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Proposals to purchase [[Greenland]] from [[Denmark]] have occasionally been made both in the [[United States government]] and to the Danish state. The United States has studied Greenland more than 150 years and considers the island of vital strategic importance to the military defense of North America. While the United States acquired the [[Danish West Indies]] in 1917, and once claimed part of the island, Greenland remains an [[autonomous territory]] within the Kingdom of Denmark.
Proposals to purchase [[Greenland]] from [[Denmark]] have occasionally been made both in the [[United States government]] and to the Danish state. The United States has considered the strategic importance of Greenland for more than 150 years. While the United States acquired the [[Danish West Indies]] in 1917, and once claimed part of the island, Greenland remains an [[autonomous territory]] within the Kingdom of Denmark.


==Background==
==Background==

Revision as of 18:08, 1 September 2019

Proposals to purchase Greenland from Denmark have occasionally been made both in the United States government and to the Danish state. The United States has considered the strategic importance of Greenland for more than 150 years. While the United States acquired the Danish West Indies in 1917, and once claimed part of the island, Greenland remains an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark.

Background

Early history of claims on Greenland

In 1261, the Norse colonies in southern Greenland accepted Norwegian overlordship. While these colonies later died out in 1400s, Norway's territorial claims to the area were not abandoned and continued to be asserted by Denmark-Norway after the union of the Danish and Norwegian realms in 1537. Beginning in 1721, missionaries and traders from Denmark-Norway began recolonizing southern Greenland. In 1775 Denmark-Norway declared Greenland a colony.[1] Along with all other Norwegian dependencies, Greenland was formally transferred from Norway to Denmark by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814.[2][3]

The United States also had a strong claim on Greenland. Much of it was unexplored when the treaty was signed. American Charles Francis Hall was the first to see northwest Greenland, during the Polaris Expedition,[4] and Robert Peary claimed much of the north for the United States.[5] When it wanted to purchase the Danish West Indies during World War I, Denmark required the country recognize the Danish claim over the whole island. United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing did so in 1917, and American opposition prevented a later attempt by the United Kingdom to secure a right of first refusal should Denmark ever decide to sell.[6][4][1] While reiterating that it should be consulted before any sale, Britain recognized Danish sovereignty over the island in 1920; France, Japan, Italy, and Sweden also did so.[7] Norway renewed a claim to Erik the Red's Land in 1931, but two years later the Permanent Court of International Justice ruled against the country, finding that the claim had been transferred to Denmark in 1814.[8][9][4]

20th century American interest

The United States maintains Thule Air Base on Greenland, which houses the 12th Space Warning Squadron. Under a bilateral agreement, Denmark has little ability to act in Greenland where United States national security is involved.

Peary opposed the United States giving up its claim to Greenland,[4] believing that doing so violated the Monroe Doctrine. He wanted to purchase the island for mineral wealth and to avoid foreign bases that would, as air and sea technology improved, threaten his country. During World War I the United States decided that obtaining the Danish West Indies to defend the Panama Canal was more important,[5] but in the 1920s General Billy Mitchell, advocating for expanding American air forces, wanted American bases on Greenland and Iceland.[4]

By the early 1940s the government agreed about Greenland's importance to the Arctic policy of the United States.[5] Before World War II, the island was part of RAINBOW 4, a contingency plan to deal with a siege of North America in which the United States was simultaneously attacked from every direction by every great power. In RAINBOW 4, American forces would preemptively seize all Dutch, Danish, and French possessions in the western hemisphere – including Greenland – and garrison them to form a defensive perimeter around the United States.[10][11][12]

During World War II, the German invasion of Denmark on April 9, 1940 gave that country a strong legal claim on Greenland. Because of its proximity to mainland North America and being the only known significant source of cryolite, and German attempts to use the island during the North Atlantic weather war, the United States for the first time applied the Monroe Doctrine on European colonies in the North Atlantic.[13][10][5] The US landed United States Coast Guard personnel from USCGC Northland, under arms, in Greenland to hold the territory for the United States. Prior to landing, the Coast Guardsmen were formally discharged from service and reconstituted as a force of American "volunteers" to create a legal fiction that would avoid charges of an American invasion of the country, the U.S. being neutral at the time and the Danish government-in-exile not having agreed to the landing.[14] The Danish government later agreed to the official entry of United States forces into Greenland, and the United States Army occupied the island in 1941.[14][13]

The United States continues to consider Greenland to be of vital strategic importance to the military defense of North America. In 1946 the Joint Chiefs of Staff listed it and Iceland as two of the three essential international locations for American bases. During the creation of NATO, the two islands were seen as more important to American and Canadian defense than some Western European countries.[5][15][16] Walter Berbrick of the Naval War College said in 2019, "Whoever holds Greenland will hold the Arctic. It’s the most important strategic location in the Arctic and perhaps the world".[17] As Denmark is unable to defend an ice-covered island 50 times larger than itself,[15] in April 1951 the country and the United States signed a treaty which gave the latter exclusive jurisdiction over a number of defense areas within Greenland.[18] Denmark recognized that without the agreement Greenland would become closer to the United States anyway, whether as a nominally independent country or with a Puerto Rico-like affiliation.[19]

In Operation Blue Jay the United States built Thule Air Base in northern Greenland, which it has maintained since;[20] the base, which employed more than 1,000 Greenlanders as of 1987, is midway between Moscow and New York.[15] In 2018 Berbrick proposed basing the United States Second Fleet in Greenland,[21] and Under Secretary of Defense for Policy John Rood signed an agreement to invest in dual-use infrastructure. Henrik Breitenbauch of the University of Copenhagen said that the agreement, which Greenland welcomed, was part of increasing American emphasis on defending North America.[22]

The island is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark.[23] Greenlandic independence is possible at any time based on Danish law;[24] as of 2019 about two thirds of the island supports independence. Greenland Home Rule gives its elected leaders autonomy over most internal affairs. Denmark controls foreign affairs and guards sea borders, while the United States controls external defense;[25] under the 1951 agreement it pays no rent for bases,[26] and Denmark has little ability to act in Greenland where United States national security is involved. The American presence benefits Danish civil authority over the island, however—Denmark subsidizes Greenland with more than $500 million annually—and allows the country to spend less on NATO while avoiding having foreign troops on Danish soil.[15][24][27][17] Although the island gives Denmark a role in Arctic geopolitics—as one of the five littoral states, Denmark is a signatory to the Ilulissat Declaration—fewer government officials have Greenlandic knowledge, and Danish companies and investors have little presence,[24] although one fifth of Greenlanders live in Denmark.[25]

Proposals

1867

United States Secretary of State William H. Seward (pictured, seated at center) commissioned an 1868 report on the feasibility of U.S. acquisition of Greenland.

In 1867, United States Secretary of State William H. Seward who had, that year, negotiated the Alaska Purchase from the Russian Empire, considered the idea of United States annexation of both Greenland and Iceland an idea "worthy of serious consideration".[28] Seward commissioned a report (A Report on the Resources of Iceland and Greenland, Peirce 1868), but made no offer.[28][29]

1910

A proposal for acquisition of Greenland was circulated within the United States Government in 1910 by United States Ambassador to Denmark Maurice Francis Egan. As suggested by Danish friends of Egan, the United States would trade Mindanao for Greenland and the Danish West Indies; Denmark could, in turn, trade Mindanao to Germany for Northern Schleswig. Denmark annexed Northern Schleswig from Germany after the German defeat in World War I.[5][7]

1946

In 1946 U.S. Secretary of State James Byrnes offered $100 million to Denmark in exchange for Greenland.

In 1946, the United States offered Denmark $100 million in gold bullion for Greenland.[30] The planning and strategy committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff determined that acquiring the island was vital to the United States; while "practically worthless to Denmark", it would allow staging areas from which to launch military operations over the Arctic Circle against America's adversaries.[30] Secretary of State James F. Byrnes made the offer on December 14, 1946, in a memorandum delivered to Danish foreign minister Gustav Rasmussen when he visited Washington.[31][32] The memorandum described the American position on what to do about an informal agreement made in 1941 by Danish Ambassador to the United States Henrik Kauffmann to station United States forces on Greenland. It suggested three alternatives: A 99-year lease on the existing American bases there, the United States wholly taking over the defense of the island, or the preferred option of the purchase of Greenland.[31][33]

The memorandum surprised Rasmussen.[31][34] Rumors at the time stated that the United States wanted to purchase Greenland,[7] but the Danish government's position was that the US would withdraw its troops, based upon language in the 1941 Kauffmann agreement that it remained in force "until agreement has been reached that current threats to the peace and security of the American continent have ended". The Danish government understood that the threats were the world war;[35][31] it did not know that the U.S. understood this to include postwar threats from the Soviet Union as well.[31]

Rasmussen declined all three options, and returned to Denmark.[31][36] He told United States Ambassador Josiah Marvel, "[w]hile we owe much to America I do not feel that we owe them the whole island of Greenland".[34] Reporting on the military's interest in purchasing it, Time in January 1947 stated that Lansing had erred in relinquishing the American claim to "the world's largest island and stationary aircraft carrier". The magazine predicted that Greenland "would be as valuable as Alaska during the next few years" for defense. Time observed that despite national pride "Denmark owes U.S. investors $70 million" while the country had a shortage of dollars,[6] but all political parties in Denmark rejected selling the island when they heard the rumors.[35] Jens Sønderup said in a 1947 budget debate:

There have been rumours in the newspapers about America wishing to acquire Greenland. King Dollar is, so to speak, about to become a major factor in all areas. I am not aware of any approach concerning the purchase of Greenland, but assume that it is a given that we will not embark on anything in that respect. Should the Greenlanders desire another relationship or secession, that would be another matter, but in this respect there can be no question of any form of financial transaction.[37]

Rasmussen responded in the debate that the idea was absurd, and declared Denmark unwilling in any way to cede sovereignty over Greenland.[33]

Rasmussen did not expect the American offer because of duplicity by Kauffmann, who with a friend at the United States Department of State advocated for an American presence in Greenland while not fully informing the Danish government.[33][34] Kauffmann had minimized in his reports the importance of a 1945 resolution in the U.S. House of Representatives calling for a purchase, saying that the idea was considered ridiculous by the U.S. government, when in fact it was not.[38] He had also not conveyed important parts of a 1945 American proposal to keep its bases on the island after the war. Rasmussen visited Washington in 1946 expecting to annul the 1941 agreement, not understanding because of Kauffmann's duplicity why nothing had happened with the Danish government's previous overtures in that regard.[33]

By offering to purchase Greenland, the United States told Denmark that it was not likely to ever leave.[25] Denmark would not fully understand for another decade the island's strategic importance to the United States. The Danish government's own outlook on national security was more parochial, and did not extend to viewing Greenland as a part of that.[39] In the meantime, the legal status of the 1941 arrangement was unsettled, with the United States still pressing for purchase and Denmark rejecting the offer, leaving matters at the status quo ante until the 1960s.[34][31][40]

After the change of government in Denmark in November 1947, the new government of Hans Hedtoft continued and expanded Kauffmann's strategy of duplicity.[41] To the Danish public, it maintained that the United States would withdraw from Greenland as expected. To the United States it stated that its own private position was that the American presence would remain. Its own private position was to persuade the United States to withdraw.[41][42] Kaufmann likewise continued with his own personal agenda.[41] However, the Danish government was not duplicitous on one point: That it was not going to outright cede Greenland to a foreign power.[41][42]

Marvel told Rasmussen that he should not do anything that would lead to the disclosure of anything that had transpired in Rasmussen's meeting with Byrnes.[39] The Danish government kept the American interest secret from the Danish public, as part of its own strategy.[42] The 1947 offer was classified until the 1970s when documents related to it were discovered by Jyllands-Posten.[30] A scholar wrote in 1950 that, despite official denials of the rumors of an American purchase, because of Greenland's large expense to Denmark and strategic importance, "the potential sale of the island to the United States remains a distinct possibility".[7]

2019

In 2019, President of the United States Donald Trump withdrew American acceptance of an invitation for a state visit to Denmark over Mette Frederiksen's (pictured) remarks rejecting the possibility of purchasing Greenland.

In 2017, the Danish government declined a proposal from a Chinese mining company to purchase an abandoned naval base on Greenland over concerns the arrangement would strain its relations with the United States.[43]

American president Donald Trump discussed the idea of purchasing Greenland with senior advisers.[44][45] Administration staff members reportedly discussed expanding the American partnership with the island, including a possible purchase; one official stated that the United States can subsidize Greenland for much more than Denmark can.[17]

When the Wall Street Journal reported on Trump's discussions in August 2019, Premier of Greenland Kim Kielsen, Greenland's Minister of Foreign Affairs Ane Lone Bagger, the Greenlandic representatives in the Parliament of Denmark, Prime Minister of Denmark Mette Frederiksen, previous Prime Minister of Denmark and de facto leader of the opposition coalition Lars Løkke Rasmussen, and members of other parties, from the far-left Red–Green Alliance to the far-right Danish People's Party all rejected a sale. Statements ranged from simple diplomatic comments that "Greenland is not for sale" to strong refusals calling the idea of a sale of Greenland and its people "completely ridiculous". Some politicians suggested that Trump's proposal to buy Greenland had to be a joke.[44][46]

On 20 August 2019 Trump canceled a planned state visit of the United States to Denmark over Frederiksen's remarks rejecting the possibility of a sale.[47] The cancellation came shortly after Carla Sands, the American ambassador, had tweeted that "Denmark is ready for the POTUS @realDonaldTrump visit! Partner, ally, friend" and reportedly surprised the Danish government; according to the New York Times, Denmark was bewildered by the news.[48] The following day, Frederiksen invited "stronger cooperation" with the United States on Arctic affairs.[49] Later on the same day, American secretary of state Mike Pompeo phoned the Danish foreign minister Jeppe Kofod, praising the Danish–American cooperation in the Arctic region, including Greenland, and the alliance between the two countries. Both also confirmed their intentions of strengthening the cooperation in the region.[50][51] The American consulate in Greenland, closed in 1953, will reopen in 2020.[52]

The opposition Partii Naleraq stated that with the American interest in Greenland "we now have a real alternative to" the Danish subsidy. While rejecting a purchase, the party proposed that Greenland begin the process in Danish law of becoming independent, and negotiate directly with the United States on American military and financial support.[53]

Admiral Nils Wang, former head of the Royal Danish Navy, said "Trump's approach may be wacky but it does send a serious message to Russia and China — don't mess with us on Greenland. This is a complete game-changer".[54] Weekendavisen and Breitenbauch said that Trump's interest in the island forced Denmark to not ignore Greenland as usual, and imagine the two apart.[27][19] A resident hoped that Trump's interest would cause Denmark to "wake up and show Greenland some respect. A lot of Danes think everyone here is just a drunk Inuit. But now that America wants to buy us, maybe they can see there is much of value here".[54] The island hoped that the publicity would increase outside tourism and investment.[26] After the president joked that he would not build a Trump Tower there, Nordic travel agencies saw significantly more interest in tourism in Greenland.[55][25] Greenland's tourism bureau listed Trump's offer and previous American interest in the island on its Website.[56]

Kielsen and Frederiksen likely will support additional American bases;[25] Breitenbauch said that because the United States remains his country's most important security partner, he described as a nightmare for Denmark the possibility of Trump demanding it choose between fulfilling the Wales Summit Declaration of defense spending as 2% of GDP, or keeping Greenland. Whether the island is independent or affiliated with Denmark or America, Breitenbauch said, the United States would continue military supremacy and to restrict foreign investments that affect national security.[19]

Other

In 1939 United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull's staff advised him to not offer to buy Greenland. United States Secretary of War Harry Woodring said that the island was too far from American sea or air routes.[5]

During the 1970s Vice President of the United States Nelson Rockefeller suggested buying Greenland for mining.[57] The proposal was first publicly reported in 1982 by Rockefeller's speechwriter Joseph E. Persico in his book The Imperial Rockefeller.[58]

Previous acquisitions of Danish territory by the United States

In 1917 Denmark sold the Danish West Indies to the United States, which were renamed the United States Virgin Islands and made an unincorporated territory of the United States.[59]

Impact of acquisition

A map shows the hypothetical construction of United States territory in the event of the acquisition of Greenland

An acquisition of Greenland by the United States would make the U.S. the second-largest nation in the world by land area, after the Russian Federation. It would be the single-largest territorial acquisition in American history, slightly larger than that of the Louisiana Purchase.[60]

Purchase price estimates of Greenland

In 2019, the Washington Post estimated the purchase price of Greenland would fall between $200 million and $1.7 trillion, with a middle estimate of $42.6 billion. The lower figure was based on an inflation and size-adjusted valuation of what the United States paid for Alaska, and the higher figure based on a price-to-earnings ratio of 847, which the newspaper said might be justified based on future valuations of its mineral deposits combined with the possibility that it might become a residential destination due to the effects of climate change.[61] FT Alphaville estimated a $1.1 trillion price for the territory. Its sum-of-the-parts analysis valued potential oil fields at $300 to 400 billion, rare-earth minerals at $500 to 700 billion, and real estate at $200 to $220 billion. The newspaper wrote that the US has "a history of accretive land acquisitions", with a 7.1% internal rate of return for the Louisiana Purchase, 7.4% for Manhattan, and 9.0% for Alaska.[62] 24/7 Wall Street estimated a purchase price for Greenland of $533 billion, using Wyoming as a comparable. "If the United States wants it for the strategic value of its property, both on land and offshore, and to project military power, the answer is that a value of $500 billion is not overly rich", 24/7 Wall Street concluded.[63]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Greenland and Denmark". danishmuseum.org. Museum of Danish America. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  2. ^ Cavell (2008), pp. 433ff
  3. ^ Dörr (2004), pp. 103ff
  4. ^ a b c d e Emmerson, Charles (2010). The Future History of the Arctic. PublicAffairs. pp. 89–90, 105–106. ISBN 978-0786746248. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Jones, Halbert (2016). Governing the North American Arctic: Sovereignty, Security, and Institutions. Springer. pp. 107–116. ISBN 978-1137493910.
  6. ^ a b "Deepfreeze Defense". Time. January 27, 1947. Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d Plischke, Elmer. "Territorial Sovereignty in the Arctic". dartmouth.edu. Encyclopedia Arctica. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  8. ^ Cavell (2008), p. 434
  9. ^ Dörr (2004), pp. 103ff
  10. ^ a b "Greenland: Arctic Outpost". arm.mil. United States Army. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  11. ^ Johnsen, William T. (2016). The Origins of the Grand Alliance: Anglo-American Military Collaboration from the Panay Incident to Pearl Harbor. University Press of Kentucky. p. 84. ISBN 978-0813168357.
  12. ^ Kaiser, David (2014). No End Save Victory: How FDR Led the Nation into War. Basic Books. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0465062997.
  13. ^ a b Berry, Dawn (December 2012). "Cryolite, the Canadian aluminium industry and the American occupation of Greenland during the Second World War". The Polar Journal. 2 (2): 219–235. doi:10.1080/2154896X.2012.735037.
  14. ^ a b "1941: The Coast Guard and the Greenland Operations". cgaviationhistory.org. Coast Guard Aviation Association. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  15. ^ a b c d Duke, Simon (1989). United States Military Forces and Installations in Europe. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–48. ISBN 0198291329.
  16. ^ Martin-Nielsen, Janet (February 2014). "City under the Ice: The Closed World of Camp Century in Cold War Culture" (PDF). Science as Culture. 23 (4): 443–464. doi:10.1080/09505431.2014.884063.
  17. ^ a b c Lippman, Daniel (August 24, 2019). "Trump's Greenland gambit finds allies inside government". Politico. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
  18. ^ https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/den001.asp#art2para3M
  19. ^ a b c Breitenbauch, Henrik (August 22, 2019). "Et kig ned i afgrunden". Weekendavisen (in Danish). p. 8. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  20. ^ Petersen, Nikolaj (Spring 2011). "SAC at Thule: Greenland in U.S. Polar Strategy". Journal of Cold War Studies. 13 (2): 90–115. doi:10.1162/JCWS_a_00138.
  21. ^ Berbrick, Walter; Pincus, Rebecca (September 22, 2018). "10 Big Ideas to 'Up America's Game in the Arctic'". The National Interest.
  22. ^ Breum, Martin (October 17, 2018). "China and the US both have strategic designs for Greenland". Arctic Today. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  23. ^
    • Benedikter, Thomas (June 19, 2006). "The working autonomies in Europe". Society for Threatened Peoples. Denmark has established very specific territorial autonomies with its two island territories
    • Ackrén, Maria (November 2017). "Greenland". Autonomy Arrangements in the World. Faroese and Greenlandic are seen as official regional languages in the self-governing territories belonging to Denmark.
    • "Greenland". International Cooperation and Development. European Commission. June 3, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2019. Greenland [...] is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  24. ^ a b c Jacobsen, Marc (May 4, 2016). "Denmark's strategic interests in the Arctic: It's the Greenlandic connection, stupid!". The Arctic Institute. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  25. ^ a b c d e Breum, Martin (August 23, 2019). "Why President Trump's idea to buy Greenland is not a joke in Denmark and Greenland". Arctic Today. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  26. ^ a b Gronholt-Pedersen, Jacob (August 27, 2019). "In spotlight after Trump offer, Greenland sees chance for an economic win". Reuters. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
  27. ^ a b Krasnik, Martin (August 22, 2019). "Greenland (Denmark)". Weekendavisen (in Danish). p. 12. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  28. ^ a b Andersen, Anna (April 20, 2015). "That Time The United States Was Thinking Of Buying Iceland". Reykjavík Grapevine. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  29. ^ Dyer, Brainerd (September 1940). "Robert J. Walker on Acquiring Greenland and Iceland". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 27 (2): 263–266. doi:10.2307/1896815. JSTOR 1896815.
  30. ^ a b c Nelson, W. Dale (May 2, 1991). "Wanna Buy Greenland? The United States Once Did". Associated Press. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Heymann et al. 2015, p. 251.
  32. ^ Oakley, Don (August 31, 1977). "Historian Claims U.S. Tried to Buy Greenland". Hattiesburg American. Associated Press. Retrieved August 16, 2019 – via newspapers.com.(subscription required)
  33. ^ a b c d Beukel 2010, p. 50.
  34. ^ a b c d Lidegaard 2003, p. 220.
  35. ^ a b Beukel 2010, p. 49.
  36. ^ Martin-Nielsen 2013, p. 42.
  37. ^ Beukel 2010, pp. 49–50.
  38. ^ Beukel 2010, p. 48.
  39. ^ a b Beukel 2010, p. 51.
  40. ^ Beukel 2010, pp. 51–52.
  41. ^ a b c d Beukel 2010, p. 52.
  42. ^ a b c Heymann et al. 2015, p. 252.
  43. ^ Matzen, Erik (April 6, 2017). "Denmark spurned Chinese offer for Greenland base over security: sources". Reuters. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  44. ^ a b "Greenland: Trump warned that island cannot be bought from Denmark". BBC News. August 16, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  45. ^ Hart, Benjamin (August 2019). "Report: Trump, Who Is the President, Wants to Buy Greenland". New York Magazine. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  46. ^ Sorensen, M.S. (August 16, 2019). "'Greenland Is Not for Sale': Trump's Talk of a Purchase Draws Derision". New York Time. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  47. ^ "Trump cancels Denmark visit over Greenland sale spat". BBC News. August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  48. ^ Sorensen, Martin Selsoe (August 21, 2019). "In Denmark, Bewilderment and Anger Over Trump's Canceled Visit". New York Times. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  49. ^ "Danish PM says cancellation of Trump visit won't hurt good U.S. relations". Reuters. August 21, 2019. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  50. ^ Vilsbøll, S.M.; Ritzau (August 22, 2019). "USA's udenrigsminister har taget en snak med Jeppe Kofod" [USA's secretary of state has talked to Jeppe Kofod] (in Danish). DR News. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  51. ^ Office of the Spokesperson (August 21, 2019). "Secretary Pompeo's Call with Minister of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Jeppe Kofod". US Department of State. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  52. ^ Mascaro, Lisa (August 24, 2019). "US to open Greenland consulate amid increased interest". Associated Press. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
  53. ^ Broberg, Pele (August 29, 2019). "TIDEN ER INDE" (Press release) (in Danish). Parti Naleraq. Retrieved August 31, 2019.
  54. ^ a b Levine, Jon (August 25, 2019). "Why Trump's desire to buy Greenland could actually be a 'game-changer'". New York Post. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  55. ^ Trammell, Kendall (August 22, 2019). "As Trump ponders buying Greenland, Americans are eyeing their next vacation spot". CNN. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  56. ^ "American Interest in Greenland - a historic perspective". Visit Greenland. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  57. ^ O’Donnell, Michael (February 4, 2015). "Fortune's Son". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
  58. ^ "Did Rockefeller Want Greenland as a State?". Minneapolis Star. February 18, 1982. Retrieved August 21, 2019 – via newspapers.com.(subscription required)
  59. ^ "Purchase of the United States Virgin Islands, 1917". state.gov. United States Department of State. July 21, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  60. ^ Van Dam, Andrew (August 16, 2019). "The acquisition of Greenland would trump the Louisiana Purchase". Washington Post. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  61. ^ Ingraham, Christopher (August 16, 2019). "Trump wants to buy Greenland. How much would it cost?". Washington Post. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
  62. ^ Powell, Jamie (August 16, 2019). "Greenland: Alphaville put on its sellside hat for the deal of the century". Financial Times. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  63. ^ McIntyre, Douglas A. (August 20, 2019). "How much would the US have to pay for Greenland? One estimate says half a trillion dollars". USA Today. 24/7 Wall Street. Retrieved August 20, 2019.

Bibliography

  • Cavell, Janice (December 2008). "Historical Evidence and the Eastern Greenland Case" (PDF). ARCTIC. 61 (4): 433–441. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
  • Dörr, Oliver (2004). Kompendium völkerrechtlicher Rechtsprechung (in German). Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 3-16-148311-1.
  • Beukel, Erik (2010). "The Greenland Issue". In Rytter, Jens Elo (ed.). Phasing Out the Colonial Status of Greenland, 1945–54: A Historical Study. Meddelelser om Grønland. Vol. 37. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 9788763525879. ISSN 0106-1062. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Heymann, Matthias; Nielsen, Henry; Nielsen, Kristen Hvidtfelt; Knudsen, Henrik (2015). "Small State versus Superpower". In van Dongen, Jeroen (ed.). Cold War Science and the Transatlantic Circulation of Knowledge. History of Modern Science. BRILL. ISBN 9789004264229. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Lidegaard, Bo (2003). Defiant Diplomacy: Henrik Kauffmann, Denmark, and the United States in World War II and the Cold War, 1939–1958. Studies in modern European history. Vol. 54. Translated by Jones, W. Glyn. P. Lang. ISBN 9780820468198. ISSN 0893-6897. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Martin-Nielsen, J. (2013). Eismitte in the Scientific Imagination: Knowledge and Politics at the Center of Greenland. Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology. Springer. ISBN 9781137375988. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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