User:StarryGrandma/sandbox: Difference between revisions
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Most people think of Wikipedia as the encyclopedia ''anyone can edit''. Instead remember that Wikipedia is the ''encyclopedia'' anyone can edit.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Title |last=Lastname |first=Firstname |publisher=Publisher |year=2017 |isbn= |location= |pages=22-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |
Most people think of Wikipedia as the encyclopedia ''anyone can edit''. Instead remember that Wikipedia is the ''encyclopedia'' anyone can edit.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Title |last=Lastname |first=Firstname |publisher=Publisher |year=2017 |isbn= |location= |pages=22-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Title|last=Lastname|first=Firstname|publisher=Publisher|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=24-25}}</ref> And another sentence with references.<ref>{{cite book|title=Best Seller|first=Elsie|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=104–108|author=Someone}}</ref> |
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==Beecher== |
==Beecher== |
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explanations |
DOI
Most people think of Wikipedia as the encyclopedia anyone can edit. Instead remember that Wikipedia is the encyclopedia anyone can edit.[1][2] And another sentence with references.[3]
Beecher
In a 1966 paper noted anesthesiologist Henry K. Beecher described 22 published medical studies where patients had been experimented on with no expected benefit to the patient.[4] In one study, for example, patients infused with live cancer cells had been told they were receiving "some cells" without specifying that they were cancer. Though identities of the authors and institutions had been stripped, the 22 studies were later identified as having been conducted by mainstream researchers and published in prestigious journals within approximately the previous decade. The 22 cases had been selected from a set of 50 that Beecher had collected, and he presented evidence that studies he considered unethical were even more widespread and represented a systemic problem in medical research rather than exceptions.[4][5] Though Beecher had been writing about human experimentation and publicizing cases that he considered to be bad practice for nearly a decade, it was a 1965 briefing to science writers and the 1966 paper that finally earned widespread news coverage and stimulated public reaction.[5][6] The paper has been described as "the most influential single paper ever written about experimentation involving human subjects."[7] The Office for Human Research Protections credits this paper as "ultimately contributing to the impetus for the first NIH and FDA regulations."[8]
In addition to documenting the extent of problems in human subjects research, Beecher was instrumental in formulating the solutions. One common aspect to many of Beecher's cases was that some experimental subjects, such as military personnel and mentally handicapped children in institutions, were not in a position to freely decline consent.[5] Beecher believed that rules requiring informed consent were not by themselves sufficient, as truly informed consent was an unattainable ideal. He worked both in defining the rules and conditions for informed consent and in establishing institutional review boards as an additional layer of oversight regarding research protocols.[5][6]
Rescued from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_subject_research&oldid=492309100#Beecher_Paper
References
- ^ Lastname, Firstname (2017). Title. Publisher. pp. 22–23.
- ^ Lastname, Firstname (2017). Title. Publisher. pp. 24–25.
- ^ Someone, Elsie (2016). Best Seller. Wiley. pp. 104–108.
- ^ a b Beecher, H. K. (1966). "Ethics and clinical research". New England Journal of Medicine. 274 (24): 1354–60. doi:10.1056/NEJM196606162742405. PMID 5327352.
- ^ a b c d Rothman, D. J. (1987). "Ethics and human experimentation. Henry Beecher revisited". New England Journal of Medicine. 317 (19): 1195–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM198711053171906. PMID 3309660.
- ^ a b Kopp, V. J. (1999). "Henry Knowles Beecher and the development of informed consent in anesthesia research". Anesthesiology. 90 (6): 1756–65. PMID 10360876.
- ^ Harkness, J; Lederer, S. E.; Wikler, D (2001). "Laying ethical foundations for clinical research". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 79 (4): 365–6. PMC 2566394. PMID 11357216.
- ^ "History of the Human Subjects Protection System". Institutional Review Board Guidebook. Office for Human Research Protections. 1993. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
- Jones, David S; Christine Grady; Susan E. Lederer (2016). "'Ethics and Clinical Research' — The 50th Anniversary of Beecher's Bombshell". The New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (24): 2393–2398. doi:10.1056/NEJMms1603756. PMID 27305197.
Gilbreth
test[1]
unnamed refs | 0 |
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named refs | 0 |
self closed | 0 |
explanations |
(Urwick) [2]
(Sheldrake) [3]
(Ferguson) [4]
(Graham and Ferguson) [5]
(Steel and Cheetham) details of contracting company [6]
ergonomics influence ref, (Dempsey) [7]
on Lillian doing (coercive?) writing (Mees) [8]
- Frank B. Gilbreth, Co.
1895, his own construction company
1904 - moved company to New York
- Marriage
met 1903, married 1904
- Taylor
1907
1909 - Plainfield
1911 - high point with Taylor
- Gilbreth, Inc.
Wood? says Lillian changed to this name after Frank's death. (p 224, chapter on LMG in Critical Evaluations) switch from contracting to consulting about 1912 ?wind down one, grow this, when did they start? 1912 (pp126ff Lancaster) moving out of contracting and into consulting, move to Providence
May 1912 to Providence New England Butt Company - contract to install Taylorism
visit Germany 1913 with wife working in Germany aug 1914-Jan 1915 -- into 2016 work on crippled soldiers - had seen many in German hospitals
therblig came in here
- World War I
declared April 1917, he tried to enlist (lan 167-8), not taken until December Ft. Sill - school of artillery, training films
rheumatic fever, March 1918 - slow recovery, result heart damage
bought Nantucket cottage 1st summer at the cottage discharge from Army Sept 1918
- Montclair 1919
1920 confrontation with Taylorites (Taylor died in 1915)
think about how heart problems fit in
- Death 1924
Graham - contracts cancelled after his death
References
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
one
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Urwick, L.F.; E.F.L. Brech (2003) [1949]. "Frank Bunker Gilbreth (1868-1924)". In Michael C. Wood; John Cunningham Wood (ed.). Frank and Lillian Gilbreth: Critical Evaluations in Business and Management. Taylor & Francis. pp. 49–64. ISBN 978-0-415-30946-2.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) - ^ Sheldrake, John (2003). "The Gilbreths and motion study". Management Theory (2nd ed.). Thompson Learning. pp. 27–34. ISBN 1-86152-963-5.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) - ^ Ferguson, David S. (2005). "Gilbreth, Frank Bunker (1868-1924)". In Morgen Witzel (ed.). Encyclopedia of History of American Management. A&C Black. pp. 209–213. ISBN 978-1-84371-131-5.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) - ^ Graham, Laurel D.; David S. Ferguson (2005). "Gilbreth, Lillian Evelyn Moller (1878-1972)". In Morgen Witzel (ed.). Encyclopedia of History of American Management. A&C Black. pp. 213–216. ISBN 978-1-84371-131-5.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) - ^ Steel, M J; Cheetham, D W (1993). "Frank Bunker Gilbreth: Building Contractor, Inventor and Pioneer Industrial Engineer" (PDF). Construction History. 9: 51–69. JSTOR 41613715.
- ^ Dempsey, P.G. (2006). "Scientific Management Influences on Ergonomic Analysis Techniques". In Waldemar Karwowski (ed.). International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 3354–3356. ISBN 978-0-415-30430-6.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help) - ^ Mees, Bernard (2013). "Mind, Method, and Motion: Frank and Lillian Gilbreth". In Morgen Witzel; Malcolm Warner (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Management Theorists. pp. 32–48. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585762.013.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-958576-2.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help); Unknown parameter|chapterurl=
|chapterurl=
ignored (|chapter-url=
suggested) (help)
Older methods of shortened references
Harvard references
Shortened references - styles
- Example Resist dyeing - old style ref, note short ref led to problems when someone tried to convert the reference
- Example Privity in English law has 48 references, several are repeated, 12 refs in bibliography
unnamed refs | 27 | ||
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named refs | 21 | ||
self closed | 29 | ||
cs1 templates | 12 | ||
cleanup templates | 1 | ||
use xxx dates | dmy | ||
cs1|2 last/first | 12 | ||
| |||
explanations |
- Example Template:Infobox building generates a pre auto-number named reference. See Eiffel Tower.
Look at Template:Editnotices - enforcing Harvard refs for particular articles - enforces in the sense of providing a "page" message that appears when editing a page. See Wikipedia:Editnotice.
- Template:Parenthetical referencing editnotice
- Template:Editnotices/Page/Actuary
- Wikipedia:Editnotice
See Template:Article style. It has a section to specify the type of referencing used. Chicago style appears to be the one for author, date citations, though Chicago also uses author-title. So better to use the parenthetical notice
My quick reconstruction of reference history on Wikipedia, based on what I can find from template and documentation histories. Many templates have been deleted, so what I put together will miss things.
Early references
- Embedded links seemed to be the way to reference online material
- Reference lists at the ends
- When did requirement for inline citations come in and how were they done
Older reference templates - before automatic numbering
- Template:Ref using ref and note templates, had to manually order the references and assign numbers or letters, see Wikipedia:Footnote3, pieces of this are still in use, see Note in Euclidean algorithm
- There was a Template:Ref harvard, now deleted
- Template:Cite used ref, generated a formatted reference with a label for hyperlink
a simple template now redirected to Template:Citation - ?for use with Harvard refs, which didn't need to be numbered
Templates using the Mediawiki extension
- mw:Extension:Cite newer, Mediawiki added ref tags and references/ list, auto-numbered the references
The extension led to two kinds of citation templates
- Template:Citation is template with many fields, including link for Harvard refs, seen as an improvement over Cite book, but which version of Cite book, a citation style 2 template, see Help:Citation Style 2. Citation 2 style templates always create an anchor of the form CITEREFauthorslastnameyear. Use ref= to name the anchor whatever you want, particularly if you don't have a last name or a year.
Ssee Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors. Style 2 templates always create an anchor (wikilink within the page). Style 1 will create an anchor if asked by using ref=harv (creates the Style 2 ref) or ref=whatever you want.
- what was the step from cite to cite book?
- "cite book" replaced "book reference" (still in "use" in 13 articles, see Charm bracelet, redirects to cite book). See history for book reference
- See Help:Citation Style 1 to which the cite book, cite web, etc belong
Linking from the reference in the text (or for short references, in the footnotes list) to the full reference in the references list.
Issue with Privity in English law -- uses handwritten wikilinks
The article uses shortened footnotes linked by HTML anchors to references in the reference list. Initially, it had no links but the reference list used cite book and cite journal from the beginning. When linking was added, most of the plain short citations went from <ref>McKendrick (2007) p.137</ref>
to <ref>[[#McKendrick2007|McKendrick (2007)]] p.137</ref>
to generate a hyperlink. The # at the start indicates it is a link to an anchor on the same page. The full reference added |ref=McKendrick2007
to label the target of the link.
Could have used {{wikicite|ref=id|reference=citation}}
for the citation list.
Or ?<span id=McKendrick2007>this is a reference</span>
Two pages of citation examples show the older methods
- Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods - includes the older handwritten versions
- Wikipedia:Verification methods - using the newer templates?
Look at oldest documentation of Template:Wikicite at Template:Wikicite/doc. Wikicite creates an anchored reference for a bibliography given an id and a reference.
Don't forget explanatory notes. See Help:Explanatory notes. Some of this may be included in other example articles.
Handwritten examples
Handwritten numbering example:
This is a test.1
This is a second test.1
This is the first sentence.2
This is the second sentence.2
Harvard style references avoided the numbering problem.
This is the first statement about Emma. (Austen 1815, pp. 24–25)
This is the second statement. (Austen 1999, pp. 3–4)
- Austen, Jane. Emma. John Murray, 1815.
- Austen, Jane. Emma. Dover, 1999.
Markup | Renders as |
---|---|
# Item 1 # Item 2 # Item 3 # Item 4 |
|
References
Articles for Creation checklist for editors
- US patent 3529298, Janice Richmond Lourie, "Graphical design of textiles", published 1970-09-15, assigned to IBM
- US patent 3634827, Janice Richmond Lourie, "Processing of multilayer weave design data", published 1972-01-11, assigned to IBM
- US patent 3644935, Janice Richmond Lourie, "Method of identifying connected regions in a large segmented pattern", published 1972-02-22, assigned to IBM
Rachel Whiteread
References already added to the article:
- Wroe 2013.[1]
- Bradley 1997.[2]
- Zelevansky 1994.[3]
- Barber 2005.[4]
- Barber 2001.[5]
After her first solo exhibition, Whiteread decided to cast the space that her domestic objects could have inhabited. She applied for grants, describing the project as "mummifying the air in a room."[6] She completed Ghost in 1990. It was cast from a room in a house on Archway Road in north London, much like the house she grew up in.[7] The road was being widened and the house torn down. She used plaster to cast the parlor walls and ceiling in sections and assembled them on a metal frame.[8]
Ghost was first shown at the nonprofit Chisenhale Gallery.[9] It was purchased by Charles Saatchi and included with other works by Whiteread in his first "Young British Art" show in 1992.[10] In May 2004 a fire in a Momart storage warehouse destroyed many works from the Saatchi collection, including, it is believed, some by Whiteread. However Ghost had recently been moved from the warehouse to the new Gagosian Gallery in London.[11] The work was acquired by the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. in the fall of 2004.[12]
In October 1993 Whiteread completed House, the cast of a Victorian terrace house. She had began considering casting an entire house in 1991. She and James Lingwood of Artangel looked at houses to be torn down in North and East London in 1992, but without success in securing one.[13] During this period in 1992 and 1993 Whiteread had an artist residency in Berlin with a scholarship from the DAAD Artist's Programme.[14] While in Berlin, she created Untitled (Room), the cast of a generic, anonymous room that she built herself. She finished the interior of a room-size box with wallpaper, windows and door before casting.[3] The sculpture is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York.[15]
House commissioned by Artangel. Site found in 1993. Turner Prize - shortlist 1991,
References
- ^ Wroe, Richard (5 April 2013). "Rachel Whiteread: a life in art". The Guardian.
- ^ Bradley, Fiona, ed. (1997). Rachel Whiteread: Shedding Life. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27936-6.
- ^ a b Zelevansky, Lynn (1994). Sense and Sensibility: Women Artists and Minimalism in the Nineties. The Museum of Modern Art. pp. 26–29. ISBN 978-0-8109-6131-9.
- ^ Barber, Lynn (15 October 2005). "Boxing clever". The Observer. London.
- ^ Barber, Lynn (26 May 2001). "Some day, my plinth will come". The Observer. London.
- ^ Whiteread, Rachel (4 January 2004). "The John Tusa Interviews - Rachel Whiteread" (Interview). Interviewed by John Tusa. BBC Radio 3.
- ^ Burn, Gordon (10 October 2005). "Still breaking the mould". The Guardian.
- ^ Rachel Whiteread: "Ghost". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
- ^ "Archive Past Exhibitions Rachel Whiteread". Chisenhale Gallery. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
- ^ Kent, Sarah; Richard Cork; Dick Price (1999). Young British Art: The Saatchi Decade. Harry N. Abrams. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8109-6389-4.
- ^ Higgens, Charlotte; Vikram Dodd (27 May 2004). "50 years of British art lies in ashes". The Guardian.
- ^ Richard, Paul (8 November 2004). "In the Anti-Room, No One's Home". The Washington Post.
- ^ Lingwood, James, ed. (1995). "Introduction". Rachel Whiteread: House. Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0-7148-3459-7.
- ^ "Rachel Whiteread Biography" (PDF). Gagosian Gallery. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
- ^ "The Collection - Rachel Whiteread: Untitled (Room)". Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Women artists
Making Their Mark exhibit (1989)
- Max Almy - video, installation, created
- Laurie Anderson - video, bio done
- Eleanor Antin - video, bio done, most refs are urls, infobox looks funny
- Jacki Apple -performance
- Ida Applebroog - bio done, no inline refs, does have further reading
- Alice Aycock - sculpture, bio done
- Jennifer Bartlett - bio done, change interview ref format, add development
- Lynda Benglis - bio OK
- Dara Birnbaum - bio OK
- Lyn Blumenthal - see Video Data Bank
- Joan Brown
- Nancy Buchanan
- Barbara Buckner
- Deborah Butterfield
- Cynthia Carlson - bio
- Vija Celmins
- Doris Totten Chase
- Louisa Chase
- Cecilia Condit
- Clyde Connell
- Agnes Denes
- Mary Beth Edelson
- Heide Fasnacht
- Jackie Ferrara
- Janet Fish
- Audrey Flack
- Mary Frank
- Tina Girouard
- Nancy Graves
- Eva Hesse
- Nancy Holt
- Jenny Holzer
- Sara Hornbacher
- Yvonne Jacquette
- Valerie Jaudon
- Joan Jonas
- Carol Ann Klonarides
- Joyce Kozloff
- Margia Kramer
- Barbara Kruger
- Shigeko Kubota
- Leslie Labowitz
- Suzanne Lacy
- Cheryl Laemmle
- Lois Lane
- Sherrie Levine
- Joan Logue
- Mary Lucier
- Sylvia Plimack Mangold
- Ana Mendieta
- Melissa Miller
- Mary Miss
- Linda Montano
- Ree Morton
- Catherine Murphy
- Elizabeth Murray
- Rita Myers
- Pat Oleszko
- Judy Pfaff
- Howardena Pindell
- Adrian Piper
- Katherine Porter
- Judy Rifka
- Faith Ringgold
- Dorothea Rockburne
- Rachel Rosenthal
- Martha Rosler
- Susan Rothenberg
- Betye Saar
- Tomiyo Sasaki
- Miriam Schapiro
- Judith Shea
- Cindy Sherman
- Laurie Simmons
- Sandy Skoglund
- Sylvia Sleigh
- Alexis Smith
- Barbara T. Smith
- Joan Snyder
- Nancy Spero
- Michelle Stuart
- Alma Thomas
- Steina Vasulka
- Margaret Wharton
- Hannah Wilke
- Martha Wilson
- Jackie Winsor
Turning up in AfC or elsewhere
References
References
- Handy, Amy (1989). "Artist's Biographies - Jennifer Bartlett". In Randy Rosen; Catherine C. Brower (eds.). Making Their Mark. Women Artists Move into the Mainstream, 1970-1985. Abbeville Press. p. 239. ISBN 0-89659-959-0.
- Tomkins, Calvin (1989). "Righting the Balance". In Randy Rosen; Catherine C. Brower (eds.). Making Their Mark. Women Artists Move into the Mainstream, 1970-1985. Abbeville Press. pp. 45–49. ISBN 0-89659-959-0.
- Stein, Judith E.; Wooster, Ann-Sargent (1989). "Making Their Mark". In Randy Rosen; Catherine C. Brower (eds.). Making Their Mark. Women Artists Move into the Mainstream, 1970-1985. Abbeville Press. p. ?. ISBN 0-89659-959-0.
Talk:Federal Assault Weapons Ban#Comment on "cosmetic"
Wikipedia:Peer review/Federal Assault Weapons Ban/archive2
- 27 Oct 2012 to 28 Oct 2013: 522 edits by 100 editors
- almost no change to the core of the article - just stuff moving around
- discussion of other gun laws removed
- with so many editors interested, why isn't the article becoming more complete?
Study by Attorney General
provision and timing of study
Research
mandated report at end of three years justice dept brief publication of report with dissent from Gary Kleck and rebuttal by authors
Spitzer, Lott, Kleck disagreements on effects
report 8 years in to ban
Format of article
Wikipedia:WikiProject United States Federal Government Legislative Data/Proposed layout
Content for suggested format:
- CRC report - http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42957.pdf
- The CRC summary is RL32077, but summarized in the above - http://congressionalresearch.com/RL32077/document.php?study=The+Assault+Weapons+Ban+Legal+Challenges+and+Legislative+Issues
- Bill Summary & Status 103rd Congress (1993 - 1994) H.R.3355 - http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d103:H.R.3355:
Eiffel Tower and Sophie Germain
Gray, Mary (1978). "Sophie Germain (1776-1831)". Women of Mathematics: A Bibliographic Sourcebook. Greenwood. pp. 47ff. ISBN 978-0-313-24849-8. {{cite encyclopedia}}
: Unknown parameter |editors=
ignored (|editor=
suggested) (help)
Mozans, H. J. (pseud.) (1913). Women in Science: With an Introductory Chapter on Women's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind. D. Appleton. pp. 154–157.
The Deadline: A Novel About Software Management
Author | Tom DeMarco |
---|---|
Language | English |
Subject | Industrial project management (fiction) |
Published | 1997 (Dorset House) |
Publication place | United States |
Media type | Print (paperback) |
Pages | 320 pp |
Awards | 1998 Jolt Productivity Award |
ISBN | 0-932633-39-0 |
The Deadline: A Novel About Software Management by Tom DeMarco is a roman à clef set in the world of software project management. It was inspired by physicist George Gamov's classic stories of Mr Tompkins. DeMarco made his Mr. Tompkins a project manager rather than a middle-aged bank clerk, and populated his adventures with thinly-disguised members of the software engineering community.
- (ref name=Lewis1998)Lewis, Ted. "Bookshelf: The Deadline: A Novel About Project Management". IEEE Software. 15 (1): 107. doi:10.1109/MS.1998.10006.(/ref)
suggested Harry Winnipeg might be Al Davis, its editor at the time
- (ref name=Keuffel1998)Keuffel, Warren (1998). "Fictitious Deadlines (review)". Software Development. 6 (1): 26–27.)/ref)
- (ref name=Mateosian2000)Mateosian, Richard (2000). "Doing it Right (review)". IEEE Micro. 20 (3): 4–5. doi:10.1109/MM.2000.10019.(/ref)
- (ref name=McQuaid2000)McQuaid, Patricia (2000). "The Deadline: A Novel About Project Management by Tom DeMarco. 1997. (review)". Software Quality Professional. 2 (4).(/ref)
incorporated into a course she taught
- (ref name=Ward1995)Ward, Paul T. (13 October 1995). "Structured Analysis". In Allen Kent; James G. Williams (eds.). Encyclopedia of Microcomputers: Volume 17 - Strategies in the Microprocess Industry to TCP/IP Internetworking: Concepts: Architecture: Protocols, and Tools. Taylor & Francis. pp. 51–89. ISBN 978-0-8247-2715-4.(/ref)
Bell relay computer
The Bell relay computers are a series of
The Bell relay computers were a series of electromechanical computers built by AT&T Bell Laboratories between 1937 and 1946. They were designed by George Stibitz using standard telephone relays. The first was used to do calculations with complex numbers that arose in designing equipment for long-distance telephone lines. Later machines were developed during World War II to do ballistic calculations for the military. During the development of these machines, Stibitz created binary-coded decimal representations for numbers in computers. Richard Hamming began work on his error-correction codes, which are used to detect and correct errors in computer memory.
Test reference.[1]
Notes
References
- ^ Ceruzzi 1983, p. 6.
References
- Andrews, E. G. (1963). "Telephone Switching and the Early Bell Computers" (PDF). The Bell System Technical Journal. 42 (2): 341–353. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
- Ceruzzi, Paul E. (1983). Reckoners: The Prehistory of the Digital Computer, from Relays to the Stored Program Concept, 1935-1945. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-23382-1.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
- Hook, Diana H.; Jeremy M. Norman; Michael R. Williams (2001). Origins of Cyberspace: A Library on the History of Computing, Networking, and Telecommunications. HistoryofScience.com. ISBN 0-930405-85-4.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
Category:Bell Labs
Category:Early computers
Category:Electro-mechanical computers
Category:History of computing hardware