Althaea officinalis
| Althaea officinalis | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Genus: | Althaea |
| Species: | A. officinalis
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| Binomial name | |
| Althaea officinalis | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Althaea officinalis, the marsh mallow[2] or marshmallow,[3] is a species of flowering plant indigenous to Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, which is used in herbalism and as an ornamental plant. A confection made from the root since ancient Egyptian times evolved into today's marshmallow treat[4] (though most modern marshmallow treats no longer contain any marsh-mallow root).[5]
Description
This herbaceous perennial has stems which die down in the autumn, They typically grow 90 to 120 cm (3 to 4 ft), but can reach 2.0 m (6+1⁄2 ft) and put out only a few lateral branches.[6] The leaves are shortly petioled, roundish, ovate-cordate, 50 to 75 mm (2 to 3 in) long, and about 30 mm (1+1⁄4 in) broad, entire or three to five lobed, irregularly toothed at the margin, and thick. They are soft and velvety on both sides, due to a dense covering of stellate hairs. The lilac-pink[2] flowers are shaped like those of the common mallow, but are smaller and of a pale colour, and are either axillary, or (more often) in panicles.
The stamens are united into a tube, the anthers, kidney-shaped and one-celled. The flowers are in bloom during August and September, and are followed, as in other species of this order, by the flat, round fruit which are popularly called "cheeses".
The common mallow is frequently called "marsh mallow" in colloquial terms, but the true marsh mallow is distinguished from all the other mallows growing in Great Britain by the numerous divisions of the outer calyx (six to nine cleft), by the hoary down which thickly clothes the stems and foliage, and by the numerous panicles of blush-coloured flowers, paler than the common mallow. The roots are perennial, thick, long and tapering, very tough and pliant, whitish yellow outside, white and fibrous within.
The Latin specific epithet officinalis indicates plants with some culinary or medicinal value.[7]
Phytochemicals
Chemical constituents include altheahexacosanyl lactone (n-hexacos-2-enyl-1,5-olide), 2β-hydroxycalamene (altheacalamene) and altheacoumarin glucoside (5,6-dihydroxycoumarin-5-dodecanoate-6β-D-glucopyranoside), along with the known phytoconstituents lauric acid, β-sitosterol and lanosterol.[8]
Uses
Ornamental
Marshmallows are used in gardening as ornamental plants. Like most herbaceous perennials they require a sunny or partially-shaded position in moist, well-drained soil.
Herbal medicine
The leaves, flowers and the root of A. officinalis (marshmallow) have been used in traditional herbal medicine. This use is reflected in the name of the genus, which comes from the Greek ἀλθαίνειν (althainein), meaning "to heal."[4][9][10]
Marshmallow is traditionally used as relief for irritation of mucous membranes,[11] including use as a gargle for mouth and throat ulcers and gastric ulcers.[12] In Russia, the root syrup is sold without a prescription by pharmacies, with intent to treat respiratory and digestive ailments.[13]
Culinary
Most of the mallows have been used as food, and are mentioned by early classic writers with this connection. Mallow was an edible vegetable among the Romans; a dish of marsh mallow was one of their delicacies. Prospero Alpini stated in 1592 that a plant of the mallow kind was eaten by the Egyptians. Many of the poorer inhabitants of Syria subsisted for weeks on herbs, of which marshmallow is one of the most common.[citation needed] When boiled first and fried with onions and butter, the roots are said to form a palatable dish,[14] and in times of scarcity consequent upon the failure of the crops, this plant, which grows there in great abundance, is collected heavily as a foodstuff.
The young leaves can be cooked. The flower buds can be pickled.[15] The roots can be peeled, sliced, boiled and sweetened to make candy. Water used to boil any part of the plant can be used as an egg white substitute.[15]
The root extract (halawa extract) is sometimes used as flavoring in the making of a Middle Eastern snack called halva. The later French version of the recipe, called pâte de guimauve (or guimauve for short), included an egg white meringue and was often flavored with rose water. Pâte de guimauve more closely resembles contemporary commercially available marshmallows, which no longer contain Althaea officinalis.
References
- ^ a b "Althaea officinalis". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2017-04-18.
- ^ a b "Althaea officinalis". RHS. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- ^ "Althaea officinalis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ a b Simonetti, Gualtiero (1990). Stanley Schuler (ed.). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Herbs and Spices. Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-73489-X.
- ^ "Marshmallows". NCA. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
- ^ Martin Crawford, How to grow Perennial Vegetables, Green Books, 2012
- ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 184533731X.
- ^ Rani, S.; Khan, S.A.; Ali, M. (2010). "Phytochemical investigation of the seeds of Althea officinalis L". Natural Product Research. 24 (14): 1358–1364. doi:10.1080/14786411003650777. PMID 20803381. S2CID 2114777.
- ^ ἀλθαίνειν. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "marshmallow". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ Cavero, R (2 December 2014). "Medicinal plants used for respiratory affections in Navarra and their pharmacological validation". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 158 (Part A): 216–220. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.003. PMID 25311273.
- ^ "John S. Williamson & Christy M. Wyandt 1997. Herbal therapies: The facts and the fiction. Drug topics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
- ^ "Althaea officinalis - medicinal properties, use, recipes (translated from Russian)". www.mplants.org.ua. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
- ^ Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9
- ^ a b Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
Further reading
Cavero, R (December 2, 2014). "Medicinal plants used for respiratory affections in Navarra and their pharmacological validation". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 158 (Part A): 216–220. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.003. PMID 25311273.
External links
