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'''''Lygodium microphyllum''''' (commonly known as, variously, '''climbing maidenhair fern''',<ref name=grin1/> '''Old World climbing fern''',<ref name=grin1/> '''small-leaf climbing fern''',<ref name=grin1/> or '''snake fern'''{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}) is a climbing fern originating in tropical [[Africa]], [[South East Asia]], [[Melanesia]] and [[Australia]].<ref name=grin1/> It is an invasive weed<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.tncfire.org/crosscutting_fandi.htm |title=Global Fire Initiative: Fire and Invasives |publisher=The Nature Conservancy |accessdate = 2008-12-12}}</ref> in the [[United States|US]] States of [[Florida]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Soti|first1=Pushpa G.|last2=Jayachandran|first2=Krish|last3=Koptur|first3=Suzanne|last4=Volin|first4=John C.|title=Effect of soil pH on growth, nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizal colonization in exotic invasive ''Lygodium microphyllum'' |journal=Plant Ecology|date=2015|volume=216|issue=7|pages=989–998|doi=10.1007/s11258-015-0484-6}}</ref> and [[Alabama]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} where it invades open forest and wetland areas. The [[type (biology)|type specimen]] was collected in the vicinity of [[Nabua, Camarines Sur|Nabúa]], on the Island of [[Luzon]] in the [[Philippines]] by [[Luis Née]].<ref name=trop2>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/26605865 |title=Name - ''Ugena microphylla'' Cav. |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |accessdate=November 2, 2011}}</ref>
'''''Lygodium microphyllum''''' (commonly known as, variously, '''climbing maidenhair fern''',<ref name=grin1/> '''Old World climbing fern''',<ref name=grin1/> '''small-leaf climbing fern''',<ref name=grin1/> or '''snake fern'''{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}) is a climbing fern originating in tropical [[Africa]], [[South East Asia]], [[Melanesia]] and [[Australia]].<ref name=grin1/> It is an invasive weed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tncfire.org/crosscutting_fandi.htm |title=Global Fire Initiative: Fire and Invasives |publisher=The Nature Conservancy |accessdate=2008-12-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412054533/http://www.tncfire.org/crosscutting_fandi.htm |archivedate=2009-04-12 |df= }}</ref> in the [[United States|US]] States of [[Florida]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Soti|first1=Pushpa G.|last2=Jayachandran|first2=Krish|last3=Koptur|first3=Suzanne|last4=Volin|first4=John C.|title=Effect of soil pH on growth, nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizal colonization in exotic invasive ''Lygodium microphyllum'' |journal=Plant Ecology|date=2015|volume=216|issue=7|pages=989–998|doi=10.1007/s11258-015-0484-6}}</ref> and [[Alabama]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} where it invades open forest and wetland areas. The [[type (biology)|type specimen]] was collected in the vicinity of [[Nabua, Camarines Sur|Nabúa]], on the Island of [[Luzon]] in the [[Philippines]] by [[Luis Née]].<ref name=trop2>{{cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/26605865 |title=Name - ''Ugena microphylla'' Cav. |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |accessdate=November 2, 2011}}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==

Revision as of 05:29, 28 May 2017

Lygodium microphyllum
Underside of spore-bearing leaflets, some leaflets produce spores; others don't.

Secure  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Schizaeales
Family: Lygodiaceae
Genus: Lygodium
Species:
L. microphyllum
Binomial name
Lygodium microphyllum
Synonyms[1][2][3]
  • Lygodium scandens auct.
  • L. scandens (L.) Sw.
  • L. scandens var. intermedium Ces.
  • L. scandens var. microphyllum (Cav.) Luerss.
  • Ophioglossum filiforme Roxb.
  • Ugena microphylla Cav. (basionym)

Lygodium microphyllum (commonly known as, variously, climbing maidenhair fern,[1] Old World climbing fern,[1] small-leaf climbing fern,[1] or snake fern[citation needed]) is a climbing fern originating in tropical Africa, South East Asia, Melanesia and Australia.[1] It is an invasive weed[4] in the US States of Florida[5] and Alabama[citation needed] where it invades open forest and wetland areas. The type specimen was collected in the vicinity of Nabúa, on the Island of Luzon in the Philippines by Luis Née.[6]

Distribution

Distribution of the Lygodium microphyllum[7]

Lygodium microphyllum is native to Africa (in Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania (including the Zanzibar Archipelago), Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa); Asia (in Brunei, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, the provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan of China, and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan); Australia (in Northern Territory, Queensland, northeast New South Wales, and northern Western Australia); and the Pacific Islands of Fiji, and Micronesia's Mariana Islands and Caroline Islands.[1]

Lygodium microphyllum has become naturalized in the Caribbean and the southeastern United States.[1]

Effects on the environment

Lygodium microphyllum causes problems in the environments where it is invasive. The plant damages wetland ecosystems, harming endangered species.[8] The fern's ability to grow up and over trees and shrubs and to form dense horizontal canopies allows it to cover whole communities of plants reducing native plant diversity. Old World climbing fern can grow in many diverse ecosystem.[9] Lygodium microphyllum poses problems for fires, both natural and man-made, because it can lead fire into the tree canopy killing trees.[10] The fern is rapidly spreading in South Florida's public conservation lands.[9]

Containment

Recently, the USDA approved the use of insects to keep the fern contained. Insects (Austromusotima camptozonale, Neomusotima conspurcatalis) and mites (Floracarus perrepae) have been released in several state parks to control the fern. Though some populations were devastated by bout of cold weather. However, Recently, reports of new activity have been made.[8]

Ethnobotany

Lygodium microphyllum has been used locally in folk medicine to treat skin ailments and problems, swelling and dysentery.[11]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h  Under its treatment as Lygodium microphyllum (from its basionym of Ugena microphylla), this species name was published first in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae 162. 1810. GRIN (September 10, 2008). "Lygodium microphyllum information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
  2. ^  Ugena microphylla, the basionym of L. microphyllum, was first described and published in Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum 6: 76, pl. 595, f. 2. 1801. GRIN (November 5, 2002). "Ugena microphylla information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
  3. ^ "Name - Ugena microphylla Cav. synonyms". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
  4. ^ "Global Fire Initiative: Fire and Invasives". The Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on 2009-04-12. Retrieved 2008-12-12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Soti, Pushpa G.; Jayachandran, Krish; Koptur, Suzanne; Volin, John C. (2015). "Effect of soil pH on growth, nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizal colonization in exotic invasive Lygodium microphyllum". Plant Ecology. 216 (7): 989–998. doi:10.1007/s11258-015-0484-6.
  6. ^ "Name - Ugena microphylla Cav". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
  7. ^ Volin, John C.; Kruger, Eric L.; Volin, Valeria C.; Tobin, Michael F.; Kitajima, Kaoru (2009). "Does release from natural belowground enemies help explain the invasiveness of Lygodium microphyllum? A cross-continental comparison". Plant Ecology. 208 (2): 223. doi:10.1007/s11258-009-9700-6.
  8. ^ a b Smith, Melissa C; Lake; Pratt; Boughton; Pumberton (June 2014). "Current status of the biological control agent Neomusotima conspurcatalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), on Lygodium microphyllum (Polypodiales: Lygodiaceae) in Florida". Florida Entomologist. 97 (2): 817–820. doi:10.1653/024.097.0268. JSTOR 24362579.
  9. ^ a b "Weed alert Old World climbing fern" (PDF). Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.
  10. ^ Rayamajhi, Min B; Pratt, Paul D; Leidi, Jorge; Center, Ted D (December 2014). "Austromusotima camptozonale ( Lepidoptera: Crambidae) herbivory results in frond and rhizome mortality of the invasive fern Lygodium microphyllum (Schizaeles: Lygodiaceae)". Florida Entomologist. 97 (4): 1308–1316. doi:10.1653/024.097.0405. JSTOR 24364092.
  11. ^ James A. Duke. "Lygodium microphyllum (SCHIZAEACEAE)". Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lygodium microphyllum.

Bibliography

  • Jeffrey T. Hutchinson, Kenneth A. Langeland, Gregory E. MacDonald and Robert Querns, 2010; Absorption and Translocation of Glyphosate, Metsulfuron, and Triclopyr in Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum). Weed Science 58:2, 118-125 Online publication date : 1-Apr-2010 (abstract)
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