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Most people think of Wikipedia as the encyclopedia ''anyone can edit''. Instead remember that Wikipedia is the ''encyclopedia'' anyone can edit.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Title |last=Lastname |first=Firstname |publisher=Publisher |year=2017 |isbn= |location= |pages=22-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Title |last=Lastname |first=Firstname |publisher=Publisher |year=2017 |isbn= location = |pages=24-25}}</ref> And another sentence with references.<ref>
Most people think of Wikipedia as the encyclopedia ''anyone can edit''. Instead remember that Wikipedia is the ''encyclopedia'' anyone can edit.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Title |last=Lastname |first=Firstname |publisher=Publisher |year=2017 |isbn= |location= |pages=22-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Title|last=Lastname|first=Firstname|publisher=Publisher|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=24-25}}</ref> And another sentence with references.<ref>{{cite book|title=Best Seller|first=Elsie|date=2016|publisher=Wiley|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=104–108|author=Someone}}</ref>
{{cite book
| author = Someone
| title = Best Seller
| publisher = Wiley
| date = 2016
| pages =104–108
}}</ref>


==Beecher==
==Beecher==

Revision as of 23:19, 29 June 2017

reference info for Glossary of bird terms
unnamed refs 191
named refs 263
self closed 150
cs1 refs 311
cs1 templates 333
cs1-like refs 7
cs1-like templates 7
harv refs 135
harv templates 135
sfn templates 8
dead link templates 3
webarchive templates 3
cs1|2 df dmy 1
cs1|2 dmy dates 4
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cs1|2 mdy access dates 25
cs1|2 ymd access dates 37
cs1|2 dmy archive dates 4
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cs1|2 ymd archive dates 37
cs1|2 last/first 302
cs1|2 author 7
cs1|2 vauthors 1
List of cs1 templates

  • cite book (181)
  • Cite book (4)
  • Cite episode (1)
  • Cite journal (1)
  • cite journal (2)
  • cite magazine (112)
  • Cite news (1)
  • Cite podcast (1)
  • cite web (27)
  • Cite web (3)
List of cs1-like templates

  • Cite EB1911 (1)
  • Cite OED (6)
List of sfn templates

  • sfn (8)
List of harv templates

  • Harvnb (121)
  • harvnb (14)
explanations

DOI

Most people think of Wikipedia as the encyclopedia anyone can edit. Instead remember that Wikipedia is the encyclopedia anyone can edit.[1][2] And another sentence with references.[3]

Beecher

In a 1966 paper noted anesthesiologist Henry K. Beecher described 22 published medical studies where patients had been experimented on with no expected benefit to the patient.[4] In one study, for example, patients infused with live cancer cells had been told they were receiving "some cells" without specifying that they were cancer. Though identities of the authors and institutions had been stripped, the 22 studies were later identified as having been conducted by mainstream researchers and published in prestigious journals within approximately the previous decade. The 22 cases had been selected from a set of 50 that Beecher had collected, and he presented evidence that studies he considered unethical were even more widespread and represented a systemic problem in medical research rather than exceptions.[4][5] Though Beecher had been writing about human experimentation and publicizing cases that he considered to be bad practice for nearly a decade, it was a 1965 briefing to science writers and the 1966 paper that finally earned widespread news coverage and stimulated public reaction.[5][6] The paper has been described as "the most influential single paper ever written about experimentation involving human subjects."[7] The Office for Human Research Protections credits this paper as "ultimately contributing to the impetus for the first NIH and FDA regulations."[8]

In addition to documenting the extent of problems in human subjects research, Beecher was instrumental in formulating the solutions. One common aspect to many of Beecher's cases was that some experimental subjects, such as military personnel and mentally handicapped children in institutions, were not in a position to freely decline consent.[5] Beecher believed that rules requiring informed consent were not by themselves sufficient, as truly informed consent was an unattainable ideal. He worked both in defining the rules and conditions for informed consent and in establishing institutional review boards as an additional layer of oversight regarding research protocols.[5][6]

Rescued from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_subject_research&oldid=492309100#Beecher_Paper

References

  1. ^ Lastname, Firstname (2017). Title. Publisher. pp. 22–23.
  2. ^ Lastname, Firstname (2017). Title. Publisher. pp. 24–25.
  3. ^ Someone, Elsie (2016). Best Seller. Wiley. pp. 104–108.
  4. ^ a b Beecher, H. K. (1966). "Ethics and clinical research". New England Journal of Medicine. 274 (24): 1354–60. doi:10.1056/NEJM196606162742405. PMID 5327352.
  5. ^ a b c d Rothman, D. J. (1987). "Ethics and human experimentation. Henry Beecher revisited". New England Journal of Medicine. 317 (19): 1195–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM198711053171906. PMID 3309660.
  6. ^ a b Kopp, V. J. (1999). "Henry Knowles Beecher and the development of informed consent in anesthesia research". Anesthesiology. 90 (6): 1756–65. PMID 10360876.
  7. ^ Harkness, J; Lederer, S. E.; Wikler, D (2001). "Laying ethical foundations for clinical research". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 79 (4): 365–6. PMC 2566394. PMID 11357216.
  8. ^ "History of the Human Subjects Protection System". Institutional Review Board Guidebook. Office for Human Research Protections. 1993. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  • Jones, David S; Christine Grady; Susan E. Lederer (2016). "'Ethics and Clinical Research' — The 50th Anniversary of Beecher's Bombshell". The New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (24): 2393–2398. doi:10.1056/NEJMms1603756. PMID 27305197.

Gilbreth

test[1]

reference info for Frank Bunker Gilbreth Sr.
unnamed refs 0
named refs 0
self closed 0
explanations

(Urwick) [2]

(Sheldrake) [3]

(Ferguson) [4]

(Graham and Ferguson) [5]

(Steel and Cheetham) details of contracting company [6]

ergonomics influence ref, (Dempsey) [7]

on Lillian doing (coercive?) writing (Mees) [8]

Frank B. Gilbreth, Co.

1895, his own construction company

1904 - moved company to New York

Marriage

met 1903, married 1904

Taylor

1907

1909 - Plainfield

1911 - high point with Taylor


Gilbreth, Inc.

Wood? says Lillian changed to this name after Frank's death. (p 224, chapter on LMG in Critical Evaluations) switch from contracting to consulting about 1912 ?wind down one, grow this, when did they start? 1912 (pp126ff Lancaster) moving out of contracting and into consulting, move to Providence

May 1912 to Providence New England Butt Company - contract to install Taylorism

visit Germany 1913 with wife working in Germany aug 1914-Jan 1915 -- into 2016 work on crippled soldiers - had seen many in German hospitals

  therblig came in here
World War I

declared April 1917, he tried to enlist (lan 167-8), not taken until December Ft. Sill - school of artillery, training films

   rheumatic fever, March 1918 - slow recovery, result heart damage

bought Nantucket cottage 1st summer at the cottage discharge from Army Sept 1918

Montclair 1919

1920 confrontation with Taylorites (Taylor died in 1915)


think about how heart problems fit in

Death 1924

Graham - contracts cancelled after his death

References

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference one was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Urwick, L.F.; E.F.L. Brech (2003) [1949]. "Frank Bunker Gilbreth (1868-1924)". In Michael C. Wood; John Cunningham Wood (ed.). Frank and Lillian Gilbreth: Critical Evaluations in Business and Management. Taylor & Francis. pp. 49–64. ISBN 978-0-415-30946-2. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  3. ^ Sheldrake, John (2003). "The Gilbreths and motion study". Management Theory (2nd ed.). Thompson Learning. pp. 27–34. ISBN 1-86152-963-5. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Ferguson, David S. (2005). "Gilbreth, Frank Bunker (1868-1924)". In Morgen Witzel (ed.). Encyclopedia of History of American Management. A&C Black. pp. 209–213. ISBN 978-1-84371-131-5. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Graham, Laurel D.; David S. Ferguson (2005). "Gilbreth, Lillian Evelyn Moller (1878-1972)". In Morgen Witzel (ed.). Encyclopedia of History of American Management. A&C Black. pp. 213–216. ISBN 978-1-84371-131-5. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Steel, M J; Cheetham, D W (1993). "Frank Bunker Gilbreth: Building Contractor, Inventor and Pioneer Industrial Engineer" (PDF). Construction History. 9: 51–69. JSTOR 41613715.
  7. ^ Dempsey, P.G. (2006). "Scientific Management Influences on Ergonomic Analysis Techniques". In Waldemar Karwowski (ed.). International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 3354–3356. ISBN 978-0-415-30430-6. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Mees, Bernard (2013). "Mind, Method, and Motion: Frank and Lillian Gilbreth". In Morgen Witzel; Malcolm Warner (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Management Theorists. pp. 32–48. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585762.013.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-958576-2. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

Older methods of shortened references

Harvard references

Shortened references - styles

  • Example Resist dyeing - old style ref, note short ref led to problems when someone tried to convert the reference
  • Example Privity in English law has 48 references, several are repeated, 12 refs in bibliography
reference info for Privity in English law
unnamed refs 27
named refs 21
self closed 29
cs1 templates 12
cleanup templates 1
use xxx dates dmy
cs1|2 last/first 12
List of cs1 templates

  • cite book (8)
  • cite journal (4)
explanations

Look at Template:Editnotices - enforcing Harvard refs for particular articles - enforces in the sense of providing a "page" message that appears when editing a page. See Wikipedia:Editnotice.

See Template:Article style. It has a section to specify the type of referencing used. Chicago style appears to be the one for author, date citations, though Chicago also uses author-title. So better to use the parenthetical notice

My quick reconstruction of reference history on Wikipedia, based on what I can find from template and documentation histories. Many templates have been deleted, so what I put together will miss things.

Early references

  • Embedded links seemed to be the way to reference online material
  • Reference lists at the ends
  • When did requirement for inline citations come in and how were they done

Older reference templates - before automatic numbering

  • Template:Ref using ref and note templates, had to manually order the references and assign numbers or letters, see Wikipedia:Footnote3, pieces of this are still in use, see Note in Euclidean algorithm
  • There was a Template:Ref harvard, now deleted
  • Template:Cite used ref, generated a formatted reference with a label for hyperlink

a simple template now redirected to Template:Citation - ?for use with Harvard refs, which didn't need to be numbered

Templates using the Mediawiki extension

  • mw:Extension:Cite newer, Mediawiki added ref tags and references/ list, auto-numbered the references

The extension led to two kinds of citation templates

  • Template:Citation is template with many fields, including link for Harvard refs, seen as an improvement over Cite book, but which version of Cite book, a citation style 2 template, see Help:Citation Style 2. Citation 2 style templates always create an anchor of the form CITEREFauthorslastnameyear. Use ref= to name the anchor whatever you want, particularly if you don't have a last name or a year.

Ssee Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors. Style 2 templates always create an anchor (wikilink within the page). Style 1 will create an anchor if asked by using ref=harv (creates the Style 2 ref) or ref=whatever you want.

  • what was the step from cite to cite book?
  • "cite book" replaced "book reference" (still in "use" in 13 articles, see Charm bracelet, redirects to cite book). See history for book reference
  • See Help:Citation Style 1 to which the cite book, cite web, etc belong

Linking from the reference in the text (or for short references, in the footnotes list) to the full reference in the references list.

Issue with Privity in English law -- uses handwritten wikilinks

The article uses shortened footnotes linked by HTML anchors to references in the reference list. Initially, it had no links but the reference list used cite book and cite journal from the beginning. When linking was added, most of the plain short citations went from <ref>McKendrick (2007) p.137</ref> to <ref>[[#McKendrick2007|McKendrick (2007)]] p.137</ref> to generate a hyperlink. The # at the start indicates it is a link to an anchor on the same page. The full reference added |ref=McKendrick2007 to label the target of the link.

Could have used {{wikicite|ref=id|reference=citation}} for the citation list.

Or ?<span id=McKendrick2007>this is a reference</span>

Two pages of citation examples show the older methods

Look at oldest documentation of Template:Wikicite at Template:Wikicite/doc. Wikicite creates an anchored reference for a bibliography given an id and a reference.

Don't forget explanatory notes. See Help:Explanatory notes. Some of this may be included in other example articles.


Handwritten examples

Handwritten numbering example:

This is a test.1

This is a second test.1

This is the first sentence.2

This is the second sentence.2

1. Joyce, James. Ulysses. Sylvia Beach, 1922.
2. ^a bJoyce, James. Ulysses. Dover, 2009.

Harvard style references avoided the numbering problem.

This is the first statement about Emma. (Austen 1815, pp. 24–25)

This is the second statement. (Austen 1999, pp. 3–4)

  • Austen, Jane. Emma. John Murray, 1815.
  • Austen, Jane. Emma. Dover, 1999.
Without <nowiki />
Markup Renders as
# Item 1
# Item 2
# Item 3
# Item 4
  1. Item 1
  2. Item 2
  3. Item 3
  4. Item 4

References

Articles for Creation checklist for editors

  • US patent 3529298, Janice Richmond Lourie, "Graphical design of textiles", published 1970-09-15, assigned to IBM 
  • US patent 3634827, Janice Richmond Lourie, "Processing of multilayer weave design data", published 1972-01-11, assigned to IBM 
  • US patent 3644935, Janice Richmond Lourie, "Method of identifying connected regions in a large segmented pattern", published 1972-02-22, assigned to IBM 


Rachel Whiteread

References already added to the article:

  • Bradley 1997.[2]
  • Zelevansky 1994.[3]
  • Barber 2005.[4]
  • Barber 2001.[5]

After her first solo exhibition, Whiteread decided to cast the space that her domestic objects could have inhabited. She applied for grants, describing the project as "mummifying the air in a room."[6] She completed Ghost in 1990. It was cast from a room in a house on Archway Road in north London, much like the house she grew up in.[7] The road was being widened and the house torn down. She used plaster to cast the parlor walls and ceiling in sections and assembled them on a metal frame.[8]

Ghost was first shown at the nonprofit Chisenhale Gallery.[9] It was purchased by Charles Saatchi and included with other works by Whiteread in his first "Young British Art" show in 1992.[10] In May 2004 a fire in a Momart storage warehouse destroyed many works from the Saatchi collection, including, it is believed, some by Whiteread. However Ghost had recently been moved from the warehouse to the new Gagosian Gallery in London.[11] The work was acquired by the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. in the fall of 2004.[12]

In October 1993 Whiteread completed House, the cast of a Victorian terrace house. She had began considering casting an entire house in 1991. She and James Lingwood of Artangel looked at houses to be torn down in North and East London in 1992, but without success in securing one.[13] During this period in 1992 and 1993 Whiteread had an artist residency in Berlin with a scholarship from the DAAD Artist's Programme.[14] While in Berlin, she created Untitled (Room), the cast of a generic, anonymous room that she built herself. She finished the interior of a room-size box with wallpaper, windows and door before casting.[3] The sculpture is in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York.[15]

House commissioned by Artangel. Site found in 1993. Turner Prize - shortlist 1991,

References

  1. ^ Wroe, Richard (5 April 2013). "Rachel Whiteread: a life in art". The Guardian.
  2. ^ Bradley, Fiona, ed. (1997). Rachel Whiteread: Shedding Life. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27936-6.
  3. ^ a b Zelevansky, Lynn (1994). Sense and Sensibility: Women Artists and Minimalism in the Nineties. The Museum of Modern Art. pp. 26–29. ISBN 978-0-8109-6131-9.
  4. ^ Barber, Lynn (15 October 2005). "Boxing clever". The Observer. London.
  5. ^ Barber, Lynn (26 May 2001). "Some day, my plinth will come". The Observer. London.
  6. ^ Whiteread, Rachel (4 January 2004). "The John Tusa Interviews - Rachel Whiteread" (Interview). Interviewed by John Tusa. BBC Radio 3.
  7. ^ Burn, Gordon (10 October 2005). "Still breaking the mould". The Guardian.
  8. ^ Rachel Whiteread: "Ghost". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  9. ^ "Archive Past Exhibitions Rachel Whiteread". Chisenhale Gallery. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  10. ^ Kent, Sarah; Richard Cork; Dick Price (1999). Young British Art: The Saatchi Decade. Harry N. Abrams. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-8109-6389-4.
  11. ^ Higgens, Charlotte; Vikram Dodd (27 May 2004). "50 years of British art lies in ashes". The Guardian.
  12. ^ Richard, Paul (8 November 2004). "In the Anti-Room, No One's Home". The Washington Post.
  13. ^ Lingwood, James, ed. (1995). "Introduction". Rachel Whiteread: House. Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0-7148-3459-7.
  14. ^ "Rachel Whiteread Biography" (PDF). Gagosian Gallery. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
  15. ^ "The Collection - Rachel Whiteread: Untitled (Room)". Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 5 June 2014.

Women artists

Making Their Mark exhibit (1989)

  1. Max Almy - video, installation, created
  2. Laurie Anderson - video, bio done
  3. Eleanor Antin - video, bio done, most refs are urls, infobox looks funny
  4. Jacki Apple -performance
  5. Ida Applebroog - bio done, no inline refs, does have further reading
  6. Alice Aycock - sculpture, bio done
  7. Jennifer Bartlett - bio done, change interview ref format, add development
  8. Lynda Benglis - bio OK
  9. Dara Birnbaum - bio OK
  10. Lyn Blumenthal - see Video Data Bank
  11. Joan Brown
  12. Nancy Buchanan
  13. Barbara Buckner
  14. Deborah Butterfield
  15. Cynthia Carlson - bio
  16. Vija Celmins
  17. Doris Totten Chase
  18. Louisa Chase
  19. Cecilia Condit
  20. Clyde Connell
  21. Agnes Denes
  22. Mary Beth Edelson
  23. Heide Fasnacht
  24. Jackie Ferrara
  25. Janet Fish
  26. Audrey Flack
  27. Mary Frank
  28. Tina Girouard
  29. Nancy Graves
  30. Eva Hesse
  31. Nancy Holt
  32. Jenny Holzer
  33. Sara Hornbacher
  34. Yvonne Jacquette
  35. Valerie Jaudon
  36. Joan Jonas
  37. Carol Ann Klonarides
  38. Joyce Kozloff
  39. Margia Kramer
  40. Barbara Kruger
  41. Shigeko Kubota
  42. Leslie Labowitz
  43. Suzanne Lacy
  44. Cheryl Laemmle
  45. Lois Lane
  46. Sherrie Levine
  47. Joan Logue
  48. Mary Lucier
  49. Sylvia Plimack Mangold
  50. Ana Mendieta
  51. Melissa Miller
  52. Mary Miss
  53. Linda Montano
  54. Ree Morton
  55. Catherine Murphy
  56. Elizabeth Murray
  57. Rita Myers
  58. Pat Oleszko
  59. Judy Pfaff
  60. Howardena Pindell
  61. Adrian Piper
  62. Katherine Porter
  63. Judy Rifka
  64. Faith Ringgold
  65. Dorothea Rockburne
  66. Rachel Rosenthal
  67. Martha Rosler
  68. Susan Rothenberg
  69. Betye Saar
  70. Tomiyo Sasaki
  71. Miriam Schapiro
  72. Judith Shea
  73. Cindy Sherman
  74. Laurie Simmons
  75. Sandy Skoglund
  76. Sylvia Sleigh
  77. Alexis Smith
  78. Barbara T. Smith
  79. Joan Snyder
  80. Nancy Spero
  81. Michelle Stuart
  82. Alma Thomas
  83. Steina Vasulka
  84. Margaret Wharton
  85. Hannah Wilke
  86. Martha Wilson
  87. Jackie Winsor

Turning up in AfC or elsewhere

References

References

  • Handy, Amy (1989). "Artist's Biographies - Jennifer Bartlett". In Randy Rosen; Catherine C. Brower (eds.). Making Their Mark. Women Artists Move into the Mainstream, 1970-1985. Abbeville Press. p. 239. ISBN 0-89659-959-0.
  • Tomkins, Calvin (1989). "Righting the Balance". In Randy Rosen; Catherine C. Brower (eds.). Making Their Mark. Women Artists Move into the Mainstream, 1970-1985. Abbeville Press. pp. 45–49. ISBN 0-89659-959-0.
  • Stein, Judith E.; Wooster, Ann-Sargent (1989). "Making Their Mark". In Randy Rosen; Catherine C. Brower (eds.). Making Their Mark. Women Artists Move into the Mainstream, 1970-1985. Abbeville Press. p. ?. ISBN 0-89659-959-0.

Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard/IncidentArchive819#SPA now deleting/altering talk-page comments

Talk:Federal Assault Weapons Ban#Comment on "cosmetic"

Wikipedia:Peer review/Federal Assault Weapons Ban/archive2

  • 27 Oct 2012 to 28 Oct 2013: 522 edits by 100 editors
  • almost no change to the core of the article - just stuff moving around
  • discussion of other gun laws removed
  • with so many editors interested, why isn't the article becoming more complete?

Study by Attorney General

provision and timing of study

Research

mandated report at end of three years justice dept brief publication of report with dissent from Gary Kleck and rebuttal by authors

Spitzer, Lott, Kleck disagreements on effects

report 8 years in to ban

Format of article

Wikipedia:WikiProject United States Federal Government Legislative Data/Proposed layout

Content for suggested format:

Eiffel Tower and Sophie Germain

Gray, Mary (1978). "Sophie Germain (1776-1831)". Women of Mathematics: A Bibliographic Sourcebook. Greenwood. pp. 47ff. ISBN 978-0-313-24849-8. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)

Mozans, H. J. (pseud.) (1913). Women in Science: With an Introductory Chapter on Women's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind. D. Appleton. pp. 154–157.

The Deadline: A Novel About Software Management

Wikipedia:WikiProject Books
Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction


AuthorTom DeMarco
LanguageEnglish
SubjectIndustrial project management (fiction)
Published1997 (Dorset House)
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint (paperback)
Pages320 pp
Awards1998 Jolt Productivity Award
ISBN0-932633-39-0

The Deadline: A Novel About Software Management by Tom DeMarco is a roman à clef set in the world of software project management. It was inspired by physicist George Gamov's classic stories of Mr Tompkins. DeMarco made his Mr. Tompkins a project manager rather than a middle-aged bank clerk, and populated his adventures with thinly-disguised members of the software engineering community.

  • (ref name=Lewis1998)Lewis, Ted. "Bookshelf: The Deadline: A Novel About Project Management". IEEE Software. 15 (1): 107. doi:10.1109/MS.1998.10006.(/ref)

suggested Harry Winnipeg might be Al Davis, its editor at the time

incorporated into a course she taught

  • (ref name=Ward1995)Ward, Paul T. (13 October 1995). "Structured Analysis". In Allen Kent; James G. Williams (eds.). Encyclopedia of Microcomputers: Volume 17 - Strategies in the Microprocess Industry to TCP/IP Internetworking: Concepts: Architecture: Protocols, and Tools. Taylor & Francis. pp. 51–89. ISBN 978-0-8247-2715-4.(/ref)

Bell relay computer

The Bell relay computers are a series of

The Bell relay computers were a series of electromechanical computers built by AT&T Bell Laboratories between 1937 and 1946. They were designed by George Stibitz using standard telephone relays. The first was used to do calculations with complex numbers that arose in designing equipment for long-distance telephone lines. Later machines were developed during World War II to do ballistic calculations for the military. During the development of these machines, Stibitz created binary-coded decimal representations for numbers in computers. Richard Hamming began work on his error-correction codes, which are used to detect and correct errors in computer memory.

Test reference.[1]

Notes

References

  1. ^ Ceruzzi 1983, p. 6.

References


Category:Bell Labs Category:Early computers Category:Electro-mechanical computers Category:History of computing hardware

See Wikipedia:WikiProject Computing/Templates