2023 Al Haouz earthquake
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![]() Collapsed building in Moulay Brahim | |
UTC time | 2023-09-08 22:11:01 |
---|---|
ISC event | 626740945 |
USGS-ANSS | ComCat |
Local date | 8 September 2023 |
Local time | 23:11 |
Magnitude | 6.8 Mww, 6.9 Mw |
Depth | 26.3 km (16.3 mi) |
Epicenter | 31°06′36″N 8°26′24″W / 31.110°N 8.440°W |
Type | Oblique-thrust |
Areas affected | Morocco |
Max. intensity | MMI VIII (Severe) |
Casualties | 1,037+ killed, 1,204+ injured |
On 8 September 2023 at 23:11 DST (22:11 UTC), a moment magnitude 6.8–6.9 earthquake struck the Marrakesh-Safi region of Morocco. The earthquake's epicenter was located 71.8 km (44.6 mi) southwest of Marrakesh, near the town of Ighil in the Atlas Mountains.[1] It occurred as a result of shallow oblique-thrust faulting beneath the mountain range. At least 1,037 deaths were reported, with most occurring outside Marrakesh. Damage was widespread, including historic landmarks in Marrakesh. The earthquake was also felt in Spain, Portugal, and Algeria.[2][3]
Tectonic setting
Morocco lies close to the boundary between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate, the Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault.[4] This zone of right-lateral strike-slip becomes transpressional at its eastern end, with the development of large thrust faults. To the east of the Strait of Gibraltar, in the Alboran Sea, the boundary becomes collisional in type. Most of the seismicity in Morocco is related to movement on that plate boundary, with the greatest seismic hazard in the north of the country close to the boundary.[5] In 2004, Al Hoceima was struck by a magnitude 6.3 earthquake that killed 628 people and left 926 injured. A magnitude 7.3 earthquake affecting neighboring Algeria in 1980 killed 2,500 people.[6]
The Atlas Mountains are a intracontinental mountain belt that extends from Morocco to Tunisia for 2,000 km (1,200 mi). These mountains formed from the collision beginning in the Cenozoic. The mountain range reaches its highest elevation to the west, in Morocco.[7] Seismicity in Morocco is concentrated in the country's northern region and the Alboran Sea. South of the Rif, seismic activity is sparse but spread across the Middle, High and Anti Atlas. Seismicity in the Saharan Atlas is limited and none in the Saharan region south of the belt; it is also less active eastwards in Algeria and Tunisia. Previously, the largest earthquake recorded in the Atlas Mountains was the Mw 5.9 earthquake that struck Agadir in 1960. Earthquakes in the Atlas Mountains display focal mechanisms of strike-slip, thrust or a combination of both (oblique-slip).[8]
Earthquake
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M_6.8_-_Morocco_ShakeMap_8_Sept_2023.jpg/180px-M_6.8_-_Morocco_ShakeMap_8_Sept_2023.jpg)
The earthquake is the largest instrumentally recorded in Morocco's modern history,[9] only being surpassed by upper estimates of the 1755 Meknes earthquake, at Mw 6.5–7.0.[10] The Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) reported a magnitude of Mw 6.9.[11] It occurred at 26.3 km (16.3 mi) depth, and had a magnitude of Mww 6.8, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS),[12] while Morocco’s seismic agency reported a focal depth of 8 km (5.0 mi)[13] and a magnitude of 7.2.[14] According to the European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre, it was also felt in Portugal, Spain, Mauritania, Algeria, Western Sahara and along the coast of the Strait of Gibraltar.[15] The tremors were detected by monitoring stations as far away as Egypt.[16] Witnesses said the shaking lasted for about 20 seconds.[17] A magnitude 4.9 aftershock occurred 19 minutes after the mainshock.[13]
According to the USGS, the earthquake had a focal mechanism indicating oblique-thrust faulting beneath the High Atlas. The rupture occurred on a steep-dipping oblique-reverse fault striking northwest or a shallow-dipping oblique-reverse fault striking east. It also estimated the fault rupture area to be 30 km (19 mi) by 20 km (12 mi). Many east-west and northeast-southwest strike-slip and thrust faults occur in the High Atlas. Since 1900, there has not been a Mw 6.0 or larger earthquake within 500 km (310 mi) of the recent earthquake's epicenter; but nine Mw 5.0 and larger events have occurred to its east.[12]
Impact
According to state-run television, citing the Moroccan Interior Ministry,[18] at least 1,037 people were killed and 1,204 others were injured;[19][20] At least 721 of the injured were in serious condition.[19][21] Many fatalities occurred in remote locations south of Marrakesh.[22][23] A majority of deaths occurred in Al-Haouz (542) and Taroudant (321) provinces. Deaths were also reported in Chichaoua (103), Ouarzazate (38), Marrakesh (13), Azilal (11), Agadir (5), Greater Casablanca (3), Youssoufia (1) and Tinghir (1).[24] In Moulay Brahim, residents became trapped under collapsed buildings and volunteers made rescue attempts.[25]
Some homes in older parts of Marrakesh and portions of the city walls collapsed,[26] leaving families trapped beneath debris.[27] At Jemaa el-Fnaa, a minaret of the Kharboush Mosque and parts of its walls collapsed, crushing vehicles below.[28] The Koutoubia Mosque was also reportedly damaged.[13] Several buildings in the Medina of Marrakesh, a UNESCO World Heritage Site dating from the 12th century, also collapsed.[17][23] Internet access was disrupted due to power cuts.[29]
The Interior Ministry said the majority of damage occurred away from cities and towns.[13] Near the epicenter of the High Atlas, public television channel Al Aoula reported many buildings collapsed.[30] At the earthquake's epicenter in the town of Al-Haouz, a collapsed house trapped its residents under rubble.[31] At Amizmiz, a village near the epicenter, rescuers used their hands to sort through debris. Twenty firefighters and soldiers attended to the remains of a house; they also recovered at least two bodies.[32] Nearly all of the 50 traditional houses in the village of Majat was destroyed and dozens of its inhabitants were killed.[33] Ninety-percent of houses in Asni were reportedly destroyed.[34] Additional homes in towns near the epicenter collapsed partly or completely. Electricity and roads were also cut in some areas.[35] In Essaouira, parts of facades reportedly fell off.[29]
Imlil and nearby villages near Toubkal were destroyed or severely damaged by the earthquake.[36] Extensive damage was reported to the Tinmal Mosque, a historic monument in the High Atlas.[37] Outside Agadir, in the villages of Taqi and Tadrart, many homes were destroyed.[38]
- Earthquake aftermath in Marrakesh and Moulay Brahim
-
Aftermath
People in Marrakesh removed rubble by hand whilst awaiting heavy equipment. Many panic-stricken residents remained outdoors for fear of another earthquake. Media posted on social media showed people evacuating a shopping centre, restaurants and apartment buildings.[32] In the capital Rabat, 350 km (220 mi) north of the epicenter, and at Imsouane, a coastal town, residents also left their homes.[39]
The General Secretary of the Directorate General of Internal Affairs said officials including security teams were assembling resources to supply aid and assess damage.[40] In Salé, trucks carried blankets, camp beds and lighting devices to the affected areas. Semi-trailers also carried supplies to reach these areas.[41] Local channel 2M shared videos of emergency vehicles travelling along a dirt road.[42] Rescue missions were disrupted as the roads through the mountainous region were congested with vehicles and fallen rocks.[18] In Al-Haouz Province, rocks were removed from roads to enable ambulances and aid to reach the affected areas.[18]
There was a surge in wounded people admitted to hospitals in Marrakesh.[43] Injured people from outside Marrakesh also began to trickle into the city to get treatment.[44] An appeal was made to the city's residents for blood donations.[45] In the morning of 9 September, roughly 200 people, including tourists, visited a hospital to donate blood. Damage assessments in Marrakesh revealed most of the city was relatively undamaged.[46]
King Mohammed VI authorized the deployment of the Royal Moroccan Army in various affected cities in order to help.[47][48] The army later set up a field hospital in Moulay Brahim.[49] Survivors at Moulay Brahim began excavating graves on a hill to bury the dead.[50] Operations at Marrakesh Airport remained normal but two Ryanair flights from Marrakesh to Brussels and Beauvais, France, that were scheduled for 9 September were cancelled. British Airways replaced its regular aircraft to Marrakesh with a larger one to carry British nationals requesting repatriation.[51]
The Confederation of African Football postponed the qualifying match for the 2024 Africa Cup of Nations between Morocco and Liberia, which was due to be held in Agadir on 9 September.[52]
Reactions
India,[53] Algeria,[54] France,[55][56] Portugal,[57] Romania,[58] Taiwan,[59] Thailand,[60] Tunisia,[59] Turkey,[61] the United Kingdom,[62] the United States,[63][64] the European Union,[65] and the United Nations[66] offered to provide assistance and support to Morocco. So far, the Moroccan government has not formally asked for foreign assistance, which would allow the entry of such aid.[67]
In France, Benoît Payan, the mayor of Marrakesh's sister city Marseille, announced on X that he was sending firefighters to Morocco to help with rescue operations.[68][69] The French Embassy in Morocco opened a crisis unit hotline.[70]
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and King Abdullah II of Jordan ordered their governments to send aid to Morocco,[71][72][73] while the UAE's president Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan ordered the establishment of an air bridge to transport relief aid and other support.[74][75] Algeria opened its airspace to Morocco for the first time since 2021 to facilitate the arrival of humanitarian aid.[76][54] Spain placed its Military Emergencies Unit, its other aid agencies and its embassy in Rabat at Morocco's disposal.[77]
The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) on behalf of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) to provide for wide albeit contingent humanitarian satellite coverage.[78]
See also
- Lists of 21st-century earthquakes
- List of earthquakes in 2023
- List of earthquakes in Morocco
- 2003 Boumerdès earthquake — Mw 6.8 thrust-faulting earthquake in Algeria
References
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External links
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