Juncus acutus: Difference between revisions
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| url = http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/05497/EGU2007-J-05497.pdf | format = PDF | issn =1607-7962 | accessdate = 2008-04-26 }}</ref> |
| url = http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/05497/EGU2007-J-05497.pdf | format = PDF | issn =1607-7962 | accessdate = 2008-04-26 }}</ref> |
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In some countries like [[Australia]] it is considered to be an [[Invasive species|invasive weed]]<ref name="Noxious">{{cite book | last = Parsons | first = W. T. |
In some countries like [[Australia]] it is considered to be an [[Invasive species|invasive weed]]<ref name="Noxious">{{cite book | last = Parsons | first = W. T. |
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|last2=Cuthbertson |first2=E. G. |title = Noxious Weeds of Australia | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC | accessdate = 2008-04-26 | date = 2001 | publisher = [[CSIRO Publishing]] | isbn = 0-643-06514-8 | pages = 712 pages | chapter = FAMILY Juncaceae | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&source=web&ots=0P0SrF88Ep&sig=JmgU-SN-uFWHSXvBbB-E6Se38vw&hl=en }}</ref> and the spines harmful to young children.<ref name="weedsorg">{{cite web |
|last2=Cuthbertson |first2=E. G. |title = Noxious Weeds of Australia | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC | accessdate = 2008-04-26 | date = 2001 | publisher = [[CSIRO Publishing]] | isbn = 0-643-06514-8 | pages = 712 pages | chapter = FAMILY Juncaceae | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&source=web&ots=0P0SrF88Ep&sig=JmgU-SN-uFWHSXvBbB-E6Se38vw&hl=en }}</ref> and the spines harmful to young children.<ref name="weedsorg">{{cite web|url=http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=0&ibra=all&card=W22 |title=Australia Spiny Rush |accessdate=2008-04-20 |work=Weed Identification |publisher=Australian Weeds Committee, National Weeds Strategy |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920202223/http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=&s=0&ibra=all&card=W22 |archivedate=2008-09-20 |df= }}</ref> |
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==Synonyms== |
==Synonyms== |
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*''Juncus acutus'' L. subsp. ''acutus'' |
*''Juncus acutus'' L. subsp. ''acutus'' |
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*''Juncus spinosus'' Forssk.<ref name="apdssp">{{cite web |
*''Juncus spinosus'' Forssk.<ref name="apdssp">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=41763 |
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|title=''Juncus acutus'' L. subsp. ''acutus'' record n° 41763 |
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|accessdate=2008-04-25 |
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|work=African Plants Database |
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|publisher=[[Natural History Museum of Geneva|South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève]] and Tela Botanica. |
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*''Juncus acutus'' ssp. ''leopoldii'' also known as ''Leopold's rush'' is a native of [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Nevada]].<ref name="GRIN"/><ref name="NRCS"/> |
*''Juncus acutus'' ssp. ''leopoldii'' also known as ''Leopold's rush'' is a native of [[Arizona]], [[California]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[Nevada]].<ref name="GRIN"/><ref name="NRCS"/> |
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*''Juncus acutus'' L. var. ''conglobatus'' Trautv. |
*''Juncus acutus'' L. var. ''conglobatus'' Trautv. |
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*''Juncus acutus'' L. var. ''decompositus'' Guss. |
*''Juncus acutus'' L. var. ''decompositus'' Guss. |
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*''Juncus acutus'' L. var. ''longibracteatus'' Buchenau<ref name="apd">{{cite web |
*''Juncus acutus'' L. var. ''longibracteatus'' Buchenau<ref name="apd">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.ville-ge.ch/cjb/bd/africa/details.php?langue=an&id=160745 |
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|title=''Juncus acutus'' L. record n° 160745 |
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|accessdate=2008-04-25 |
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|work=African Plants Database |
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|publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica |
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}}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
Revision as of 13:18, 29 April 2017
Juncus acutus | |
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Spiny rush | |
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Species: | J. acutus
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Binomial name | |
Juncus acutus[1] |
Juncus acutus or spiny rush, sharp rush or sharp-pointed rush is a flowering plant in the monocot family Juncaceae.
It grows in salt marshes[2] and on dunes[3] and is reliable for reducing erosion rates.[4] In some countries like Australia it is considered to be an invasive weed[5] and the spines harmful to young children.[6]
Synonyms
- Juncus acutus ssp. leopoldii (Parl.) Snog. -- Leopold's Rush[7]
- Juncus acutus L. var. sphaerocarpus Engelm.[8]
- Juncus acutus L. subsp. acutus
- Juncus spinosus Forssk.[9]
- Juncus acutus ssp. leopoldii also known as Leopold's rush is a native of Arizona, California, Georgia and Nevada.[1][8]
- Juncus acutus L. var. conglobatus Trautv.
- Juncus acutus L. var. decompositus Guss.
- Juncus acutus L. var. longibracteatus Buchenau[10]
Description
Juncus acutus is a brown and green[11] "tussocky"[6] perennial that can be to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft)[11] tall in all kinds of soils,[12] in areas which go from extremes in flood and dry like dunes[3] or that just stay wet like lowland grassland and grassy woodland, riparian vegetation, freshwater wetland, and saline and subsaline wetlands.[13]
- Stems and leaves
- Pith filled stems and leaves arise from the base at different angles giving the plant a globe shape. The leaves form a basal sheath around the flower stem leaves and end with a stiff sharp point.[6]
- Flowers
- The flower stems are 2 millimetres (0.079 in) to 4 millimetres (0.16 in) in diameter and 4 centimetres (1.6 in) to 13 centimetres (5.1 in) long and are similar to the leaves. They emerge from the base at all angles and each have 1 - 6 flowers. Each flower has 6 stamens and 4 centimetres (1.6 in) to 25 centimetres (9.8 in) long bracts that terminate in a stiff and sharp point.[6] The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by the wind.[12]
- Fruits and reproduction
- Fruits are oval 3-celled brown capsules 4 millimetres (0.16 in) to 6 millimetres (0.24 in). The 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) to 2 millimetres (0.079 in) long brown seeds have a tail at each end.[6]
- Roots
- Short[6] and robust rhizomes.[11]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Juncus_acutus3.jpg/240px-Juncus_acutus3.jpg)
Distribution
Found principally in low-lying damp, low fertility areas[13] like sandy sea shores and dune slacks and coastal flats,[13] occasionally in salt marshes[12] and disturbed saline areas, mine dumps, lowland grassland and grassy woodland, riparian vegetation, freshwater wetland, and saline and subsaline wetlands[13]
- Palearctic:
- Northern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco
- Western Asia: Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey
- Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia
- Northern Europe: British Isles
- Southeastern Europe: Albania, Crete, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, Sardinia, Serbia, Sicily, Malta
- Southwestern Europe: Azores, Balearic Islands, Corsica, France, Portugal, Spain
- Nearctic:
- Northern America: Baja California[1]
Community species
- In Brazil, J. acutus has been observed on the Santa Catarina coast living in communities with:
- In a natural shallow depression in the Murray River floodplain in South Australia:
- Muehlenbeckia florulenta
- Atriplex semibaccata
- Halosarcia pergranulata ssp. pergranulata
- Mimulus repens
- Ludwigia peploides ssp. montevidensis
- Phragmites australis
- Paspalum vaginatum[citation needed]
Chemistry
The dimeric phenanthrenoid 8,8'-bidehydrojuncusol and the monomeric juncusol[14] and dehydrojuncusol can be isolated from J. acutus.[15]
References
- ^ a b c Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2004-09-08). "Taxon: Juncus acutus L." Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
- ^ Baba, A.; Howard, K.W.F.; Orhan, G. (2006). "Groundwater in Semi-Arid Mediterranean Areas". Groundwater and Ecosystems. Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 1-4020-4736-3.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Schardosim, Alecsandro; Klein, Vanilde; Citadini-Zanette, Robson dos Santos (September 2007). "Florística e estrutura comunitária de restinga herbácea no município de Araranguá, Santa Catarina". Biotemas (in Portuguese). 20 (3): 15–26. – 1643. Retrieved 2015-06-07.
- ^ De Baets, S.; Poesen, J.; Knapen, A.; Barberá, G.G.; Navarro, J.A. (2007). "Root characteristics of representative Mediterranean plant species and their erosion-reducing potential during concentrated runoff" (PDF). Geophysical Research Abstracts. 9. European Geosciences Union. ISSN 1607-7962. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
- ^ Parsons, W. T.; Cuthbertson, E. G. (2001). "FAMILY Juncaceae". Noxious Weeds of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 712 pages. ISBN 0-643-06514-8. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f "Australia Spiny Rush". Weed Identification. Australian Weeds Committee, National Weeds Strategy. Archived from the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Juncus acutus ssp. leopoldii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 April 2008.
- ^ a b Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). "PLANTS Profile, Juncus acutus ssp. leopoldii". The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ "Juncus acutus L. subsp. acutus record n° 41763". African Plants Database. South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica. Retrieved 2008-04-25.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Juncus acutus L. record n° 160745". African Plants Database. South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica. Retrieved 2008-04-25.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c Helen Coleman, FloraBase: Flora of Western Australia (2007-09-11). "Juncus acutus L." Flora Descriptions. Government of Western Australia. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
- ^ a b c "Juncus acutus". Species Database. Plants For A Future. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ a b c d "Spiny Rush (Juncus acutus) (Nox)". Victorian Resources Online. The State of Victoria, Department of Primary Industries. 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- ^ Fathi Abdelmohsen Abdelhalim Behery; Zain Elabdin Metwally Naeem; Galal Taha Maatooq; Mohamed Mahmoud Abdelfattah Amer; Zhi-Hong Wen; Jyh-Horng Sheu; Atallah Fouad Ahmed (2007). "Phenanthrenoids from Juncus acutus L., New Natural Lipopolysaccharide-Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 55 (8): 1264–1266. doi:10.1248/cpb.55.1264.
- ^ Behery, FA; Naeem, ZE; Maatooq, GT; Amer, MM; Ahmed, AF (2013). "A novel antioxidant phenanthrenoid dimer from Juncus acutus L.". Nat Prod Res. 27 (2): 155–163. doi:10.1080/14786419.2012.662759. PMID 22360833.
External links
Media related to Juncus acutus at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Juncus acutus at Wikispecies
- UniProt. "Juncus acutus". Retrieved 2008-04-25.
- Linné, Carl von; Laurentii Salvii (1753). "Juncus". Species plantarum :exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas... Vol. 1. QK91.C480 1753.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) - Missouri Botanical Garden. "Juncus acutus L." Tropicos. Retrieved 2008-04-25.