentary film produced by Andrés Thomas Conteris, Vivi Letsou, and John Smihula.
• The War on Democracy, a 2007 documentary film produced by Youngheart Entertainment PTY Limited.

See also

• Army Foreign Intelligence Assistance Program
• Dorothy Hennessey
• Gwen Hennessey
• Operation Condor
• School of the Americas Watch
• United States Army Command and General Staff College
• United States Southern Command (SOUTHCOM)
• United States-Latin American relations
• War on Drugs

Further reading

• Ruth Blakeley (2006). Repression, Human Rights, and US Training of Military Forces from the South (Ph.D.). University of Bristol. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
• Danner, Mark (2004). Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror. New York Review Books. ISBN 1-59017-152-7.
• Harbury, Jennifer K. (2005). Truth, Torture, and the American Way. Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-0307-7. Review, "Highlights parallels in the practices of U.S. government operatives and their local 'assets' in the current conflict and in the civil wars that wracked Central America in the 1980s and early 1990s."
• Hodge, James; Linda Cooper (2004). Disturbing the Peace: The Story of Father Roy Bourgeois and the Movement to Close the School of Americas. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN 1-57075-434-9.
• Hodge, James; Linda Cooper (November 3, 2004). "The CIA and Abu Ghraib: 50 Years of Teaching and Training Torturers". Counterpunch. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
• Ireland, Doug (July 22, 2004). "Teaching Torture: Despite a lot of talk about torture being "un-American", Congress is quietly keeping alive the School of the Americas, our country's infamous torture-training school". LA Weekly.
• McClintock, Michael (1992). Instruments of Statecraft: U.S. Guerilla Warfare, Counter-Insurgency, Counter-Terrorism, 1940–1990. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-394-55945-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Nelson-Pallmeyer, Jack (1997–2001). School of Assassins: Guns, Greed, and Globalization. Orbis Books, Maryknoll, New York. ISBN 978-1570753855.
• O'Neill, Patrick (February 18, 2005). "SOA protesters headed for prison: Sister, students among 14 charged with trespass at Army school". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008.
• Priest, Dana (September 21, 1996). "U.S. Instructed Latins On Executions, Torture; Manuals Used 1982–91, Pentagon Reveals". The Washington Post: Section: A p. A01. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
• Quigley, Bill. "The Case for Closing the School of the Americas" (PDF). BYU Journal of Public Law (20 BYU J. Pub. L. 1). 20 (1).
• Richter, Robert (1996). Inside the School of the Assassins (VHS).
• Inside the School of the Assassins at IMDb
• Smihula, John (2003). Hidden in Plain Sight (DVD).
• Stokes, Doug (2004). America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia. London and New York, NY: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-842-77546-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Leah C. Wells (November 18, 2003). "Hidden in Plain Sight". Common Dreams NewsCenter. Archived from the original on April 20, 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

External links

Official government websites

• Official website
• US Army War College. "School of the Americas (defunct website)". Archived from the original on November 5, 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2006.

Other websites

• Center for International Policy. "Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation". Retrieved April 14, 2006. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• World History Archives. "History of the School of the Americas". Retrieved April 14, 2006.
• School of the Americas Watch. "Updates & Actions". Retrieved April 14, 2006.

• School of the Americas Watch. "Graduate Database". Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2009.

• Axis of Logic. "20,000 demonstrate against US military torture training center". Retrieved April 14, 2006.
• Latin America Working Group. "Military Training Manuals". Archived from the original on June 13, 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2006. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
• Council on Hemispheric Affairs. "Torture is Un-American: The SOA and its Devastating Legacy". Retrieved June 8, 2006.

Media and documentaries

• On 20th Anniversary of Killings of 6 Jesuit Priests, Thousands Protest "School of the Assassins" – video report by Democracy Now! (retrieved November 20, 2010)
• La Escuela de Las Americas – Documentary by [[Andrés Thomas Conteris – Spanish and English ] (retrieved November 20, 2010)
• School of the Americas Assassins, a 1994 short documentary film produced by Robert Richter. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
• HiddenInPlainSight.org – Feature-length documentary that looks at the nature of U.S. policy in Latin America through the prism of the School of the Americas, the controversial military school that trains Latin American soldiers in the United States'
• John Pilger (August 21, 2007). War on democracy - School of Americas. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
• Truth Commissions: Reports: El Salvador – The Hague Justice Portal (retrieved November 20, 2010)
• presente. November 22, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2010. Vigil at School of the Americas
• The short film Latin American Militarism (1967) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
• Empire Files: The U.S. School That Trains Dictators and Death Squads. The Real News. December 5, 2015