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Removed unsourced self-contradiction. Per previous sentence, castor sacs are not exocrine glands. Scent glands are.
Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.5beta)
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Castoreum is the yellowish secretion of the castor sac. Beavers use castoreum in combination with urine to [[territorial marking|scent mark territory]].<ref>Walro, J.M. and Svendsen, G.E., "Castor sacs and anal glands of the north american beaver (Castor canadensis): their histology, development, and relationship to scent communication" ''Journal of Chemical Ecology'', Volume 8, Number 5 / May 1982, Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Ohio University,</ref><ref>Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1992). "Castoreum of beaver (Castor canadensis): function, chemistry and biological activity of its components," ''Chemical Signals in Vertebrates IV'', 457–464, Plenum Press.</ref> Both beaver sexes have a pair of castor sacs and a pair of anal glands, located in two cavities under the skin between the pelvis and the base of the tail.<ref>Johnston, Robert E.; Sorenson, Peter W.; and Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1999). ''Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates'', Springer, 1, 282. {{ISBN|0-306-46114-5}}.</ref> The castor sacs are not true glands (endocrine or exocrine) on a cellular level, hence references to these structures as [[preputial glands]], castor glands, or [[scent glands]] are misnomers.<ref>Svendsen, G.E., Huntsman, W.D, "A field Assay of Beaver Castoreum and Some of its Components," ''American Midland Naturalist'', Vol. 120, No. 1 (Jul., 1988), pp. 144–149, University of Notre Dame.</ref>
Castoreum is the yellowish secretion of the castor sac. Beavers use castoreum in combination with urine to [[territorial marking|scent mark territory]].<ref>Walro, J.M. and Svendsen, G.E., "Castor sacs and anal glands of the north american beaver (Castor canadensis): their histology, development, and relationship to scent communication" ''Journal of Chemical Ecology'', Volume 8, Number 5 / May 1982, Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Ohio University,</ref><ref>Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1992). "Castoreum of beaver (Castor canadensis): function, chemistry and biological activity of its components," ''Chemical Signals in Vertebrates IV'', 457–464, Plenum Press.</ref> Both beaver sexes have a pair of castor sacs and a pair of anal glands, located in two cavities under the skin between the pelvis and the base of the tail.<ref>Johnston, Robert E.; Sorenson, Peter W.; and Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1999). ''Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates'', Springer, 1, 282. {{ISBN|0-306-46114-5}}.</ref> The castor sacs are not true glands (endocrine or exocrine) on a cellular level, hence references to these structures as [[preputial glands]], castor glands, or [[scent glands]] are misnomers.<ref>Svendsen, G.E., Huntsman, W.D, "A field Assay of Beaver Castoreum and Some of its Components," ''American Midland Naturalist'', Vol. 120, No. 1 (Jul., 1988), pp. 144–149, University of Notre Dame.</ref>


It is used as a [[tincture]] in some [[perfume]]s<ref name="museesdegrasse.com">International Perfume Museum, Grasse France, Website: http://www.museesdegrasse.com/MIP/fla_ang/mat_prem_10.shtml</ref> and as a [[food additive]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burdock|first=G. A.|date=2007-01-01|title=Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient|journal=International Journal of Toxicology|volume=26|issue=1|pages=51–55|doi=10.1080/10915810601120145|issn=1091-5818|pmid=17365147}}</ref>
It is used as a [[tincture]] in some [[perfume]]s<ref name="museesdegrasse.com">International Perfume Museum, Grasse France, Website: {{cite web |url=http://www.museesdegrasse.com/MIP/fla_ang/mat_prem_10.shtml |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2006-02-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20070624132157/http://www.museesdegrasse.com/MIP/fla_ang/mat_prem_10.shtml |archivedate=2007-06-24 |df= }}</ref> and as a [[food additive]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burdock|first=G. A.|date=2007-01-01|title=Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient|journal=International Journal of Toxicology|volume=26|issue=1|pages=51–55|doi=10.1080/10915810601120145|issn=1091-5818|pmid=17365147}}</ref>


== Trapping ==
== Trapping ==
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=== Perfume ===
=== Perfume ===
[[File:American Beavers at the National Zoo.jpg|thumb|right|American Beavers at the U.S. National Zoo]]
[[File:American Beavers at the National Zoo.jpg|thumb|right|American Beavers at the U.S. National Zoo]]
In perfume-making, the term castoreum is more liberally applied to denote the resinoid extract resulting from the dried and alcohol tinctured beaver castor.<ref>Hyraceum.com, "Castoreum, Perfumer's Ancient Intrigue," http://www.hyraceum.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207042228/http://www.hyraceum.com |date=February 7, 2013 }}</ref> The dried beaver castor sacs are generally aged for two or more years to mellow and for their raw harshness to dissipate.
In perfume-making, the term castoreum is more liberally applied to denote the resinoid extract resulting from the dried and alcohol tinctured beaver castor.<ref>Hyraceum.com, "Castoreum, Perfumer's Ancient Intrigue," http://www.hyraceum.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207042228/http://www.hyraceum.com/ |date=February 7, 2013 }}</ref> The dried beaver castor sacs are generally aged for two or more years to mellow and for their raw harshness to dissipate.


In [[perfumery]], castoreum has largely been used as an animalic [[note (perfumery)|note]] suggesting leather, compounded with other ingredients including top, middle, and base notes as a composition. Some classic perfumes incorporating castor are Emeraude, [[Chanel]] Antaeus, Cuir de Russie, Magie Noire, Lancôme Caractère, Hechter Madame, Givenchy III, [[Shalimar (perfume)|Shalimar]], and many "leather" themed compositions.<ref name="museesdegrasse.com"/>
In [[perfumery]], castoreum has largely been used as an animalic [[note (perfumery)|note]] suggesting leather, compounded with other ingredients including top, middle, and base notes as a composition. Some classic perfumes incorporating castor are Emeraude, [[Chanel]] Antaeus, Cuir de Russie, Magie Noire, Lancôme Caractère, Hechter Madame, Givenchy III, [[Shalimar (perfume)|Shalimar]], and many "leather" themed compositions.<ref name="museesdegrasse.com"/>
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=== Medicinal use ===
=== Medicinal use ===
[[File:Castoreum1.JPG|thumb|right|Castoreum]]
[[File:Castoreum1.JPG|thumb|right|Castoreum]]
No pharmaceutical authorities in the Western world recommend castoreum for any medical condition. It was still in the ''[[materia medica]]''{{fix|text=Any other examples than Boericke's book?}} in the 18th century as a treatment for many ailments, including [[headache]], [[fever]], and [[hysteria]].<ref>[[William Boericke|Boericke]], ''Materia Medica''.</ref> The Romans believed the fumes produced by burning castoreum could induce an [[Emmenogogue|abortion]]. [[Paracelsus]] thought it could be used in the treatment of epilepsy.<ref>[http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/Mummy.htm Compare ''mummy'']</ref>{{Not in citation|date=March 2017}} Castoreum was also used as an [[analgesic]], [[anti-inflammatory]], and [[antipyretic]]. Castoreum was described in the 1911 [[British Pharmaceutical Codex]] for use in [[dysmenorrhea]] and [[hysteria|hysterical]] conditions (i.e., pertaining to the womb), for raising [[blood pressure]] and increasing [[cardiac output]]. The activity of castoreum has been credited to the accumulation of [[salicin]] from willow trees in the beaver's diet, which is transformed to [[salicylic acid]] and has an action very similar to aspirin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/2005/03/28/S31/1/ |title=The quest for pain relief: how much have we improved on the past? |author=Stephen Pincock |date=28 March 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-17}}</ref>
No pharmaceutical authorities in the Western world recommend castoreum for any medical condition. It was still in the ''[[materia medica]]''{{fix|text=Any other examples than Boericke's book?}} in the 18th century as a treatment for many ailments, including [[headache]], [[fever]], and [[hysteria]].<ref>[[William Boericke|Boericke]], ''Materia Medica''.</ref> The Romans believed the fumes produced by burning castoreum could induce an [[Emmenogogue|abortion]]. [[Paracelsus]] thought it could be used in the treatment of epilepsy.<ref>[http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/Mummy.htm Compare ''mummy''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060429093707/http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/Mummy.htm |date=2006-04-29 }}</ref>{{Not in citation|date=March 2017}} Castoreum was also used as an [[analgesic]], [[anti-inflammatory]], and [[antipyretic]]. Castoreum was described in the 1911 [[British Pharmaceutical Codex]] for use in [[dysmenorrhea]] and [[hysteria|hysterical]] conditions (i.e., pertaining to the womb), for raising [[blood pressure]] and increasing [[cardiac output]]. The activity of castoreum has been credited to the accumulation of [[salicin]] from willow trees in the beaver's diet, which is transformed to [[salicylic acid]] and has an action very similar to aspirin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.the-scientist.com/2005/03/28/S31/1/ |title=The quest for pain relief: how much have we improved on the past? |author=Stephen Pincock |date=28 March 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-17}}</ref>


It is one of the 65 ingredients of [[mithridate]], a semi-mythical remedy used as an antidote for poisoning. It is also an ingredient of [[theriac]], a medical concoction originally formulated by the Greeks in the 1st century AD as an alexipharmic, or antidote, considered a universal panacea.
It is one of the 65 ingredients of [[mithridate]], a semi-mythical remedy used as an antidote for poisoning. It is also an ingredient of [[theriac]], a medical concoction originally formulated by the Greeks in the 1st century AD as an alexipharmic, or antidote, considered a universal panacea.
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== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://www.museesdegrasse.com/MIP/fla_ang/mat_prem_10.shtml The International Perfume Museum: Castoreum]
*[https://archive.is/20070624132157/http://www.museesdegrasse.com/MIP/fla_ang/mat_prem_10.shtml The International Perfume Museum: Castoreum]


{{Ancient anaesthesia-footer}}
{{Ancient anaesthesia-footer}}

Revision as of 00:48, 1 August 2017

For the fungus genus, see Castoreum (fungus).
Castoreum

Castoreum /kæsˈtɔːriəm/ is the exudate from the castor sacs of the mature North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the European beaver (Castor fiber).

Castoreum is the yellowish secretion of the castor sac. Beavers use castoreum in combination with urine to scent mark territory.[1][2] Both beaver sexes have a pair of castor sacs and a pair of anal glands, located in two cavities under the skin between the pelvis and the base of the tail.[3] The castor sacs are not true glands (endocrine or exocrine) on a cellular level, hence references to these structures as preputial glands, castor glands, or scent glands are misnomers.[4]

It is used as a tincture in some perfumes[5] and as a food additive.[6]

Trapping

The government of Ontario pays trappers to harvest beaver castor sacs. The sacs brought between 2.62 - 5.10 Canadian dollars per ounce when auctioned at the May–June 2016 North American Fur Auction.[7]

Uses

Perfume

American Beavers at the U.S. National Zoo

In perfume-making, the term castoreum is more liberally applied to denote the resinoid extract resulting from the dried and alcohol tinctured beaver castor.[8] The dried beaver castor sacs are generally aged for two or more years to mellow and for their raw harshness to dissipate.

In perfumery, castoreum has largely been used as an animalic note suggesting leather, compounded with other ingredients including top, middle, and base notes as a composition. Some classic perfumes incorporating castor are Emeraude, Chanel Antaeus, Cuir de Russie, Magie Noire, Lancôme Caractère, Hechter Madame, Givenchy III, Shalimar, and many "leather" themed compositions.[5]

Medicinal use

Castoreum

No pharmaceutical authorities in the Western world recommend castoreum for any medical condition. It was still in the materia medica[Any other examples than Boericke's book?] in the 18th century as a treatment for many ailments, including headache, fever, and hysteria.[9] The Romans believed the fumes produced by burning castoreum could induce an abortion. Paracelsus thought it could be used in the treatment of epilepsy.[10][failed verification] Castoreum was also used as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic. Castoreum was described in the 1911 British Pharmaceutical Codex for use in dysmenorrhea and hysterical conditions (i.e., pertaining to the womb), for raising blood pressure and increasing cardiac output. The activity of castoreum has been credited to the accumulation of salicin from willow trees in the beaver's diet, which is transformed to salicylic acid and has an action very similar to aspirin.[11]

It is one of the 65 ingredients of mithridate, a semi-mythical remedy used as an antidote for poisoning. It is also an ingredient of theriac, a medical concoction originally formulated by the Greeks in the 1st century AD as an alexipharmic, or antidote, considered a universal panacea.

Food use

In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration lists castoreum extract as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food additive.[12] In 1965, the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association's GRAS program (FEMA 2261 and 2262) added castoreum extract and castoreum liquid.[13] Product ingredient lists often refer to it simply as a "natural flavoring." While it is mainly used in foods and beverages as part of a substitute vanilla flavor,[14] it is less commonly used as a part of a raspberry or strawberry flavoring.[15] The annual industry consumption is very low, around 300 pounds,[16] whereas vanillin is over 2.6 million pounds annually.[17]

Castoreum has been traditionally used in Sweden for flavoring schnapps commonly referred to as "Bäverhojt" (literally, beaver shout).[18][19]

Other uses

Castoreum is also used to contribute to the flavor and odor of cigarettes.[20]

Medieval beekeepers used it to increase honey production.[21]

Chemical composition

At least 24 compounds are known constituents of beaver castoreum. Some of these have pheromonal activity. These are the phenols 4-ethylphenol and 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol) and the ketones acetophenone and 3-hydroxyacetophenone. Five additional compounds noted are 4-methyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene (4-methylcatechol), 4-methoxyacetophenone, 5-methoxysalicylic acid, salicylaldehyde, and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid.[22] Other neutral compounds are oxygen-containing monoterpenes such as 6-methyl-l-heptanol, 4,6-dimethyl-l-heptanol, isopinocamphone, pinocamphone, two linalool oxides and their acetates.[23] Other compounds are: benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, borneol, o-cresol, 4-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone, hydroquinone, phenol. All those compounds are gathered from plant food.[21] It also contains nupharamine alkaloids[24] and castoramine,[25] and cis-cyclohexane-1,2-diol.[26]

  • Taxea, a secretion of the badger's subcaudal glands comparable in its medicinal use to the better-known castoreum
  • Hyraceum, the petrified and rock-like excrement composed of urine and feces excreted by the Cape Hyrax (Procavia capensis), and a sought-after material that has been used in traditional South African medicine and perfumery

See also

References

  1. ^ Walro, J.M. and Svendsen, G.E., "Castor sacs and anal glands of the north american beaver (Castor canadensis): their histology, development, and relationship to scent communication" Journal of Chemical Ecology, Volume 8, Number 5 / May 1982, Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Ohio University,
  2. ^ Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1992). "Castoreum of beaver (Castor canadensis): function, chemistry and biological activity of its components," Chemical Signals in Vertebrates IV, 457–464, Plenum Press.
  3. ^ Johnston, Robert E.; Sorenson, Peter W.; and Müller-Schwarze, Dietland (1999). Advances in Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, Springer, 1, 282. ISBN 0-306-46114-5.
  4. ^ Svendsen, G.E., Huntsman, W.D, "A field Assay of Beaver Castoreum and Some of its Components," American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 120, No. 1 (Jul., 1988), pp. 144–149, University of Notre Dame.
  5. ^ a b International Perfume Museum, Grasse France, Website: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-06-24. Retrieved 2006-02-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ Burdock, G. A. (2007-01-01). "Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient". International Journal of Toxicology. 26 (1): 51–55. doi:10.1080/10915810601120145. ISSN 1091-5818. PMID 17365147.
  7. ^ "May-June 2016 Wild Fur Sales Report North American Fur Auction" (PDF). Retrieved 21 February 2016 – via Fur Institute of Canada. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  8. ^ Hyraceum.com, "Castoreum, Perfumer's Ancient Intrigue," http://www.hyraceum.com Archived February 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Boericke, Materia Medica.
  10. ^ Compare mummy Archived 2006-04-29 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Stephen Pincock (28 March 2005). "The quest for pain relief: how much have we improved on the past?". Retrieved 2007-06-17.
  12. ^ Burdock GA (2007). "Safety assessment of castoreum extract as a food ingredient". International Journal of Toxicology. 26 (1): 51–5. doi:10.1080/10915810601120145. PMID 17365147.
  13. ^ http://www.femaflavor.org/sites/default/files/3.%20GRAS%20Substances%282001-3124%29.pdf
  14. ^ Burdock, George A., Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press, 2005. p. 277.
  15. ^ Furia, Thomas E., Chemical Rubber Company, CRC Handbook of Food Additives, Volume 2. CRC Press, 1972. p. 253.
  16. ^ Burdock, George A., Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press, 2005. p. 276-8.
  17. ^ Burdock, George A., Fenaroli's handbook of flavor ingredients. CRC Press, 2005. p. 639.
  18. ^ Baron Ambrosia (26 February 2015). "Tales from the Fringe: Beaver Gland Vodka". PunchDrink.com. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
  19. ^ BVR HJT
  20. ^ "What's Inside: For a Refreshing Hint of Tear Gas, Light Up a Cigarette"
  21. ^ a b The Beaver: Its Life and Impact. Dietland Muller-Schwarze, 2003, page 43 (book at Google Books)
  22. ^ Pheromonal activity of single castoreum constituents in beaver,Castor canadensis., Müller-Schwarze, D and Houlihan, P.W., Journal of Chemical Ecology, April 1991, Volume 17, Number 4, Springer Netherlands, doi:10.1007/BF00994195
  23. ^ Neutral compounds from male castoreum of North American beaver, Castor canadensis. Rong Tang, Francis X. Webster, Dietland Müller-Schwarze, Journal of Chemical Ecology, November 1995, Volume 21, Issue 11, pages 1745-1762, doi:10.1007/BF02033674
  24. ^ Stereoselective synthesis of enantiomerically pure nupharamine alkaloids from castoreum. Stoye A, Quandt G, Brunnhöfer B, Kapatsina E, Baron J, Fischer A, Weymann M and Kunz H, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl., 2009, volume 48, issue 12, pages 2228-2230, doi:10.1002/anie.200805606
  25. ^ Zur Kenntnis der stickstoffhaltigen Inhaltsstoffe von Castoreum. B. Maurer and G. Ohloff, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2 June 1976, Volume 59, Issue 4, pages 1169–1185, doi:10.1002/hlca.19760590420
  26. ^ cis-cyclohexane-1,2-diol in the beaver gland. Z. Valenta, A. Khaleque, M. H. Rashid, Experientia, 1961, Volume 17, Issue 3, page 130, doi:10.1007/BF02160827
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