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| five seasons=[[1988 Pacific typhoon season|1988]], [[1989 Pacific typhoon season|1989]], '''1990''', [[1991 Pacific typhoon season|1991]], [[1992 Pacific typhoon season|1992]]
| five seasons=[[1988 Pacific typhoon season|1988]], [[1989 Pacific typhoon season|1989]], '''1990''', [[1991 Pacific typhoon season|1991]], [[1992 Pacific typhoon season|1992]]
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The '''1990 Pacific typhoon season''' has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1990, but most [[tropical cyclones]] tend to form in the northwestern [[Pacific Ocean]] between May and November.<ref>Gary Padgett. [http://www.typhoon2000.ph/garyp_mgtcs/may03sum.txt May 2003 Tropical Cyclone Summary.] Retrieved 2006-08-26.</ref> These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern [[Pacific Ocean]].
The '''1990 Pacific typhoon season''' has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1990, but most [[tropical cyclones]] tend to form in the northwestern [[Pacific Ocean]] between May and November.<ref>Gary Padgett. [http://www.typhoon2000.ph/garyp_mgtcs/may03sum.txt May 2003 Tropical Cyclone Summary.] {{webcite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5v6pTB3S4?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.typhoon2000.ph%2Fgaryp_mgtcs%2Fmay03sum.txt |date=20101220044846 |dateformat=iso }} Retrieved 2006-08-26.</ref> These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern [[Pacific Ocean]].


The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the [[international date line]]. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see [[1990 Pacific hurricane season]]. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.
The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the [[international date line]]. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see [[1990 Pacific hurricane season]]. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.

Revision as of 18:44, 15 September 2016

1990 Pacific typhoon season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJanuary 12, 1990
Last system dissipatedDecember 23, 1990
Strongest storm
NameFlo
 • Maximum winds220 km/h (140 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure890 hPa (mbar)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions35
Total storms32
Typhoons18
Super typhoons4
Total fatalities>1,576
Total damage$2.7 billion (1990 USD)
Pacific typhoon seasons
1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992

The 1990 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1990, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November.[1] These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.

The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator and west of the international date line. Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes; see 1990 Pacific hurricane season. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions in this basin have the "W" suffix added to their number. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.

Season summary

Storms

35 tropical cyclones formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which 32 became tropical storms. 18 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 4 reached super typhoon strength.

Severe Tropical Storm Koryn

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationJanuary 12 – January 17
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
980 hPa (mbar)

On January 12, both the JMA and the JTWC identified a tropical depression in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The depression intensified over the period of a day to become a tropical storm on January 13, when it received the name Koryn from the JTWC. According to them, but not the JMA, Koryn reached hurricane-equivalent strength on January 15, when it peaked in intensity. The storm then weakened quite rapidly until it became extratropical on January 17, at 0000 UTC.

Tropical Storm Lewis

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationApril 28 – May 4
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min);
998 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Storm Lewis was a minimal tropical storm that only held said intensity for two days.

Typhoon Marian

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationMay 15 – May 19
Peak intensity130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min);
965 hPa (mbar)

CMA Tropical Depression 04

Tropical depression (CMA)
 
DurationMay 20 – May 23
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
1000 hPa (mbar)

CMA Tropical Depression 05

Tropical depression (CMA)
 
DurationMay 24 – May 28
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
1000 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Depression 04W

Tropical depression (HKO)
Tropical depression (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 14 – June 16
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
995 hPa (mbar)

Severe Tropical Storm Nathan (Akang)

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 14 – June 19
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
980 hPa (mbar)

A tropical disturbance trekked across the Philippines in mid June, upon entering the South China Sea a depression formed. The depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Nathan on June 16. Tropical Storm Nathan reached peak intensity of 65 mph (100 km/h) shortly before striking Hainan Island. In the South China Sea the Chinese ship Tien Fu sank killing 4 people. In southern China torrential rains caused flooding in Guangdong and Zhanjian Provinces killing 10 people, two people drowned in Macau due to high waves. Tropical Storm Nathan then continued northwestwards making a final landfall near the Vietnam/China border.[2]

Typhoon Ofelia (Bising)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 16 – June 25
Peak intensity120 km/h (75 mph) (10-min);
970 hPa (mbar)

The monsoon trough spawned a tropical depression east of the Philippines on June 15. It tracked to the northwest then westward, slowly organizing into a tropical storm on June 18. Ofelia turned more to the northwest and became a typhoon on June 20. Paralleling the east coast of the Philippines, it reached a peak of 100 mph (155 km/h) winds before hitting Taiwan on June 23. Ofelia weakened over the country, and brushed eastern China before dissipating on June 25 near Korea. Ofelia caused heavy flooding throughout its track, resulting in at least 64 casualties.

Typhoon Percy (Klaring)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationJune 20 – June 30
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min);
950 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Percy, which developed on June 20, reached a peak of 135 mph winds while located a short distance east of the northern Philippines. Increasing vertical shear weakened Percy to a 95 mph typhoon before crossing extreme northern Luzon on the 27th, an area that felt the effects of Ofelia only days before. It remained a weak typhoon until hitting southeastern China on the 29th before dissipating on the 1st. Percy caused serious damage and flooding in the Carolina Islands and northern Philippines, amounting to 9 deaths.

Tropical Storm Robyn (Deling)

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 4 – July 13
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min);
992 hPa (mbar)

CMA Tropical Depression 11

Tropical depression (CMA)
 
DurationJuly 20 – July 23
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
1000 hPa (mbar)

Severe Tropical Storm Tasha (Emang)

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 21 – August 1
Peak intensity100 km/h (65 mph) (10-min);
980 hPa (mbar)

65 mph Tropical Storm Tasha, which developed on July 22 and meandered through the South China Sea, hit southern China on the 30th, 75 miles east of Hong Kong. The storm caused torrential flooding in southern China, causing widespread damage and 108 fatalities.

Typhoon Steve

Very strong typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 23 – August 3
Peak intensity155 km/h (100 mph) (10-min);
940 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Vernon

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 26 – August 9
Peak intensity140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min);
955 hPa (mbar)

CMA Tropical Depression 14

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
 
DurationJuly 26 – July 27
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (1-min);
1000 hPa (mbar)

Severe Tropical Storm Winona

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 4 – August 11
Peak intensity110 km/h (70 mph) (10-min);
975 hPa (mbar)

The origins of Winona can be traced back to Severe Tropical Storm Tasha. On August 2, the remnant low of Tasha, as a patch of thunderstorms over northeastern China, was pushed to the east by a weather front from the west. By August 4, Tasha entered the Yellow Sea, before being pushed south by an anticyclone off northeastern Korea, into the East China Sea. Although the same system, Tasha was named Winona, as it started to strengthen into a tropical storm by August 7. It reached peak intensity with an eye-like feature on August 8, before landfalling over Japan the next day. Later, the remnants became extratropical.

Typhoon Yancy (Gading)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 11 – August 23
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min);
950 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Yancy killed 12 people in the Philippines after a landslide destroyed a dormitory. In China, severe damage occurred and at least 216 people were killed.[3] 20 people were killed in Taiwan.[4]

Tropical Storm Aka

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 13 (Entered basin) – August 15
Peak intensity75 km/h (45 mph) (10-min);
994 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Zola

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 3 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 15 – August 23
Peak intensity140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min);
960 hPa (mbar)

On August 15, a large area of convection associated with the inflow of developing Typhoon Yancy was cut off, as Yancy was moving too fast to the west for the convection in the east to be absorbed into Yancy. By August 16, the convection developed a mid to low level circulation, and developed into tropical storm by August 18. Zola intensified into a typhoon by the next day, before reaching peak intensity on August 21. By the next day, Zola made landfall over Japan, before dissipating north of Japan. High winds and heavy rains produced by the storm killed three people and injured 22 others in Japan.

Typhoon Abe (Heling)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 23 – September 2
Peak intensity140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min);
955 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Typhoon Abe (1990)

Forming on August 23 from a tropical disturbance, the depression which would eventually develop into Typhoon Abe initially tracked in a steady west-northwestward direction. As a result of an intense monsoon surge, the system's trajectory briefly changed to an eastward then northward path before returning to its original track. Abe only intensified by a small amount between 0000 UTC August 24 and 0600 UTC August 27 due to the disruptive effects of the surge, and on August 30, Abe peaked in intensity as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. After peaking in intensity, Abe crossed the Ryukyu Islands and the East China Sea, making landfall in China where it affected the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangsu before entering the Yellow Sea, crossing South Korea, and finally transitioning into an extratropical cyclone.[5][6]

Typhoon Abe killed 108–195 people after it caused flooding and landslides in the Philippines and Taiwan, ravaged coastal areas of China, and brought high waves to Japan.[5][7][8] Abe, which is responsible for killing 108 in China, affected half of Zhejiang's land area and a fourth of its population, leaving thousands homeless and causing ¥3.5 billion yuan (RMB, $741.5–743 million USD) to be lost in damages.[6][8][9][10] Additional damage and one fatality occurred in Okinawa Prefecture in Japan, where at least ¥890 million yen (JPY, $6 million USD) in damage was caused.[7][11][12]

Typhoon Becky (Iliang)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 23 – August 30
Peak intensity130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min);
965 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Storm Becky, having developed on August 20, hit northern Luzon on the 26th as a strong tropical storm. It strengthened over the South China Sea to an 80 mph typhoon, and hit northern Vietnam at that intensity on the 29th. Becky was responsible for killing 32 people and causing heavy flooding.

Tropical Storm Cecil

Tropical storm (HKO)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 2 – September 5
Peak intensity85 km/h (50 mph) (10-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Dot (Loleng)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 3 – September 11
Peak intensity140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min);
960 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Dot formed from a monsoon trough to the southwest of Guam. Dot moved steadily towards the northwest and strengthened into a typhoon. Typhoon Dot reached peak intensity of 85 mph before weakening slight before landfall on eastern Taiwan on the 7th of September. After passing Taiwan Dot regained typhoon intensity in the Formosa Strait before making a final landfall in Fujian Province, China. On northern Luzon Island rains from Typhoon Dot caused floods killing 4 people, on Taiwan 3 people died.[2]

Typhoon Ed (Miding)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 9 – September 20
Peak intensity130 km/h (80 mph) (10-min);
965 hPa (mbar)

Severe flooding produced by the storm killed at least 18 people in Vietnam. At least 4,500 homes were destroyed and another 140,000 were inundated.[13]

Super Typhoon Flo

Main article: Typhoon Flo (1990)
Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 12 – September 20
Peak intensity220 km/h (140 mph) (10-min);
890 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Flo, which developed on September 12, rapidly intensified on the 16th and 17th to a 165 mph super typhoon near Okinawa. Vertical shear weakened it as it recurved to the northeast, and Flo hit Honshū, Japan on the 19th as a 100 mph typhoon. It continued rapidly northeastward, became extratropical on the 20th, and dissipated on the 22nd. Widespread flooding and landslides killed 32 and caused millions in damage.

Typhoon Gene (Norming)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 1 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 22 – September 30
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min);
950 hPa (mbar)

A tropical disturbance consolidated into a tropical depression on the 23rd of September to the east of the Philippines. Tropical Storm Gene was named as the storm moved towards the northwest and strengthened into a typhoon the next day. Typhoon Gene reached peak intensity of 95 mph on the 27th shortly before recurving towards the northeast. Gene then skimmed the coasts of Kyūshū, Shikoku and Honshū Islands in Japan before moving out to sea and turning extratropical. Winds on 85 mph were recorded on Kyūshū and heavy rains fell across the region, resulting floods and landslides killed 4 people.[2]

Typhoon Hattie (Oyang)

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 30 – October 8
Peak intensity150 km/h (90 mph) (10-min);
950 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Hattie formed as Typhoon Gene was accelerating towards Japan. Hattie strengthened into a typhoon on the 3rd of October while moving towards the northwest and reached a peak intensity of 105 mph the next day. Typhoon Hattie began to recurve while west of the island of Okinawa. Heavy rains from Typhoons Flo, Gene and Hattie broke the drought that plagued the island. As Hattie accelerated towards Japan it was downgraded to a tropical storm before brushing pass Kyūshū and Shikoku before making landfall on Honshū Island. Heavy rains caused a landslide on Shikoku Island killing three people when a landslide hit a bus.[2]

Tropical Storm Ira

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 1 – October 5
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min);
996 hPa (mbar)

Severe flooding in Thailand triggered by heavy rains from Ira killed at least 24 people.[14]

Tropical Storm Jeana (Pasing)

Tropical depression (HKO)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 12 – October 15
Peak intensity55 km/h (35 mph) (10-min);
1000 hPa (mbar)

Typhoon Kyle

Typhoon (JMA)
Category 2 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 14 – October 22
Peak intensity140 km/h (85 mph) (10-min);
955 hPa (mbar)

Tropical Storm Lola

Tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 16 – October 20
Peak intensity65 km/h (40 mph) (10-min);
998 hPa (mbar)

Extreme rainfall, peaking near 31.5 in (800 mm) triggered extensive flooding that left some regions under 6 ft (1.8 m) of water. At least 16 people were killed by the storm.[15]

Super Typhoon Mike (Ruping)

Very strong typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationNovember 6 – November 18
Peak intensity185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min);
915 hPa (mbar)
Main article: Typhoon Mike

Super Typhoon Mike was the deadliest typhoon of the season. It struck the central Philippines in mid-November, where landslides, flooding, and extreme wind damage to caused over 748 casualties and over $1.94 billion in damage (1990 USD).[16] The name Mike was retired after this season and replaced with Manny.

Severe Tropical Storm Nell

Severe tropical storm (JMA)
Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationNovember 9 – November 12
Peak intensity95 km/h (60 mph) (10-min);
990 hPa (mbar)

Super Typhoon Owen

Very strong typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationNovember 20 – December 4
Peak intensity175 km/h (110 mph) (10-min);
925 hPa (mbar)

As Super Typhoon Owen crossed the Marshall Islands and Caroline Islands in mid to late November, it caused extreme damage to the many islands. Some islands lost 95%-99% of the dwellings, as well as 80-90% crops being destroyed. Through all of the damage, Owen only killed 2 people.[17]

Super Typhoon Page (Susang)

Violent typhoon (JMA)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationNovember 21 – December 3
Peak intensity195 km/h (120 mph) (10-min);
910 hPa (mbar)

Super Typhoon Page formed on November 21 as a tropical depression. From there, it tracked slowly westward, making a cyclonic loop. Page continued westward, and strengthened into a Category 5 typhoon. It then accelerated northeastward, making landfall in Japan on November 30 as a Category 1 typhoon. Page dissipated over northeast Japan on December 3.[17]

Typhoon Russ

Very strong typhoon (JMA)
Category 4 typhoon (SSHWS)
 
DurationDecember 13 – December 23
Peak intensity185 km/h (115 mph) (10-min);
915 hPa (mbar)

The final storm of the season, which formed on December 13, brought heavy damage to Guam when it crossed near the island on December 20. Damage estimates are as high as $120 million (1990 USD)[citation needed], but nobody perished in the storm.

Storm names

See also: Lists of tropical cyclone names and Tropical cyclone naming

During the season 30 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, when it was determined that they had become tropical storms. These names were contributed to a revised list which started on mid-1989.

Koryn Lewis Marian Nathan Ofelia Percy Robyn Steve Tasha Vernon Winona Yancy Zola Abe Becky
Cecil Dot Ed Flo Gene Gene Ira Jeana Kyle Lola Mike Nell Owen Page Russ

Philippines

Akang Bising Klaring Deling Emang
Gading Heling Iliang Loleng Miding
Norming Oyang Pasing Ruping Susang
Tering (unused) Uding (unused) Weling (unused) Yaning (unused)
Auxiliary list
Aning (unused)
Bidang (unused) Katring (unused) Delang (unused) Esang (unused) Garding (unused)

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility. PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility. Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient, names are taken from an auxiliary list, the first 10 of which are published each year before the season starts. Names not retired from this list will be used again in the 1994 season. This is the same list used for the 1986 season. PAGASA uses its own naming scheme that starts in the Filipino alphabet, with names of Filipino female names ending with "ng" (A, B, K, D, etc.). Names that were not assigned/going to use are marked in gray.

Retirement

Due to the severity of damage and loss of life caused by Mike, the namewas retired and was replaced with Manny and was first used in the 1993 season. PAGASA also retired the name Ruping for similar reasons and was replaced with Ritang for the 1994 season.

See also

References

  1. ^ Gary Padgett. May 2003 Tropical Cyclone Summary. Template:Webcite Retrieved 2006-08-26.
  2. ^ a b c d Joint Typhoon Warning Center. [1] Retrieved on 2007-12-26.
  3. ^ http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1990/Typhoon-Yancy-s-Death-Toll-Reaches-216/id-081b7ae68b6bddce2da5f18ff039b653
  4. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=HhFUU33cliIC&pg=PA173&dq=%22Typhoon+Yancy%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xUZzVZ7COITggwSj9YPgBw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Typhoon%20Yancy%22&f=false
  5. ^ a b 1990 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. 1991. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
  6. ^ a b Tropical Cyclones in 1990 (PDF) (Report). Hong Kong: Royal Observatory. February 1992. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
  7. ^ a b Digital Typhoon: Weather Disaster Report (1990-936-12). Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  8. ^ a b "Commodity Briefs". The Journal of Commerce: 9A. September 7, 1990 – via LexisNexis. The typhoon hit the major wheat, sugar and cotton growing provinces of Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Anhui, as well as the city of Shanghai, on Aug. 31-Sept. 3, killing 108 people and causing 3.5 billion yuan (4.7 yuan=US$ 1) worth of damage, the China Daily said. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ DeAngelis, Richard A., ed. (February 1991). Mariners Weather Log: Winter 1991. Vol. 35. National Oceanographic Data Center. pp. 62 & 66. There was no let–up as Abe came to life, on the 25th, 85 mi west southwest of Guam. Moving northward then west northwestward, Abe reached severe tropical storm strength on the 28th and became a typhoon the following day about 425 mi east southeast of Taipei. Abe moved across the Ryukyu Is and then made landfall about 150 mi south of Shanghai on the last day of the month." & "During Abe, one person was killed in Taiwan. On mainland China it was reported that 108 people lost their lives with another 40 reported missing. Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces were hardest hit.
  10. ^ "Storm Death Toll Rises to 88". Standard-Speaker. September 5, 1990. p. 3. Retrieved June 5, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  11. ^ Digital Typhoon: Weather Disaster Report (1990-918-06). Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  12. ^ Digital Typhoon: Weather Disaster Report (1990-927-02). Digital Typhoon (Report) (in Japanese). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
  13. ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BQIQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZZADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3560,3279443&dq=typhoon+ed+1990&hl=en
  14. ^ http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60165154.html?dids=60165154:60165154&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Oct+14%2C+1990&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Thailand+Floods+Kill+24&pqatl=google
  15. ^ http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LB&p_theme=lb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAE8CA67548C254&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM
  16. ^ Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomic Services Administration. Most Destructive Tropical Cyclones for Month of November (1948-2000). Retrieved on 2007-02-04.
  17. ^ a b Japan Meteorological Agency. Japan Meteorological Agency's Typhoons' Best Track (1990-1999). Retrieved on 2015-01-05.
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