Paternal bond: Difference between revisions
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A '''paternal bond''' is the [[Human bonding|human bond]] between a [[father]] and his [[child]].<ref>Early Childhood Longitudinal Study 2006. "Measuring Father Involvement in Young Children's Lives." National Center for Education Statistics. ''Fathers of U.S. children born in 2001''.</ref> |
A '''paternal bond''' is the [[Human bonding|human bond]] between a [[father]] and his [[child]].<ref>Early Childhood Longitudinal Study 2006. "Measuring Father Involvement in Young Children's Lives." National Center for Education Statistics. ''Fathers of U.S. children born in 2001''.</ref> |
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==Fatherhood== |
==Fatherhood bonding == |
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Infants can become attached to their fathers. Mother-infant bonding has been a common focus in household research; however, more studies in the United States and Europe have been focused on the details of father-children attachments.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962171839|title=Gender in cross-cultural perspective|others=Brettell, Caroline,, Sargent, Carolyn F., 1947-|isbn=9780415783866|edition=Seventh edition|location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=962171839}}</ref> In the book, ''Gender in cross-cultural perspective,'' Barry S. Hewlett showed that infants do create bonds with their fathers. She explained how recently born children bond with their fathers at similar ages during development.<ref name=":3" /> Researchers question how father-infant bonding occurs because fatherood has many different roles in various cultures. Questions arise about how fathers have the ability to bond with children if they do not have the same kind of role that mothers do in the baby’s development. |
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The father of a child can develop the bond during the [[pregnancy]] of his [[significant other|partner]], feeling [[Attachment theory|attachment]] to the developing child. Research indicates that this may have some biological basis.<ref>Linda F. Palmer. "Bonding Matters: The Chemistry of Attachment." Attachment Parenting International News: Vol. 5, No. 2, 2002.</ref> Statistics show that fathers' levels of [[testosterone]] tend to decline several months before the birth of the child. Since high testosterone levels seem to encourage more aggressive behaviour, low levels may enhance the ability to develop a new relationship bond (i.e. with the child).<ref>Douglas Carlton Abrams, "The Making of a Modern Dad." Psychology Today, Mar/Apr 2002.</ref> |
The father of a child can develop the bond during the [[pregnancy]] of his [[significant other|partner]], feeling [[Attachment theory|attachment]] to the developing child. Research indicates that this may have some biological basis.<ref>Linda F. Palmer. "Bonding Matters: The Chemistry of Attachment." Attachment Parenting International News: Vol. 5, No. 2, 2002.</ref> Statistics show that fathers' levels of [[testosterone]] tend to decline several months before the birth of the child. Since high testosterone levels seem to encourage more aggressive behaviour, low levels may enhance the ability to develop a new relationship bond (i.e. with the child).<ref>Douglas Carlton Abrams, "The Making of a Modern Dad." Psychology Today, Mar/Apr 2002.</ref> |
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Fathers find many ways to strengthen the father-child bond with their children, such as soothing, consoling, feeding (expressed [[breast milk]], [[infant formula]], or [[baby food]]), changing diapers, bathing, dressing, playing, and cuddling. [[Babywearing|Carrying the infant]] in a sling or backpack or pushing them in a [[baby transport]] can build the bond, as can participating in the baby's bedtime routine. |
Fathers also have an important bonding role after the child is born. Fathers find many ways to strengthen the father-child bond with their children, such as soothing, consoling, feeding (expressed [[breast milk]], [[infant formula]], or [[baby food]]), changing diapers, bathing, dressing, playing, and cuddling. [[Babywearing|Carrying the infant]] in a sling or backpack or pushing them in a [[baby transport]] can build the bond, as can participating in the baby's bedtime routine. These are broad activities that fathers share to develop their father-infant bond. Fathers also have specific bonding roles that develop from their different cultures and societies. |
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American/European Father-Infant Bonding |
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European and American fathers are seen to have more of an aggressive and vigorous relationship with their child. This doesn’t mean harmful; however, it means there is physical and highly stimulating interaction between the father and child.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962171839|title=Gender in cross-cultural perspective|others=Brettell, Caroline,, Sargent, Carolyn F., 1947-|isbn=9780415783866|edition=Seventh edition|location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=962171839}}</ref> This gave the child emotions that reflected an exhilarating and fun-loving experience that allowed them to create a father-infant bond different than a mother-infant bond. It is shown that an infant's facial expressions and emotions towards their father is significantly different than their emotions towards their mothers, even at a very young age<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39695693|title=Throwaway dads : the myths and barriers that keep men from being the fathers they want to be|last=D.|first=Parke, Ross|date=1999|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|others=Brott, Armin A.|isbn=0395860415|location=Boston|oclc=39695693}}</ref> This shows that a father being present gives the child a variety in the way they interact with different people. The rough housing doesn’t just have importance towards the bonds the children make with the father, but also helps to teach them life lessons. Rough play helps to teach self control, helps children understand appropriate social roles, helps them realize when certain emotions should be used, and helps them understand others emotions and facial expressions.<ref name=":4" /> This form of bonding between the father and infant creates a bond that is unique. It allows the child to learn valuable lessons, while also being in an environment that enhances all of their senses and allows them to intensify their relationship with their father. |
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==Legal paternity== |
==Legal paternity== |
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Revision as of 17:37, 29 July 2018
A paternal bond is the human bond between a father and his child.[1]
Fatherhood bonding
Infants can become attached to their fathers. Mother-infant bonding has been a common focus in household research; however, more studies in the United States and Europe have been focused on the details of father-children attachments.[2] In the book, Gender in cross-cultural perspective, Barry S. Hewlett showed that infants do create bonds with their fathers. She explained how recently born children bond with their fathers at similar ages during development.[2] Researchers question how father-infant bonding occurs because fatherood has many different roles in various cultures. Questions arise about how fathers have the ability to bond with children if they do not have the same kind of role that mothers do in the baby’s development.
The father of a child can develop the bond during the pregnancy of his partner, feeling attachment to the developing child. Research indicates that this may have some biological basis.[3] Statistics show that fathers' levels of testosterone tend to decline several months before the birth of the child. Since high testosterone levels seem to encourage more aggressive behaviour, low levels may enhance the ability to develop a new relationship bond (i.e. with the child).[4]
Fathers also have an important bonding role after the child is born. Fathers find many ways to strengthen the father-child bond with their children, such as soothing, consoling, feeding (expressed breast milk, infant formula, or baby food), changing diapers, bathing, dressing, playing, and cuddling. Carrying the infant in a sling or backpack or pushing them in a baby transport can build the bond, as can participating in the baby's bedtime routine. These are broad activities that fathers share to develop their father-infant bond. Fathers also have specific bonding roles that develop from their different cultures and societies.
American/European Father-Infant Bonding
European and American fathers are seen to have more of an aggressive and vigorous relationship with their child. This doesn’t mean harmful; however, it means there is physical and highly stimulating interaction between the father and child.[5] This gave the child emotions that reflected an exhilarating and fun-loving experience that allowed them to create a father-infant bond different than a mother-infant bond. It is shown that an infant's facial expressions and emotions towards their father is significantly different than their emotions towards their mothers, even at a very young age[6] This shows that a father being present gives the child a variety in the way they interact with different people. The rough housing doesn’t just have importance towards the bonds the children make with the father, but also helps to teach them life lessons. Rough play helps to teach self control, helps children understand appropriate social roles, helps them realize when certain emotions should be used, and helps them understand others emotions and facial expressions.[6] This form of bonding between the father and infant creates a bond that is unique. It allows the child to learn valuable lessons, while also being in an environment that enhances all of their senses and allows them to intensify their relationship with their father.
Legal paternity
United States
In the U.S., legal paternity is presumed for the husband of the mother unless a separate action is taken; an unmarried man may establish paternity by signing a voluntary recognition of paternity or by taking court action.[7] Paternity may also be established between a man and a younger person, commonly in adoption, without the two being biologically related.
See also
- Father's rights
- Fathers as attachment figures
- Personal relationship
- Cinderella effect
- Maternal bond
- Parental leave
- Responsible fatherhood
- Shared Earning/Shared Parenting Marriage
References
- ^ Early Childhood Longitudinal Study 2006. "Measuring Father Involvement in Young Children's Lives." National Center for Education Statistics. Fathers of U.S. children born in 2001.
- ^ a b Gender in cross-cultural perspective. Brettell, Caroline,, Sargent, Carolyn F., 1947- (Seventh edition ed.). Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 9780415783866. OCLC 962171839.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Linda F. Palmer. "Bonding Matters: The Chemistry of Attachment." Attachment Parenting International News: Vol. 5, No. 2, 2002.
- ^ Douglas Carlton Abrams, "The Making of a Modern Dad." Psychology Today, Mar/Apr 2002.
- ^ Gender in cross-cultural perspective. Brettell, Caroline,, Sargent, Carolyn F., 1947- (Seventh edition ed.). Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 9780415783866. OCLC 962171839.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b D., Parke, Ross (1999). Throwaway dads : the myths and barriers that keep men from being the fathers they want to be. Brott, Armin A. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395860415. OCLC 39695693.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Child Support Enforcement. "Handbook on Child Support Enforcement." (Washington, DC: Author) [1]