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<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
'''Far-sightedness''', also known as '''hyperopia''', is a condition of the [[eye]] where light focuses behind, instead of on, the [[retina]].<ref name=NIH2010 /> This causes close objects to be [[Blurred vision|blurry]] while far objects may appear normal.<ref name=NIH2010 /> As the disease worsens objects at all distances may be blurry.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Other symptoms may include [[headache]]s and [[eye strain]].<ref name="NIH2010">{{Cite web | title = Facts About Refractive Errors | website = NEI | url = https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/errors | date = October 2010 | access-date = 30 July 2016}}</ref> People with hyperopia can also experience [[accommodation (eye)#Accommodative dysfunction|accommodative dysfunction]], [[Binocular vision|binocular dysfunction]], [[amblyopia]], and [[strabismus]],<ref name="AOA Hyperopia">American Optometric Association. [http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-16.pdf Optometric Clinic ef_error_pres.htm "Refractive Error and Presbyopia."] Refractive Source.com Accessed September 20, 2006.</ref>
'''Far-sightedness''', also known as '''hyperopia''', is a condition of the [[eye]] where light focuses behind, instead of on, the [[retina]].<ref name=NIH2010 /> This causes close objects to be [[Blurred vision|blurry]] while far objects may appear normal.<ref name=NIH2010 /> As the disease worsens objects at all distances may seem blurred.<ref name=NIH2010 /> Other symptoms may include [[headache]]s and [[eye strain]].<ref name="NIH2010">{{Cite web | title = Facts About Refractive Errors | website = NEI | url = https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/errors | date = October 2010 | access-date = 30 July 2016}}</ref> People with hyperopia can also experience [[accommodation (eye)#Accommodative dysfunction|accommodative dysfunction]], [[Binocular vision|binocular dysfunction]], [[amblyopia]], and [[strabismus]],<ref name="AOA Hyperopia">American Optometric Association. [http://www.aoa.org/documents/CPG-16.pdf Optometric Clinic ef_error_pres.htm "Refractive Error and Presbyopia."] Refractive Source.com Accessed September 20, 2006.</ref>


<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
The cause is an imperfection in the [[Human eye|eye]] (often when the eyeball is too short or the [[Lens (anatomy)|lens]] cannot become round enough), causing the eye to not have enough power to see close or nearby objects.<ref name="nih">{{Cite web | title = Facts About Hyperopia {{!}} National Eye Institute | website = nei.nih.gov | url = https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/hyperopia | access-date = 2016-02-26}}</ref> It is a type of [[refractive error]].<ref name=NIH2010 />
The cause is an imperfection in the [[Human eye|eye]] (often when the eyeball is too short or the [[Lens (anatomy)|lens]] cannot become round enough), it to not have enough power to see close or nearby objects.<ref name="nih">{{Cite web | title = Facts About Hyperopia {{!}} National Eye Institute | website = nei.nih.gov | url = https://nei.nih.gov/health/errors/hyperopia | access-date = 2016-02-26}}</ref> It is a type of [[refractive error]].<ref name=NIH2010 />


<!-- Prevention and treatment -->
<!-- Prevention and treatment -->
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<!-- Epidemiology -->
<!-- Epidemiology -->
Far-sightedness primarily affects young children with rates of 8% at 6&nbsp;years and 1% at 15&nbsp;years.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Hyperopia: a meta-analysis of prevalence and a review of associated factors among school-aged children. | last1 = Castagno | first1 = VD | last2 = Fassa | first2 = AG | last3 = Carret | first3 = ML | last4 = Vilela | first4 = MA | last5 = Meucci | first5 = RD | journal = BMC ophthalmology | volume = 14 | page = 163 | date = 23 December 2014 | pmid = 25539893}}</ref>
Far-sightedness primarily affects young children, with rates of 8% at 6&nbsp;years and 1% at 15&nbsp;years.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Hyperopia: a meta-analysis of prevalence and a review of associated factors among school-aged children. | last1 = Castagno | first1 = VD | last2 = Fassa | first2 = AG | last3 = Carret | first3 = ML | last4 = Vilela | first4 = MA | last5 = Meucci | first5 = RD | journal = BMC ophthalmology | volume = 14 | page = 163 | date = 23 December 2014 | pmid = 25539893}}</ref>


==Signs and symptoms==
==Signs and symptoms==
The signs and symptoms of farsightedness are blurry vision, [[headaches]], and eyestrain.<ref name=nih /> The common symptom is [[eye strain]]. Difficulty seeing with both eyes ([[binocular vision]]) may occur, as well as, difficulty with depth perception.<ref name=pat />
The signs and symptoms of farsightedness are blurry vision, [[headaches]], and eyestrain.<ref name=nih /> The common symptom is [[eye strain]]. Difficulty seeing with both eyes ([[binocular vision]]) may occur, as well as difficulty with depth perception.<ref name=pat />


==Causes==
==Causes==
[[File:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|thumb|Human eye cross-section]]
[[File:Human eye cross-sectional view grayscale.png|thumb|Human eye cross-section]]
The defect of hyperopia is the result of the visual image being focused behind the retina, hyperopia is mainly caused by two reasons:<ref name=nih />
As the defect of hyperopia is the result of the visual image being focused behind the retina, hyperopia is mainly caused by two reasons:<ref name=nih />
* Low converging power of [[eye lens]] because of weak action of ciliary muscles.
* Low converging power of [[eye lens]] because of weak action of ciliary muscles.
* Abnormal shape of the [[cornea]]
* Abnormal shape of the [[cornea]]
Line 50: Line 50:


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Treatment of farsightedness includes contact lenses and eyeglasses,<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Introduction | last1 = Chou | first1 = Roger | last2 = Dana | first2 = Tracy | last3 = Bougatsos | first3 = Christina | journal = PubMed Health | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/PMH0009656/ | date = 2011-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Farsightedness (Hyperopia): Treatments - National Library of Medicine | last1 = Information | first1 = National Center for Biotechnology | last2 = Pike | first2 = U. S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville | last3 = MD | first3 = Bethesda | last4 = Usa | first4 = 20894 | website = PubMed Health | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023031/ | access-date = 2016-02-26}}</ref> and can also be done via the following methods:
Treatment of farsightedness includes the use of contact lenses and eyeglasses,<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Introduction | last1 = Chou | first1 = Roger | last2 = Dana | first2 = Tracy | last3 = Bougatsos | first3 = Christina | journal = PubMed Health | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/PMH0009656/ | date = 2011-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Farsightedness (Hyperopia): Treatments - National Library of Medicine | last1 = Information | first1 = National Center for Biotechnology | last2 = Pike | first2 = U. S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville | last3 = MD | first3 = Bethesda | last4 = Usa | first4 = 20894 | website = PubMed Health | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023031/ | access-date = 2016-02-26}}</ref> but can also be done via the following methods:


* [[Photorefractive keratectomy|PRK]]: removal of a minimal amount of the corneal surface<ref name="nhs">{{Cite web | title = Long-sightedness - Treatment - NHS Choices | last = Choices | first = NHS | website = www.nhs.uk | url = http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Long-sightedness/Pages/Treatment.aspx | access-date = 2016-02-26}}</ref><ref name="pub">{{Cite journal | title = Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) versus laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for hyperopia correction | last1 = Settas | first1 = George | last2 = Settas | first2 = Clare | last3 = Minos | first3 = Evangelos | last4 = Yeung | first4 = Ian Yl | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | pages = CD007112 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0014320/ | date = 2012-01-01 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007112.pub3 | issn = 1469-493X | pmid = 22696365}}</ref>
* [[Photorefractive keratectomy|PRK]]: the removal of a minimal amount of the corneal surface<ref name="nhs">{{Cite web | title = Long-sightedness - Treatment - NHS Choices | last = Choices | first = NHS | website = www.nhs.uk | url = http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Long-sightedness/Pages/Treatment.aspx | access-date = 2016-02-26}}</ref><ref name="pub">{{Cite journal | title = Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) versus laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for hyperopia correction | last1 = Settas | first1 = George | last2 = Settas | first2 = Clare | last3 = Minos | first3 = Evangelos | last4 = Yeung | first4 = Ian Yl | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | pages = CD007112 | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0014320/ | date = 2012-01-01 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD007112.pub3 | issn = 1469-493X | pmid = 22696365}}</ref>
* [[LASIK]]: laser eye surgery can fix an individuals vision, by reshaping the cornea, therefore glasses or contact lenses are not needed anymore.<ref name=pub /><ref>{{Cite web | title = Laser Eye Surgery: MedlinePlus | website = www.nlm.nih.gov | url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lasereyesurgery.html | access-date = 2016-02-26}}</ref>
* [[LASIK]]: laser eye surgery which can fix an individuals vision, by reshaping the cornea, therefore glasses or contact lenses are not needed anymore.<ref name=pub /><ref>{{Cite web | title = Laser Eye Surgery: MedlinePlus | website = www.nlm.nih.gov | url = https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lasereyesurgery.html | access-date = 2016-02-26}}</ref>
* Refractive Lens Exchange: is a variation of cataract surgery, the difference is the existence of abnormal ocular anatomy which causes a high refractive error.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Refractive lens exchange in modern practice: when and when not to do it? | last1 = Alió | first1 = Jorge L | last2 = Grzybowski | first2 = Andrzej | last3 = Romaniuk | first3 = Dorota | journal = Eye and Vision | volume = 1 | date = 2014-12-10 | doi = 10.1186/s40662-014-0010-2 | issn = 2326-0254 | pmc = 4655463 | pmid = 26605356}}</ref>
* Refractive Lens Exchange: a variation of cataract surgery, the difference is the existence of abnormal ocular anatomy which causes a high refractive error.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Refractive lens exchange in modern practice: when and when not to do it? | last1 = Alió | first1 = Jorge L | last2 = Grzybowski | first2 = Andrzej | last3 = Romaniuk | first3 = Dorota | journal = Eye and Vision | volume = 1 | date = 2014-12-10 | doi = 10.1186/s40662-014-0010-2 | issn = 2326-0254 | pmc = 4655463 | pmid = 26605356}}</ref>
* [[LASEK]] resembles PRK, but uses alcohol to loosen the corneal surface.<ref name=nhs />
* [[LASEK]]: resembles PRK, but uses alcohol to loosen the corneal surface.<ref name=nhs />


===Complications===
===Complications===

Revision as of 16:16, 30 October 2016

For the fictional goddess created by Terry Pratchett, see Discworld gods § Hyperopia.
Farsightedness
Other nameshypermetropia, hyperopia, longsightedness[1]
SpecialtyOptometry, ophthalmology Edit this on Wikidata

Far-sightedness, also known as hyperopia, is a condition of the eye where light focuses behind, instead of on, the retina.[2] This causes close objects to be blurry while far objects may appear normal.[2] As the disease worsens objects at all distances may seem blurred.[2] Other symptoms may include headaches and eye strain.[2] People with hyperopia can also experience accommodative dysfunction, binocular dysfunction, amblyopia, and strabismus,[3]

The cause is an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short or the lens cannot become round enough), it to not have enough power to see close or nearby objects.[4] It is a type of refractive error.[2]

Correction is usually achieved by the use of convex corrective lenses. For near objects, the eye has to accommodate even more. Depending on the amount of hyperopia and the age of the person which directly relates to the eye's accommodative ability, the symptoms can be different.[1]

Far-sightedness primarily affects young children, with rates of 8% at 6 years and 1% at 15 years.[5]

Signs and symptoms

The signs and symptoms of farsightedness are blurry vision, headaches, and eyestrain.[4] The common symptom is eye strain. Difficulty seeing with both eyes (binocular vision) may occur, as well as difficulty with depth perception.[1]

Causes

Human eye cross-section

As the defect of hyperopia is the result of the visual image being focused behind the retina, hyperopia is mainly caused by two reasons:[4]

  • Low converging power of eye lens because of weak action of ciliary muscles.
  • Abnormal shape of the cornea

Farsightedness is often present from birth, but children have a very flexible eye lens, which helps make up for the problem.[6] In rare instances hyperopia can be due to diabetes, and problems with the blood vessels in the retina.[1]

Diagnosis

Retina section

A diagnosis of farsightedness can be made via a silt-lamp test which examines the cornea, conjunctiva, and iris.[7][8]

In severe cases of hyperopia from birth, the brain has difficulty in merging the images that each individual eye sees. This is because the images the brain receives from each eye are always blurred. A child with severe hyperopia can never see objects in detail. If the brain never learns to see objects in detail, then there is a high chance of one eye becoming dominant. The result is that the brain will block the impulses of the non-dominant eye. In contrast, the child with myopia can see objects close to the eye in detail and does learn at an early age to see detail in objects.[medical citation needed]

Classification

Hyperopia is typically classified according to clinical appearance, its severity, or how it relates to the eye's accommodative status.[3]

  • Simple hyperopia
  • Pathological hyperopia
  • Functional hyperopia

Other common types of refractive errors are near-sightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia.[2]

Treatment

Treatment of farsightedness includes the use of contact lenses and eyeglasses,[9][10] but can also be done via the following methods:

  • PRK: the removal of a minimal amount of the corneal surface[11][12]
  • LASIK: laser eye surgery which can fix an individuals vision, by reshaping the cornea, therefore glasses or contact lenses are not needed anymore.[12][13]
  • Refractive Lens Exchange: a variation of cataract surgery, the difference is the existence of abnormal ocular anatomy which causes a high refractive error.[14]
  • LASEK: resembles PRK, but uses alcohol to loosen the corneal surface.[11]

Complications

Farsightedness can have rare complications such as strabismus and amblyopia. At a young age, severe farsightedness can cause the child to have double vision as a result of over-focusing[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Long Sight - Hypermetropia. Causes of longsightedness | Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Facts About Refractive Errors". NEI. October 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
  3. ^ a b American Optometric Association. Optometric Clinic ef_error_pres.htm "Refractive Error and Presbyopia." Refractive Source.com Accessed September 20, 2006.
  4. ^ a b c "Facts About Hyperopia | National Eye Institute". nei.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  5. ^ Castagno, VD; Fassa, AG; Carret, ML; Vilela, MA; Meucci, RD (23 December 2014). "Hyperopia: a meta-analysis of prevalence and a review of associated factors among school-aged children". BMC ophthalmology. 14: 163. PMID 25539893.
  6. ^ "Normal, nearsightedness, and farsightedness: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  7. ^ "Farsightedness: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  8. ^ "Slit-lamp exam: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  9. ^ Chou, Roger; Dana, Tracy; Bougatsos, Christina (2011-02-01). "Introduction". PubMed Health.
  10. ^ Information, National Center for Biotechnology; Pike, U. S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville; MD, Bethesda; Usa, 20894. "Farsightedness (Hyperopia): Treatments - National Library of Medicine". PubMed Health. Retrieved 2016-02-26. {{cite web}}: |first4= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b Choices, NHS. "Long-sightedness - Treatment - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  12. ^ a b Settas, George; Settas, Clare; Minos, Evangelos; Yeung, Ian Yl (2012-01-01). "Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) versus laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for hyperopia correction". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6: CD007112. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007112.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 22696365.
  13. ^ "Laser Eye Surgery: MedlinePlus". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
  14. ^ Alió, Jorge L; Grzybowski, Andrzej; Romaniuk, Dorota (2014-12-10). "Refractive lens exchange in modern practice: when and when not to do it?". Eye and Vision. 1. doi:10.1186/s40662-014-0010-2. ISSN 2326-0254. PMC 4655463. PMID 26605356.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Choices, NHS. "Long-sightedness - Complications - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farsightedness&oldid=746958348"