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Treaty of the Danish West Indies

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Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies
Signed4 August 1916 (1916-08-04)
LocationNew York
Signatories
Citations39 Stat. 1706; TS 629; 7 Bevans 56
LanguagesEnglish, Danish
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1917 money transfer after the Treaty of the Danish West Indies
$25,000,000 receipt for the Treaty of the Danish West Indies
31 March 1917, after 251 years of Danish colonial rule, Dannebrog is lowered for the last time at the Governor's mansion at Saint Croix

The Treaty of the Danish West Indies, officially the Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies, was a 1916 treaty transferring sovereignty of the Virgin Islands in the Danish West Indies from Denmark to the United States in exchange for a sum of US$25,000,000 in gold ($700 million in 2024). It is one of the most recent permanent expansions of United States territory.[note 1]

History

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Background

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See also: History of the United States Virgin Islands

Two of the islands had been in Danish possession since the 17th century and St. Croix since 1733. The glory days of the colony had been from around 1750 to 1850 based on transit trade and the production of rum and sugar using African slaves as labor.[2] By the second half of the 19th century the sugar production was embattled by the cultivation of sugar beets, and although the slaves had been emancipated in 1848, the agricultural land and the trade was still controlled by the white population, and the living conditions of the descendants of the slaves were poor. By the early 1850s the islands had become increasingly unprofitable and expensive to govern from Denmark.

At the negotiations for the Treaty of Vienna after the defeat in the Second Schleswig War in 1864, Denmark had tried to use the islands as a trade-in for South Jutland (Schleswig), but the Prussian Government was not interested.[2]

On the eve of the American Civil War, the United States became interested in the islands as the possible location of a Caribbean naval base. After the war ended, 24 October 1867, the Danish parliament, the Rigsdag, ratified a treaty on the sale of two of the islands — St. Thomas and St. John — for a sum of US$7,500,000.[3][4] However, the United States Senate did not ratify the treaty due to concerns over a number of natural disasters that had struck the islands and a political feud with President Andrew Johnson that eventually led to his impeachment.[3]

Negotiations resumed in 1899 following the unofficial diplomacy of Walter Christmas.[5] On 24 January 1902, Washington signed a convention on the transfer of the islands for a sum of US$5,000,000.[6][7] The treaty was not approved in the Landsting, one chamber of the Danish legislature, within the allotted time due to obstruction by the opposition.[8] A new treaty was concluded in June 1902, extending the time limit of ratification by one year.[8] One chamber of the Danish parliament — the Folketing — passed the proposal, but in the other chamber — the Landsting — it failed with 32 votes against 32 (with one abstention) on 22 October.[8][9][10] In particular the conservative party Højre opposed it on the grounds that the treaty did not ensure the local population a vote on the matter, and that it did not grant them US citizenship or freedom from customs duty on the export of sugar to the United States.[2][7] According to historian Povl Engelstoft, there is no doubt that Council President Johan Henrik Deuntzer was privately against the sale even though his party, the Venstre Reform Party, supported it, and when the Landsting failed to pass the proposal, he made a statement that neither did he see a reason for the cabinet to step down, nor would he dissolve the Landsting or assume responsibility for any further work related to the sale.[7] This brought the process to a halt.

1915–16 negotiations

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Labor leader David Hamilton Jackson made a visit to Copenhagen in May 1915. He successfully raised awareness of the growing social desperation on the islands and the need to enter the customs territory of the United States in order for the islands to be able to cope with their economic crisis.[citation needed] After his visit, a majority of the Folketing was convinced that the Danish supremacy of the islands had to end.[11] The First World War had created a new situation: the relations between Germany and the United States were becoming worse as a consequence of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, and the Americans were concerned that after an invasion of Denmark the Germans might take control of the islands.[12] This would be unacceptable to the Americans as stated in the Monroe Doctrine.

The Danish government was convinced that the islands had to be sold for the sake of both the residents and Danish security, and that a transfer would have to be realized before the United States entered the war, so that the transfer would not become a violation of the Danish neutrality.[6][11] During May 1915, Foreign Minister of Denmark Erik Scavenius contacted the American government with the message that he believed that the islands ought to be sold to the United States and that although he would not make an official proposal, "if the United States gave any encouragement to the consideration of the possibility of such a sale, it might be possible."[13]

On 29 October 1915, United States Secretary of State Robert Lansing managed to reopen the negotiations.[12][14] The negotiations, which lasted until August 1916, were kept absolutely secret in order to maintain Danish neutrality.[12][15] Although rumors of the future sale did leak to the press, they were denied categorically by both Scavenius and Minister of Finance Edvard Brandes.[16] Archive materials show that, during these talks, Lansing implied that if an agreement on the sale of the islands was not reached, the U.S. military might occupy the islands to prevent their seizure by Germany.[17]

During 1916, the two sides agreed to a sale price of $25,000,000, and the United States accepted a Danish demand for a declaration stating that they would "not object to the Danish Government extending their political and economic interests to the whole of Greenland".[12][18] Although it had a claim on northern Greenland based on explorations by Charles Francis Hall[19] and Robert Peary, the United States decided that the purchase was more important, especially because of the nearby Panama Canal.[20] Historian Bo Lidegaard questions the utility of such a declaration, as the country had never disputed Danish sovereignty.[12]

At the time of the purchase, the colony did not include Water Island, which had been sold by the Danish state to the East Asiatic Company, a private shipping company, in 1905. The company eventually sold the island to the United States in 1944, during the German occupation of Denmark.[21]

Ratification

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The treaty was signed on 4 August 1916, at the Biltmore Hotel in New York City by Danish Minister Constantin Brun and Secretary of State Robert Lansing.[22] The U.S. Senate approved the treaty on 7 September 1916. A Danish referendum was held on 14 December 1916, and on 22 December the Danish parliament ratified the treaty.[23] U.S. President Woodrow Wilson ratified the treaty on 16 January 1917. Ratifications of the treaty were formally exchanged in Washington, D.C., on 17 January 1917. On 25 January, President Wilson issued a proclamation on the treaty, and on 9 March, King Christian X of Denmark also issued a proclamation.

On 31 March 1917, in Washington, D.C., a warrant for twenty five million dollars in gold was presented to Danish Minister Constatine Brun by Secretary of State Robert Lansing. Little reaction to the sale occurred among Danes, who saw the West Indies as an investment despite more than two centuries of possession.[24]

Cost

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David R. Barker of the University of Iowa stated that the acquisition of the Virgin Islands "is the clearest example of a negative net present value purchase" among US territorial acquisitions. "Expenses are high, and net revenues have been non-existent", he wrote; because of the Naval Appropriations Act For 1922, all tax revenue goes to the local government.[25]

Notes

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  1. ^ The most recent expansion of United States territory was when the Northern Mariana Islands came under U.S. sovereignty in November 1986.[1]

References

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  1. ^ "Proclamation 5564—United States Relations With the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  2. ^ a b c Schepelern, Otto (3 April 2007). "Dansk Vestindien: En bittersød historie" (in Danish). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Retrieved 13 May 2008.
  3. ^ a b "Transfer Day". Royal Danish Consulate - Virgin Islands. Retrieved 8 July 2007.
  4. ^ Wendt, Frantz (1951). "Rigsdagen 1915-40". In Bomholt, Jul.; Fabricius, Knud; Hjelholt, Holger; Mackeprang, M.; Møller, Andr. (eds.). Den danske rigsdag 1849-1949 bind II - Rigsdagens historie 1866-1949 (in Danish). Copenhagen: J. H. Schultz Forlag. p. 292.
  5. ^ Tansill, Charles Callan (1932). "A Strange Interlude—The Christmas Mission". The Purchase of the Danish West Indies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 218–285.
  6. ^ a b Scavenius, Erik (1959). Dansk udenrigspolitik under den første verdenskrig (in Danish). Copenhagen: Forlaget Fremad. p. 92.
  7. ^ a b c Engelstoft, Povl (1951). "Under grundloven af 1866". In Bomholt, Jul.; Fabricius, Knud; Hjelholt, Holger; Mackeprang, M.; Møller, Andr (eds.). Den danske rigsdag 1849-1949 bind II - Rigsdagens historie 1866-1949 (in Danish). Copenhagen: J. H. Schultz Forlag. pp. 197–199.
  8. ^ a b c Garner, J. W. (1902). "Record of Political Events". Political Science Quarterly. 17 (4): 720–743. doi:10.2307/2140775. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2140775.
  9. ^ "Los Angeles Herald 23 October 1902 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". Cdnc.ucr.edu. 23 October 1902. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  10. ^ "San Francisco Call 23 October 1902 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". Cdnc.ucr.edu. 23 October 1902. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  11. ^ a b Lidegaard, Bo (2006) [2003]. Dansk udenrigspolitiks historie 4: Overleveren 1914-1945 (in Danish) (2nd ed.). Copenhagen: Gyldendal. p. 80. ISBN 87-02-04976-7.
  12. ^ a b c d e Lidegaard 2006, p. 81
  13. ^ Tansill, Charles Callan (1966) [1932]. The Purchase of the Danish West Indies. The Albert Shaw lectures on diplomatic history. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Smith. p. 468.
  14. ^ Scavenius 1959, p. 93
  15. ^ Wendt 1951, p. 293
  16. ^ Wendt 1951, pp. 293–294
  17. ^ "Purchase of the United States Virgin Islands, 1917". 21 July 2008.
  18. ^ Tansill 1966, p. 537
  19. ^ Emmerson, Charles (2010). The Future History of the Arctic. PublicAffairs. pp. 89–90, 105–106. ISBN 978-0786746248. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  20. ^ Jones, Halbert (2016). Governing the North American Arctic: Sovereignty, Security, and Institutions. Springer. pp. 107–116. ISBN 978-1137493910.
  21. ^ "Water Island History - the Military History of Water Island".
  22. ^ 39 Stat. 1706; 7 Bevans 56.
  23. ^ Wendt 1951, p. 314
  24. ^ Wendel-Hansen, Jens Lei (23 August 2019). "How Donald Trump's proposal to buy Greenland really went down in Denmark". The Conversation. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  25. ^ "Researcher's analysis shows buying Alaska no sweet deal for American taxpayers" (Press release). University of Iowa. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
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