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'''Protandim''' is a patented<ref name=Patent1/> [[dietary supplement]] marketed by [[LifeVantage]] Corporation ({{NASDAQ|LFVN}}; formerly LifeLine Therapeutics, Lifeline Nutraceuticals, and Yaak River Resources, Inc), a [[Utah]]-based [[multi-level marketing]] company.<ref name=LifeVantage>LifeVantage Corporation{{cite web | url=http://www.lifevantage.com/faqs/ | title=FAQs - LifeVantage | accessdate=4 July 2014 }}</ref> The manufacturers of Protandim claim the product can indirectly increase [[antioxidant]] activity by upregulating [[endogenous]] antioxidant factors such as the enzymes [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD) and [[catalase]], as well as the tripeptide [[glutathione]]. Like all dietary supplements, Protandim has not been evaluated by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) and "is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease."<ref name=Disclaimer>This statement or disclaimer is required by US law (DSHEA) when a manufacturer makes a structure/function claim on a dietary supplement label within the United States of America.{{cite web | url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/ConsumerInformation/ucm110417.htm | title=FDA: Overview of Dietary Supplements | accessdate=25 March 2010 }}</ref> The efficacy of Protandim in humans has been investigated in three [[double-blind]], [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized]], [[placebo-controlled]] clinical trials, which showed it to have no significant overall effect on SOD or [[oxidative stress]] levels.<ref name=clinical2/><ref name="PO2016"/><ref name="Konopka2017">{{cite journal|author1=Konopka AR|author2=Laurin JL|author3=Musci RV|author4=Wolff CA|author5=Reid JJ|author6=Biela LM|author7=Zhang Q|author8=Peelor FF 3rd|author9=Melby CL|author10=Hamilton KL|author11=Miller BF|title=Influence of Nrf2 activators on subcellular skeletal muscle protein and DNA synthesis rates after 6 weeks of milk protein feeding in older adults|journal=[[Geroscience]]|date=Apr 2017|volume=39|issue=2|pages=175–186|doi=10.1007/s11357-017-9968-8|pmid=5411371|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28283797|accessdate=July 21, 2017}}</ref> In 2017, LifeVantage was issued a [[FDA warning letter|warning letter]] by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding illegal advertising claims on the company’s websites suggesting that Protandim can play a role in helping to cure various ailments, including cancer and diabetes.<ref name="SLT_042617"/><ref name="SBN">{{cite news|last1=Montgomery|first1=Matt|title=FDA warns RSL kit sponsor LifeVantage over cancer treatment claims|url=http://www.rslsoapbox.com/2017/4/26/15436756/rsl-kit-sponsor-lifevantage-cancer-treatment-claims-fda-warning|accessdate=April 27, 2017|publisher=[[SB Nation]]|date=April 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name=fda0417>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2017/ucm554234.htm|title=2017 - Lifevantage Corp 4/17/17|website=www.fda.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-04-25}}</ref>
'''Protandim''' is a patented<ref name=Patent1/> [[dietary supplement]] marketed by LifeVantage Corporation ({{NASDAQ|LFVN}}; formerly LifeLine Therapeutics, Lifeline Nutraceuticals, and Yaak River Resources, Inc), a [[Utah]]-based [[multi-level marketing]] company.<ref name=LifeVantage>LifeVantage Corporation{{cite web | url=http://www.lifevantage.com/faqs/ | title=FAQs - LifeVantage | accessdate=4 July 2014 }}</ref> The manufacturers of Protandim claim the product can indirectly increase [[antioxidant]] activity by upregulating [[endogenous]] antioxidant factors such as the enzymes [[superoxide dismutase]] (SOD) and [[catalase]], as well as the tripeptide [[glutathione]]. Like all dietary supplements, Protandim has not been evaluated by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) and "is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease."<ref name=Disclaimer>This statement or disclaimer is required by US law (DSHEA) when a manufacturer makes a structure/function claim on a dietary supplement label within the United States of America.{{cite web | url=http://www.fda.gov/Food/DietarySupplements/ConsumerInformation/ucm110417.htm | title=FDA: Overview of Dietary Supplements | accessdate=25 March 2010 }}</ref> The efficacy of Protandim in humans has been investigated in three [[double-blind]], [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized]], [[placebo-controlled]] clinical trials, which showed it to have no significant overall effect on SOD or [[oxidative stress]] levels.<ref name=clinical2/><ref name="PO2016"/><ref name="Konopka2017">{{cite journal|author1=Konopka AR|author2=Laurin JL|author3=Musci RV|author4=Wolff CA|author5=Reid JJ|author6=Biela LM|author7=Zhang Q|author8=Peelor FF 3rd|author9=Melby CL|author10=Hamilton KL|author11=Miller BF|title=Influence of Nrf2 activators on subcellular skeletal muscle protein and DNA synthesis rates after 6 weeks of milk protein feeding in older adults|journal=[[Geroscience]]|date=Apr 2017|volume=39|issue=2|pages=175–186|doi=10.1007/s11357-017-9968-8|pmid=5411371|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28283797|accessdate=July 21, 2017}}</ref> In 2017, LifeVantage was issued a [[FDA warning letter|warning letter]] by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding illegal advertising claims on the company’s websites suggesting that Protandim can play a role in helping to cure various ailments, including cancer and diabetes.<ref name="SLT_042617"/><ref name="SBN">{{cite news|last1=Montgomery|first1=Matt|title=FDA warns RSL kit sponsor LifeVantage over cancer treatment claims|url=http://www.rslsoapbox.com/2017/4/26/15436756/rsl-kit-sponsor-lifevantage-cancer-treatment-claims-fda-warning|accessdate=April 27, 2017|publisher=[[SB Nation]]|date=April 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name=fda0417>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2017/ucm554234.htm|title=2017 - Lifevantage Corp 4/17/17|website=www.fda.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-04-25}}</ref>


== Product history==
== Product history==

Revision as of 19:14, 5 March 2018

LifeVantage
Company typePublic
Nasdaq: LFVN
IndustryMulti-level marketing
Founded2003; 21 years ago (2003)
Headquarters
Salt Lake City, Utah
,
United States
Area served
United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Australia, Hong Kong
Key people
Darren Jensen President, CEO
Robert M. Urban COO
Mark Jaggi CFO[1]
Joe M. McCord Chief Science Officer (retired)
ProductsDietary supplements, skin care
RevenueIncrease US$ 208.2 million (2013)[2]
US$ 12.1 million
Websitewww.lifevantage.com

Protandim is a patented[3] dietary supplement marketed by LifeVantage Corporation (Nasdaq: LFVN; formerly LifeLine Therapeutics, Lifeline Nutraceuticals, and Yaak River Resources, Inc), a Utah-based multi-level marketing company.[4] The manufacturers of Protandim claim the product can indirectly increase antioxidant activity by upregulating endogenous antioxidant factors such as the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, as well as the tripeptide glutathione. Like all dietary supplements, Protandim has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and "is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease."[5] The efficacy of Protandim in humans has been investigated in three double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, which showed it to have no significant overall effect on SOD or oxidative stress levels.[6][7][8] In 2017, LifeVantage was issued a warning letter by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding illegal advertising claims on the company’s websites suggesting that Protandim can play a role in helping to cure various ailments, including cancer and diabetes.[9][10][11]

Product history

In 2003, Lifeline Therapeutics, a privately held Denver-based nutraceutical licensing and marketing company, entered into an agreement with Massachusetts biotechnology company CereMedix for the rights to market CMX-1152, an experimental peptide-based compound, under the brand name "Protandim" (also sometimes referred to at that time as "Rholen," "Rejuven8r" and "ependymin").[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] CereMedix was a ten percent owner of Lifeline and members of the CereMedix management board served on Lifeline’s board of directors. CMX-1152 was claimed to upregulate the production of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and to offset the ageing process.[17]

CMX-1152 was due to be marketed as an over the counter anti-aging pill in June 2004 after completing human clinical trials. However, plans to market the CMX-1152 version of Protandim fell through and in April 2004 Lifeline Therapeutics announced that it would instead be marketing a different (non-peptide) dietary supplement under the name “Protandim CF” (to distinguish it from the peptide version initially developed by Cermedix). The new version of Protandim, a combination of 5 common herbal ingredients including turmeric and green tea was invented following “months of extensive research and development” by Lifeline employees Paul Myhill and William Driscoll (a former oil company executive), who together hold the patent on the product,[3] and it was launched in February 2005. Myhill and Driscoll resigned from the company later that year.[18][19][20][21]

Like CMX-1152, the herbal mixture known as Protandim that supplanted it was marketed by Lifeline as an "anti-aging" supplement that increases the body’s antioxidant defenses by upregulating superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. According to the company, the product was initially sold through retail channels such as GNC;[22] however, in 2009, after several consecutive years of multimillion-dollar losses, the company, which by then was doing business under the name LifeVantage, stopped marketing it through retailers and switched to multi-level marketing, selling it instead through a network of commissioned independent distributors. According to LifeVantage, the move from retail to multi-level marketing was prompted by the January 2008 hiring of David W. Brown, (formerly CEO and president of Metabolife) as the company's CEO and president.[23][24]

Beginning in 2005, Protandim was produced under a manufacturing agreement with The Chemins Company of Colorado Springs, Colorado.[25] In July 2008, LifeVantage entered into a new manufacturing agreement with Cornerstone Research & Development to produce Protandim, and with Wasatch Product Development to produce a Protandim-based skin cream (TrueScience).[26]

In 2006, biochemist Joe M. McCord joined the LifeVantage board of directors as the company’s Director of Science.[27] McCord, who is listed by the SEC as a LifeVantage insider shareholder,[28] served as a spokesperson for Protandim and was responsible for distributor training and product research.[28] Under the terms of his 2011 employment agreement, McCord received $529,994 in direct compensation as well as a 50-cent commission on every bottle of Protandim sold.[29][30] During his tenure with the company, McCord co-authored 12 studies on Protandim.[31][32][33][34][35][36][6][37][38][39][40] He went on to serve as LifeVantage’s Chief Scientific Officer from June 2011 until September 2012, and then became a member of its science advisory board. LifeVantage announced McCord’s retirement in June 2013.[41][42] Under the terms of the separation agreement, McCord was to receive a payment of $1.7 million from the company.[42]

In January 2014, McCord was replaced by Shawn Talbott (developer of CortiSlim),[43] who served as the company's Chief Science Officer[44] until being relieved of his duties in June 2015[45] and replaced in August 2015 by Natalie Chevreau, who was hired as the company's Senior VP of Research and Development and is credited with the invention of the company's TruScience skin care product.[46]

Product invention

As recently as July 21, 2011, LifeVantage credited McCord as the creator of Protandim on its website.[47] At a 2011 conference for LifeVantage distributors, McCord stated, "I was presented with a list of 41 potential ingredients for a product they wanted to call Protandim, and I went through the list and penciled out, rapidly, about 36 of those ingredients," leaving the 5 ingredients in the current formulation of Protandim.[48] In March 2009, former LifeLine Therapeutics executive, Paul Myhill stated, "We initially decided to hide that fact [that Myhill derived the core composition for Protandim] for marketing purposes and instead rely on the impeccable background of Dr. McCord." [49] In April, 2005, Myhill produced a signed letter from McCord in which McCord stated, "I do not honestly feel that I have made contributions to the intellectual property, up to this point, that would qualify me as an inventor...I must congratulate you and Paul for having framed the concept of Protandim so close to its final embodiment, prior to the beginnings of our association."[50]

Voluntary recall

In December 2012, LifeVantage issued a voluntary recall of select lots (10 lots in total comprising 247,896 bottles) of Protandim due to potential health risks arising from the possible inclusion of small metal fragments in the final product.[51][52] In February 2013, the company announced that it was extending the recall to include additional lots of the product, estimating the total cost of the recall at $5.9 million.[53]

Composition

Protandim consists mainly of a blend of 5 herbal ingredients (amounts per caplet listed in parentheses):[32]

Side effects

The side effects of Protandim may include allergic responses, gastrointestinal disturbances (stomach ache, diarrhea, vomiting), headache, and rash of the hands and feet.[54] A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial published in 2016 reported that side effects such as stomach ache, diarrhea, headache, nausea, and dizziness occurred in more than 25% of subjects who took Protandim during a 90-day period.[7] In addition, one subject withdrew from the study two weeks after starting Protandim supplementation due to complaints that the product caused her to be depressed.[7]

Research

Overview

Thirteen peer-reviewed research studies of Protandim were published as of 2013; all but two[31][6] were conducted in in vitro or in vivo animal models. Twelve of the studies were conducted, authored, or co-authored and/or funded in whole or in part by LifeVantage and/or its employees, or by the company's predecessor, Lifeline Therapeutics.[31][32][33][34][35][36][6][37][38][39][40][40]

LifeVantage advertises Protandim as a Nrf2 activator.[55] A 2003 in vitro study showed that Nrf2 and heme oxygenase 1 are induced by low doses of curcumin, (a chemical constituent of turmeric and one of the principal ingredients in Protandim) in isolated kidney epithelial cells.[56]

A 2008 review article noted that while many supplements are claimed to act as antioxidants, changes in the levels of TBARS and increases in the levels of antioxidant enzymes in response to a treatment do not provide a reliable indication that the treatment has an antioxidant effect, since the same responses are produced by pro-oxidant compounds that induce oxidative stress. The authors suggested that measurement of isoprostanes might be a better indication of lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage to DNA.[57]

A 2011 blog by Harriet A. Hall in Science-Based Medicine stated, "We simply don’t know enough at this point to recommend Protandim for treatment or prevention of any disease, for anti-aging, for making people feel healthier or more energetic, or for anything else."[58]

Human clinical studies

Four studies of Protandim have been conducted in human subjects. The first of these studies, conducted by McCord and other executives and shareholders of the company, was a non-randomized, non-controlled trial, which reported that Protandim (675 mg/day) increased the levels of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and catalase in red blood cells while reducing the levels of TBARS, a marker of oxidative stress (i.e., lipid peroxidation), in blood plasma.[14][31] The reduction of plasma TBARS occurred fairly rapidly, with most of the change having occurred within 5 to 12 days.[31]

A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial published by McCord and colleagues in 2012 examined the effect of Protandim on pulmonary oxidative stress and alveolar epithelial permeability in 30 recovering alcoholics.[6] Protandim (14 subjects at a dose of 1350 mg/day; double the daily dose recommended by the manufacturer) or placebo (in 16 subjects) were administered for 7 days. Relative to placebo-treatment, Protandim had no significant effects on alveolar epithelial permeability or on oxidative stress (plasma TBARS), epithelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-10 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Treatment with placebo, however, produced a significant reduction in plasma levels of TBARS.

Another double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial funded by LifeVantage and published in 2012, found that Protandim did not improve athletic performance, lower oxidative stress (plasma TBARS), raise antioxidant enzyme (SOD) concentrations, or improve quality of life in runners.[7]

Similarly, a company-funded randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study published in 2017 reported that Protandim (one 675-mg pill/day) ingested daily for 6 weeks had no effect on oxidative stress in plasma (TBARS) or skeletal muscle (protein carbonyl formation), systemic markers of inflammation (interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein), or Nrf-2 gene targets in healthy older adults who supplemented their diets with fat-free milk (three 8-oz glasses/day).[8]

In vitro and animal studies

In studies published by LifeVantage executive Joe McCord and colleagues, it was reported that Protandim increased glutathione levels in isolated cells[32] and that intraperitoneal injection of an alcohol-based extract of Protandim could suppress skin tumor incidence in an experimental model in mice[33][59] and result in suppression of p53 and induction of MnSOD in isolated mouse epidermal cells in vitro.[60]

An in vitro gene expression microarray study published by Dr. McCord and associates in 2011 examined the effect of Protandim on gene expression profiles in human primary vascular endothelial cells and a SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma-derived cell line. Protandim was found to upregulate Nrf-2 and to modulate the expression of a variety of other genes.[40] Similarly, an alcohol-based extract of Protandim was found to induce Nrf2 nuclear localization, phase II antioxidant enzyme expression, and Nrf2-dependent protection from hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress in isolated human coronary artery endothelial cells[37] and mouse cardiomyocytes in vitro.[38]

Another study conducted by Dr. McCord and associates investigated the effect of intraperitoneal injection of an alcohol-based extract of Protandim in an experimental model of pulmonary hypertension in rats. It was reported that the extract induced myocardial nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 and heme oxygenase 1, prevented a loss of myocardial capillaries, minimized fibrosis and preserved right ventricular function.[34]

Other studies by McCord and colleagues have examined the effects of Protandim on fibrosis in a rodent model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)[35] the effects of Protandim in an in vivo model of high altitude cerebral vascular leak,[39] and the effects of an alcohol extract of Protandim in an in vitro saphenous vein graft model.[36] In a study investigating the effects of various agents on skeletal muscle tissue function in an in vitro model of DMD, compounds used clinically for DMD treatment, such as the glucocorticoids, were found to produce a potentially beneficial increase in muscular contractile force, while Protandim produced the opposite effect, significantly inhibiting contractile force.[61]

None of the results of the in vitro and in vivo studies of Protandim have been replicated in controlled clinical trials with human subjects.

In 2009, LifeVantage was sued by Utah-based Zrii LLC, a marketer of nutritional fruit drinks endorsed by Deepak Chopra, based on allegations that LifeVantage had conspired with former Zrii executives to “ruin the company” and take it over “on the cheap” following a “mass exodus”. The case was closed in December 2009 following LifeVantage’s settlement payment of $400,000 to Zrii.[62]

On October 14, 2011, Burke Hedges, a former LifeVantage distributor (hired for his background as a speaker and trainer) filed a lawsuit with the Utah District Court against LifeVantage and its executives, seeking $3 million in punitive damages over allegations of wrongful termination and tortious interference.[63]

On April 17, 2017, LifeVantage was issued a warning letter by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regarding illegal advertising claims on the company’s websites suggesting that Protandim can play a role in helping to cure various ailments, including cancer and diabetes. The claims were deemed to be in violation of Section 201(g)(1)(B) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) [21 U.S.C. § 321(g)(1)(B)].[9][10][11]

Sponsorships

Major League Soccer team Real Salt Lake announced on October 29, 2013 that it had partnered with LifeVantage for a long-term, multimillion-dollar jersey-front sponsorship. The partnership was set to formally go into effect on January 1, 2014, with the LifeVantage logo appearing on the Real Salt Lake jersey starting in the next season.[64] In July 2015, Real Salt Lake owner Dell Loy Hansen was reported by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to have bought a 5.1 percent ownership stake in LifeVantage.[10]

References

  1. ^ "Management Team". Livevantage.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
  2. ^ "LifeVantage Announces Fourth Quarter and Full Fiscal Year 2013 Results". LifeVantage Corporation (press release). 12 September 2013. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  3. ^ a b US 7241461, Myhill, Paul R. & Driscoll, William J., "Composition for alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress in a mammal.", issued 10 July 2007 
  4. ^ LifeVantage Corporation"FAQs - LifeVantage". Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  5. ^ This statement or disclaimer is required by US law (DSHEA) when a manufacturer makes a structure/function claim on a dietary supplement label within the United States of America."FDA: Overview of Dietary Supplements". Retrieved 25 March 2010.
  6. ^ a b c d e Burnham, Ellen L.; McCord, Joe M.; Bose, Swapan; Brown, Lou Ann S.; House, Robert; Moss, Marc; Gaydos, Jeanette (2012). "Protandim does not influence alveolar epithelial permeability or intrapulmonary oxidative stress in human subjects with alcohol use disorders". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 302 (7): L688–99. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00171.2011. PMC 3330762. PMID 22268125.
  7. ^ a b c d Ueberschlag SL; Seay JR; Roberts AH; et al. (Aug 11, 2016). "The Effect of Protandim® supplementation on athletic performance and oxidative blood markers in runners". PLoS One. 11 (8): e0160559. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160559. PMC 4981460. PMID 27513339. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author4= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. ^ a b Konopka AR; Laurin JL; Musci RV; Wolff CA; Reid JJ; Biela LM; Zhang Q; Peelor FF 3rd; Melby CL; Hamilton KL; Miller BF (Apr 2017). "Influence of Nrf2 activators on subcellular skeletal muscle protein and DNA synthesis rates after 6 weeks of milk protein feeding in older adults". Geroscience. 39 (2): 175–186. doi:10.1007/s11357-017-9968-8. PMID 5411371. Retrieved July 21, 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Cite error: The named reference "Konopka2017" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b Kamrani, Christopher (April 26, 2017). "Real Salt Lake: RSL jersey sponsor LifeVantage in hot water with FDA over supplement's treatment claims". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  10. ^ a b c Montgomery, Matt (April 26, 2017). "FDA warns RSL kit sponsor LifeVantage over cancer treatment claims". SB Nation. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  11. ^ a b "2017 - Lifevantage Corp 4/17/17". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
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  13. ^ "The Uncertain Antiaging Pill (press release)". Betterhumans. December 1, 2004. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
  14. ^ a b Alison McCook (February 2006). "Your Money for Your Life". The Scientist. 20 (3): 33.
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  16. ^ Bailey, Patrick. "The Uncertain Antiaging Pill". Betterhumans. Archived from the original on December 4, 2004. Retrieved 2004-11-29. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ a b "Scientist returns to build long-life pill plant". The Scotsman. November 17, 2003. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  18. ^ a b Austin, Marsha (December 8, 2003). "Denver Businessmen Gamble on Selling Fountain of Youth in Pill Form". Denver Post. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  19. ^ "Some days it's just hard to believe". Footnoted. November 17, 2005. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
  20. ^ "Lifeline Therapeutics CEO resigns". Denver Business Journal. July 5, 2005. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  21. ^ "Paul R. Myhill. RE: Resignation from the Board of Directors and Executive Committee of Lifeline Therapeutics, Inc (Form 8-K)". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. November 11, 2005. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  22. ^ "Protandim to be Available at General Nutrition Center (GNC) Stores". Lifeline Therapeutics press release. July 20, 2005. Retrieved 2012-08-19.
  23. ^ "LifeVantage Corporation Appoints Industry Veteran David Brown as President & CEO (LFVN press release)". Reuters. January 14, 2008. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
  24. ^ "The LifeVantage Story". LifeVantage, Inc. Retrieved 2012-08-24. David Brown, President of LifeVantage Network, recognized Protandim's potential.
  25. ^ "LIFEVANTAGE CORP - 10KSB/A [Filed 06 January 2006]". sec.edgar-online.com. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
  26. ^ http://yahoo.brand.edgar-online.com/displayfilinginfo.aspx?FilingID=8164388-16511-132473&type=sect&dcn=0001193125-11-258536[full citation needed]
  27. ^ http://www.allbusiness.com/company-activities-management/board-management/5376294-1.html[full citation needed]
  28. ^ a b http://secwatch.com/mccord-joe-m[full citation needed]
  29. ^ "LifeVantage Corp 10-K 2011". sec.edgar-online.com. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  30. ^ "Employment agreement with Dr. Joe McCord". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. April 1, 2011. Retrieved 2014-09-21.
  31. ^ a b c d e Nelson, Sally K.; Bose, Swapan K.; Grunwald, Gary K.; Myhill, Paul; McCord, Joe M. (2006). "The induction of human superoxide dismutase and catalase in vivo: A fundamentally new approach to antioxidant therapy". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 40 (2): 341–7. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.08.043. PMID 16413416.
  32. ^ a b c d Velmurugan, Kalpana; Alam, Jawed; McCord, Joe M.; Pugazhenthi, Subbiah (2009). "Synergistic induction of heme oxygenase-1 by the components of the antioxidant supplement Protandim". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 46 (3): 430–40. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.10.050. PMID 19056485.
  33. ^ a b c Liu, Jianfeng; Gu, Xin; Robbins, Delira; Li, Guohong; Shi, Runhua; McCord, Joe M.; Zhao, Yunfeng (2009). Bauer, Joseph Alan (ed.). "Protandim, a Fundamentally New Antioxidant Approach in Chemoprevention Using Mouse Two-Stage Skin Carcinogenesis as a Model". PLoS ONE. 4 (4): e5284. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005284. PMC 2668769. PMID 19384424.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  34. ^ a b c Bogaard, H. J.; Natarajan, R.; Henderson, S. C.; Long, C. S.; Kraskauskas, D.; Smithson, L.; Ockaili, R.; McCord, J. M.; Voelkel, N. F. (2009). "Chronic Pulmonary Artery Pressure Elevation is Insufficient to Explain Right Heart Failure". Circulation. 120 (20): 1951–60. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.883843. PMID 19884466.
  35. ^ a b c Qureshi, Muhammad Muddasir; McClure, Warren C.; Arevalo, Nicole L.; Rabon, Rick E.; Mohr, Benjamin; Bose, Swapan K.; McCord, Joe M.; Tseng, Brian S. (2010). "The Dietary Supplement Protandim® Decreases Plasma Osteopontin and Improves Markers of Oxidative Stress in Muscular DystrophyMdxMice". Journal of Dietary Supplements. 7 (2): 159–178. doi:10.3109/19390211.2010.482041. PMC 2926985. PMID 20740052.
  36. ^ a b c Joddar, Binata; Reen, Rashmeet K.; Firstenberg, Michael S.; Varadharaj, Saradhadevi; McCord, Joe M.; Zweier, Jay L.; Gooch, Keith J. (2011). "Protandim attenuates intimal hyperplasia in human saphenous veins cultured ex vivo via a catalase-dependent pathway". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 50 (6): 700–9. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.008. PMID 21167278.
  37. ^ a b c Donovan, Elise L.; McCord, Joe M.; Reuland, Danielle J.; Miller, Benjamin F.; Hamilton, Karyn L. (2012). "Phytochemical Activation of Nrf2 Protects Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells against an Oxidative Challenge". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2012: 1–9. doi:10.1155/2012/132931. PMC 3364676. PMID 22685617.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  38. ^ a b c Reuland, Danielle J.; Khademi, Shadi; Castle, Christopher J.; Irwin, David C.; McCord, Joe M.; Miller, Benjamin F.; Hamilton, Karyn L. (2013). "Upregulation of phase II enzymes through phytochemical activation of Nrf2 protects cardiomyocytes against oxidant stress". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 56: 102–11. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.11.016. PMID 23201694.
  39. ^ a b c "Nrf2 Activation: A potential strategy for the prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness". Free Radic Biol Med. 63: 264–73. May 27, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.024. PMC 4130652. PMID 23722164. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  40. ^ a b c d Hybertson, Brooks M.; Gao, Bifeng; Bose, Swapan K.; McCord, Joe M. (2011). "Oxidative stress in health and disease: The therapeutic potential of Nrf2 activation". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 32 (4–6): 234–46. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.006. PMID 22020111.
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  50. ^ "McCord Rejects Credit for Inventing Protandim [Filed 29 March 2005]". Joe McCord. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  51. ^ "LifeVantage Corporation Announces Voluntary Recall and Replacement of Select Lots of Protandim® Dietary Supplement Due to Potential Health Risk" (Press release). 5 December 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
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  62. ^ Harvey, Tom (2009-12-23). "Supplement company Zrii settles suits against rebellious ex-managers: LifeVantage pays $400,000 in dispute stemming from failed takeover attempt". Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
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  64. ^ "Real Salt Lake unveils new long-term jersey-front partnership with LifeVantage". RealSaltLake.com. October 29, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
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