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→Uses: 1977 saw both the IMSAI IKB-1 intelligent keyboard and Micro Switch’s own intelligent keyboard (see Computer Design, October and December 1977), both microcontroller-driven — all the claims about that keyboard being first and being copied need much scrutiny!
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== Uses ==
== Uses ==
The Tandy/Radio Shack [[TRS-80 Model II]], released in 1979, used the 8021 in its keyboard.<ref>{{cite book |title=TRS-80 Model II Technical Reference Manual |publisher=Radio Shack |page=135}}</ref> The 8021 allowed the Model II to be the first desktop computer system with a separate detachable lightweight keyboard connected with by a single thin flexible wire, and likely the first keyboard to use a dedicated microprocessor, both attributes that would be copied years later by Apple and IBM. The 8021 processor scans the key matrix, converts switch closures to an 8-bit code and then transmits that code serially to the keyboard interface on the main system. The 8021 will also accept commands to turn indicator LEDs on or off. This was all done with just four chips, a remarkable feat at the time. The 8021 was also used in the keyboards for the TRS-80 Model 12, 12B, 16, 16B and the Tandy 6000/6000HD.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tandy 6000/6000HD Service Manual |date=1985 |publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack |page=213}}</ref>
The Tandy/Radio Shack [[TRS-80 Model II]], released in 1979, used the 8021 in its keyboard.<ref>{{cite book |title=TRS-80 Model II Technical Reference Manual |publisher=Radio Shack |page=135}}</ref> The 8021 allowed the Model II to be the first desktop computer system with a separate detachable lightweight keyboard connected with by a single thin flexible wire, and likely the first keyboard to use a dedicated microprocessor{{citation needed}}, both attributes that would be copied years later by Apple and IBM.{{citation needed}} The 8021 processor scans the key matrix, converts switch closures to an 8-bit code and then transmits that code serially to the keyboard interface on the main system. The 8021 will also accept commands to turn indicator LEDs on or off. This was all done with just four chips, a remarkable feat at the time. The 8021 was also used in the keyboards for the TRS-80 Model 12, 12B, 16, 16B and the Tandy 6000/6000HD.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tandy 6000/6000HD Service Manual |date=1985 |publisher=Tandy/Radio Shack |page=213}}</ref>


The original [[IBM PC keyboard]] used an 8048 as its internal [[microcontroller]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Technical Reference: Personal Computer |series=Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library |chapter=Section 4: Keyboard |publisher=[[IBM]] |date=April 1984 |edition=Revised}}</ref> The [[IBM Personal Computer/AT|PC AT]] replaced the PC's [[Intel 8255]] peripheral interface chip at I/O port addresses {{mono|[[hexadecimal|0x]]60–63}} with an 8042 accessible through port addresses {{mono|0x60}} and {{mono|0x64}}.<ref>{{Citation |title=Technical Reference: Personal Computer AT |series=Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library |chapter=Section 1: System Board |publisher=IBM |date=September 1985}}</ref> As well as managing the keyboard interface, the 8042 controlled the [[A20 line]] gating function for the AT's [[Intel 80286]] CPU and could be commanded by software to reset the 80286 (unlike the [[Intel 80386|80386]] and later processors, the 80286 had no way of switching from [[protected mode]] back to [[real mode]] except by being reset). Later PC compatibles integrate the 8042's functions into their [[super I/O]] devices.
The original [[IBM PC keyboard]] used an 8048 as its internal [[microcontroller]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Technical Reference: Personal Computer |series=Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library |chapter=Section 4: Keyboard |publisher=[[IBM]] |date=April 1984 |edition=Revised}}</ref> The [[IBM Personal Computer/AT|PC AT]] replaced the PC's [[Intel 8255]] peripheral interface chip at I/O port addresses {{mono|[[hexadecimal|0x]]60–63}} with an 8042 accessible through port addresses {{mono|0x60}} and {{mono|0x64}}.<ref>{{Citation |title=Technical Reference: Personal Computer AT |series=Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library |chapter=Section 1: System Board |publisher=IBM |date=September 1985}}</ref> As well as managing the keyboard interface, the 8042 controlled the [[A20 line]] gating function for the AT's [[Intel 80286]] CPU and could be commanded by software to reset the 80286 (unlike the [[Intel 80386|80386]] and later processors, the 80286 had no way of switching from [[protected mode]] back to [[real mode]] except by being reset). Later PC compatibles integrate the 8042's functions into their [[super I/O]] devices.

Revision as of 17:10, 25 December 2020

Intel 8048 microcontroller
The 8749 with UV EPROM
An Intel 8049 microcontroller, as used in a HP3478A multimeter. This chip was manufactured in the second week of 1984.
Intel 8749 die

The MCS-48 microcontroller series, Intel's first microcontroller, was originally released in 1976. Its first members were 8048, 8035 and 8748. The 8048 is probably the most prominent member of the family. Initially, this family was produced using NMOS (n-type metal–oxide–semiconductor) technology. In the early 1980s, it became available in CMOS technology. It was still manufactured into the 1990s to support older designs that still used it.

The MCS-48 series has a modified Harvard architecture, with internal or external program ROM and 64–256 bytes of internal (on-chip) RAM. The I/O is mapped into its own address space, separate from programs and data.

Though the MCS-48 series was eventually replaced by the very popular MCS-51 series, even by the year 2000, it remained quite popular due to its low cost, wide availability, memory-efficient one-byte instruction set, and mature development tools. Because of this, it is much used in high-volume, cost-sensitive consumer electronics devices such as TV remotes, computer keyboards, and toys.

Variants

The 8049 has 2 KB of masked ROM (the 8748 and 8749 had EPROM) that can be replaced with a 4 KB external ROM, as well as 128 bytes of RAM and 27 I/O ports. The microcontroller's oscillator block divides the incoming clock into 15 internal phases, thus with its 11 MHz max. crystal one gets 0.73 MIPS (of one-clock instructions). Some 70% of instructions are single byte/cycle ones, but 30% need two cycles and/or two bytes, so the raw performance would be closer to 0.5 MIPS.

The Intel 8748 has 2× 8-bit timers, 27× I/O ports, 64 bytes of RAM and 1 KB of EPROM. A version with 2 KB EPROM and 128 bytes RAM was also available under the 8749 number.

Device Internal Memory Remarks
8020 1K × 8 ROM 64 × 8 RAM subset of 8048, 20 pins, only 13 I/O lines
8021 1K × 8 ROM 64 × 8 RAM subset of 8048, 28 pins, 21 I/O lines
8022 2K × 8 ROM 64 × 8 RAM subset of 8048, A/D-converter
8035 none 64 × 8 RAM
8039 none 128 × 8 RAM
8040 none 256 × 8 RAM
8048 1K × 8 ROM 64 × 8 RAM
8049 2K × 8 ROM 128 × 8 RAM
8050 4K x 8 ROM 256 × 8 RAM
8748 1K × 8 EPROM 64 × 8 RAM
8749 2K × 8 EPROM 128 × 8 RAM
87P50 ext. ROM socket 256 × 8 RAM Has piggy-back socket for 2758/2716/2732 EPROM.
8648 1K × 8 OTP EPROM 64 × 8 RAM factory OTP EPROM


Device Internal Memory Remarks
8041 1K × 8 ROM 64 × 8 RAM Universal Peripheral Interface (UPI)
8041AH 1K × 8 ROM 128 × 8 RAM UPI
8741A 1K × 8 EPROM 64 × 8 RAM UPI, EPROM version of 8041
8741AH 1K × 8 OTP EPROM 128 × 8 RAM UPI, OTP EPROM version of 8041AH
8042AH 2K × 8 ROM 256 × 8 RAM UPI
8742 2K × 8 EPROM 128 × 8 RAM UPI, EPROM version
8742AH 2K × 8 OTP EPROM 256 × 8 RAM UPI, OTP EPROM version of 8042AH

Uses

The Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Model II, released in 1979, used the 8021 in its keyboard.[1] The 8021 allowed the Model II to be the first desktop computer system with a separate detachable lightweight keyboard connected with by a single thin flexible wire, and likely the first keyboard to use a dedicated microprocessor[citation needed], both attributes that would be copied years later by Apple and IBM.[citation needed] The 8021 processor scans the key matrix, converts switch closures to an 8-bit code and then transmits that code serially to the keyboard interface on the main system. The 8021 will also accept commands to turn indicator LEDs on or off. This was all done with just four chips, a remarkable feat at the time. The 8021 was also used in the keyboards for the TRS-80 Model 12, 12B, 16, 16B and the Tandy 6000/6000HD.[2]

The original IBM PC keyboard used an 8048 as its internal microcontroller.[3] The PC AT replaced the PC's Intel 8255 peripheral interface chip at I/O port addresses 0x60–63 with an 8042 accessible through port addresses 0x60 and 0x64.[4] As well as managing the keyboard interface, the 8042 controlled the A20 line gating function for the AT's Intel 80286 CPU and could be commanded by software to reset the 80286 (unlike the 80386 and later processors, the 80286 had no way of switching from protected mode back to real mode except by being reset). Later PC compatibles integrate the 8042's functions into their super I/O devices.

The 8048 was used in the Magnavox Odyssey² video game console, the Korg Trident series,[5] and the Korg Poly-61,[6] Roland Jupiter-4 and Roland ProMars[7] analog synthesizers. The Sinclair QL used the closely related Intel 8049 to manage its keyboard, joystick ports, RS-232 inputs and audio.

Another variant, the ROM-less 8035, was used in Nintendo's arcade game Donkey Kong. Although not being a typical application for a microcontroller, its purpose was to generate the background music of the game.

Derived microcontrollers

Philips Semiconductors (now NXP) owned a license to produce this series and developed their MAB8400-family based on this architecture. These were the first microcontrollers with an integrated I²C-interface and were used in the first Philips (Magnavox in the US) Compact Disc players (e.g. the CD-100).[8]

Literature

MCS-48
  • MCS-48 Single Component Microcomputer, Applications Seminar Notebook, 1978, Intel Corporation.
  • MCS-48 MICROCOMPUTER USER'S MANUAL, 1978, Intel Corporation.
  • Lionel Smith, Cecil Moore: Serial I/O and Math Utilities for the 8049 Microcomputer, Application Note AP-49, January 1979, Intel Corporation.
  • A High-Speed Emulator for Intel MCS-48 Microcomputers, Application Note AP-55A, August 1979, Intel Corporation.
  • Phil Dahm, Stuart Rosenberg: Intel MCS-48 and UPI-41A Microcontrollers, Reliability Report RR-25, December 1979, Intel Corporation.
  • Microcontroller Handbook, Intel 1984, Order number 210918-002.
  • 8-Bit Embedded Controllers, Intel 1991, Order number 270645-003.
UPI-41
  • UPI-41A User's Manual, Intel 1980, Order number 9800504-02 Rev. B.
  • Microprocessor Peripherals UPI-41A/41AH/42/42AH User's Manual, October 1993, Order number 231318-006, Intel Corporation.
  • Johan Beaston, Jim Kahn: An 8741A/8041A Digital Cassette Controller, Application Note AP-90, May 1980, Intel Corporation.

See also

References

  1. ^ TRS-80 Model II Technical Reference Manual. Radio Shack. p. 135.
  2. ^ Tandy 6000/6000HD Service Manual. Tandy/Radio Shack. 1985. p. 213.
  3. ^ "Section 4: Keyboard", Technical Reference: Personal Computer, Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library (Revised ed.), IBM, April 1984
  4. ^ "Section 1: System Board", Technical Reference: Personal Computer AT, Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library, IBM, September 1985
  5. ^ "Korg Trident Service Manual". Korg. p. 4. Retrieved 10 February 2018 – via Synthfool.
  6. ^ "Korg Poly-61 Service Manual" (PDF).
  7. ^ Gordon Reid (November 2004). "The History Of Roland, Part 1: 1930–1978". The History Of Roland. Sound On Sound Magazine. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
  8. ^ Datasheet (pdf) Philips MAB8400-Family

This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.

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