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{{Nihongo|'''Kyū'''|[[wikt:級|級]]}}{{IPA-ja|kʲɯː|}} is a [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term used |
{{Nihongo|'''Kyū'''|[[wikt:級|級]]}}{{IPA-ja|kʲɯː|}} is a [[Japanese language|Japanese]] term used in modern [[martial arts]] as well as in [[Japanese tea ceremony|tea ceremony]], [[ikebana|flower arranging]], [[Go (game)|Go]], [[shogi]], academic tests and other similar activities to designate various '''grades''', '''levels''' or '''degrees''' of proficiency or experience. In [[China]], kyū ({{lang|zh|級}}) is called "'''ji'''", and it is used for academic tests. In [[Korea]], the term '''geup''' ({{lang|ko|급}}) is used (also transliterated as '''gup''' or '''kup'''). In [[Vietnamese martial arts]], it is known as '''cấp''' (khớp). |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Revision as of 22:27, 15 February 2018
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2010) |
| Kyū | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Coloured belts are worn by kyū ranked practitioners in many martial arts, including judo, karate, Kuk Sool Won and taekwondo. | |||||
| Japanese name | |||||
| Kanji | 級 | ||||
| Hiragana | きゅう | ||||
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Kyū (級)[kʲɯː] is a Japanese term used in modern martial arts as well as in tea ceremony, flower arranging, Go, shogi, academic tests and other similar activities to designate various grades, levels or degrees of proficiency or experience. In China, kyū (級) is called "ji", and it is used for academic tests. In Korea, the term geup (급) is used (also transliterated as gup or kup). In Vietnamese martial arts, it is known as cấp (khớp).
History
In 1883, Kanō Jigorō, the founder of Judo, established the system of Dan ranking to measure the Judo practitioners' ability.[1] This system was derived from the Dan ranking system of Go, the ancient board game. Some organizations of academic tests started using the Kyū ranking system to measure candidates' ability.[2]
Similarly, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department started a ranking system using Kyū to measure the police officers' ability in Kendo. Grades were from 8th to 1st.[3]
In the 1890s, the Greater Japan Martial Virtue Society introduced the dan and kyū ranking system to other martial arts in Japan.[4]
Martial arts usage
In modern Japanese martial arts, kyū-level practitioners hold the ranks below dan or black belt. The kyū ranking system varies from art to art and school to school. In some arts, all the kyū-level practitioners wear white belts while in others different coloured belts, tags or stripes are used; in kendo for example the belt system is not used. Although some aikido schools do use a coloured belt system the norm is for kyū grades to wear a white belt, and for dan grades to wear a black belt.[5] Kyū-level practitioners are often called mudansha (無段者), "ones without dan" and are considered as initiates rather than students. When practitioners have reached the ranking of first degree black belt, they become shodansha (初段者). The holder of a black belt of any degree is a yūdansha (有段者), "one with dan".
Academic tests usage
Martial arts' organizations are not the only ones who use such as system. Some academic and professional organizations also use kyū and dan as measures of a person's ability. For instance, the Japan Kanji Aptitude Test which tests a person's ability to correctly read, write, and use kanji, is graded using kyū.[6]
List of Kyū ranks
Some martial arts refer to the kyū ranks entirely in Japanese.[citation needed] Kyū ranks progress using a descending order system, so 1st kyū is the highest. For example, the first kyū outranks the 2nd kyū. The Dan ranking system starts after 1st kyū. Essentially, the kyū is the number of steps before reaching mastery whereas the dan gives steps into mastery.
Pre-1st kyū and pre-2nd kyū are used in examinations of languages, because it is often hard to pass the examinations at 1st and 2nd kyū.
| Grade | Pronunciation | Japanese |
|---|---|---|
| 1st (Highest) | Ikkyū | 1級 / 一級 |
| Pre-1st | Jun'ikkyū | 準1級 / 準一級 |
| 2nd | Nikyū | 2級 / 二級 |
| Pre-2nd | Junnikyū | 準2級 / 準二級 |
| 3rd | Sankyū | 3級 / 三級 |
| 4th | Yonkyū | 4級 / 四級 |
| 5th | Gokyū | 5級 / 五級 |
| 6th | Rokkyū | 6級 / 六級 |
| 7th | Nanakyū | 7級 / 七級 |
| 8th | Hakkyū / Hachikyu | 8級 / 八級 |
| 9th | Kyūkyū | 9級 / 九級 |
| 10th | Jikkyū / Jukkyū | 10級 / 十級 |
| Ungraded | Mukyū | 無級 |
The lowest kyū is sometimes called "Mukyū" (無級) which means "ungraded" in English. The lowest kyū depends on organizations. For instance, the United States Judo Federation has 12th kyū as the lowest grade for junior class, and 7th kyū as the lowest for adult class.
In Japan, the difficulty is classified into three categories as in the following list.
| Grade | Pronunciation | Japanese |
|---|---|---|
| Highest | Jōkyū | 上級 |
| Middle | Chūkyū | 中級 |
| Beginning | Shokyū | 初級 |
Kyū ranks in China
The Kyū grading system is used in China as well. Kyū (級) in China is called "ji" (same character, different pronunciation), and descending order is used as in Japan.
Coloured belts
In some styles, students wear white belts until they receive their first dan rank or black belt, while in others a range of colors are used for different kyū grades. The wearing of coloured belts is often associated with kyū ranks, particularly in modern martial arts such as karate and judo (where the practice originated). However, there is no standard association of belt colours with particular ranks and different schools and organizations assign colours independently; see Rank in Judo for examples of variation within an art. However, white is often the lowest ranked belt and brown is the highest kyū rank, and it is common to see the darker colors associated with the higher ranks, i.e., the closest to black belt.
The system of using different colored belts to mark rank is not universally accepted in the martial arts. Supporters of the belt colors point out their use as a simple visual key for experience, such as in matching opponents for sparring, allowing opponents to somewhat accurately judge each other's skill, and to split them for competitions.[7] Those who oppose the use of coloured belts are also often concerned that students will worry too much about relative rank, and become arrogant with trivial promotions and differences,[8] while supporters feel that by providing small signs of success and recognition, students are more confident, and their training is more structured, and that the ranking system encourages higher-ranked students to assist lower-ranked ones, and lower-ranked students to respect their seniors.
See also
References
- ^ Black Belt Magazine, May 1991 Page 64.
- ^ Pauley, Daniel C. Pauley's Guide - A Dictionary of Japanese Martial Arts and Culture By Daniel C. Pauley, Samantha Pauley, 2009 p208
- ^ Kendo America: Kendo Rank
- ^ Morris, Phil; The Origins Of Judo’s Kyu/Dan Grading System
- ^ Lawler, Jennifer; Martial Arts For Dummies John Wiley & Sons, 2011 ISBN 978-1-118-06961-5
- ^ SOAS: Japanese Kanji Aptitude Tests
- ^ Homma, Gaku; Children and the Martial Arts: An Aikido Point of View North Atlantic Books, 1993, ISBN 978-1-55643-139-5 p32
- ^ Lowry, Dave; In the dojo: the rituals and etiquette of the Japanese martial arts Shambhala Publications, 2006, p55
External links
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| Kata | |
 The Karate Portal | |