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Storm Daniel

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Ikethecatto (talk | contribs) at 18:29, 14 September 2023 (Can people stop changing this to subtropical? Many meteorologists said it's tropical, it had textbook tropical characteristics, what is it with the changing it to STS? See the talk page.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other storms of the same name, see Storm Daniel (2019) and List of storms named Daniel.

Storm Daniel
Storm Daniel over the Mediterranean on 9 September
Meteorological history
Formed4 September 2023
Dissipated12 September 2023
Tropical storm
10-minute sustained (EUMETSAT)
Highest winds85 km/h (50 mph)
Overall effects
Fatalities11,026+ (confirmed)[1]
18,000–20,000 (estimated)[2]
Injuries7,000+
Missing10,000–100,000+ (estimated)[3]
Damage>€2 billion (US$2.14 billion in 2023)
Areas affectedLibya, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Egypt, Israel
Part of the 2022–23 European windstorm season[a]

Storm Daniel, also known as Cyclone Daniel, was the deadliest and costliest Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone ever recorded as well as the deadliest cyclone worldwide since Cyclone Nargis in 2008. It was also the deadliest weather event of 2023 to date.[4] Forming as a low-pressure system around 4 September 2023, the storm affected Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey with extensive flooding. The storm then organized as a Mediterranean low and was designated as Storm Daniel. It soon acquired quasi-tropical characteristics and moved toward the coast of Libya, where it caused catastrophic flooding before degenerating into a remnant low. The storm was the result of an omega block, as a high-pressure zone became sandwiched between two zones of low pressure, with the isobars shaping like the Greek letter Ω.[5][6]

In Greece, the storm was considered the worst in recorded history, with severe rainfall leading to flooding that caused more than 2 billion euros in damage. Libya was hit the hardest, with torrential rains causing two dams near the city of Derna to fail. This resulted in thousands of deaths, with between 10,000 and 100,000 people missing, although exact figures varied by source. Libya's vulnerability to such disasters was blamed on its civil war, which damaged critical infrastructure and left it in poor condition before Daniel. In the aftermath, several countries along the Mediterranean Sea pledged to provide aid to affected countries.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

An area of low pressure developed over the Ionian Sea with its surface temperature within the range of tropical transition.[7] On 4 September, an atmospheric disturbance moved southwards over the Balkan Peninsula which led to torrential rains, notably over the Thessaly region.[7] The system became a mediterranean cyclone over the Ionian Sea the following day, and was named Storm Daniel by the Hellenic National Meteorological Service.[8] During the following days, the system moved southeastward, peaking as a subtropical storm with winds recorded by instruments on Metop at 45 knots (83 km/h; 52 mph).[9]

The storm then made landfall near the city of Benghazi in Libya. On 10 September, Daniel went east and continued inland before degenerating into a remnant low due to dry air and land interaction later on, with the storm fully dissipating by 12 September.[citation needed]

Impact

Greece

Floods in central Greece

On 5 September, flooding in Thessaly, Greece, killed at least one person.[10] On the same day, the village of Zagora received 1,092 millimetres (43.0 in) of rain, 55 times more than the country's average rainfall for the same month.[11] Portaria also recorded a new rainfall record rain of 884 mm (34.8 in). Further rainfall could not be measured because the weather station subsequently failed.[12] On 6 September, the Krafsidonas river, which rises at Pelion, overflowed its banks in Volos and destroyed a bridge[13] and a nursing home,[14] while dragging cars, buses,[15] trees, and other debris along its path.[16]

On 7 September, the main motorway between Athens and Thessaloniki was closed and train services between the two cities were suspended.[17] In Thessaly, over 800 people had to be rescued amidst collapsed buildings and bridges and submerged villages.[18] In Larissa, after the rains ended on 8 September, water continued to rise as the Pineios river overflowed its banks to reach a level of 9.5 metres (31 ft), compared to the normal level of 4 m (13 ft).[19] In the Vale of Tempe, the water level rose to about 18 m (59 ft) meters, reaching the level of a suspension bridge.[20]

A flooded street in Larisa, Greece

Since the rainfall started, the Copernicus Programme's Rapid Mapping Service was activated for the flood zone in Greece, in which analysis of the Sentinel-1 data from 7 September revealed an estimated flood area of ​​around 73,000 hectares (180,000 acres).[21] Meteorologists classified the storm as Greece's worst since records began in 1930.[22] The floods in Thessaly, which supplies about 15% of Greece's agricultural production, destroyed the crops for the remainder of the year and caused serious long-term damage as the thick layer of mud will make the soil infertile, taking up to five years to become fully functional again.[22] The governor of Thessaly, Kostas Agorastos, told the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) that the storm damage in the region was calculated to be more than €2 billion.[23]

On 10 September, four more bodies were found in Greece, raising the death toll in the country to fifteen with two people still missing as of 11 September.[24]

Turkey

During the initial days of the storm, five people were killed in Turkey during floods in İğneada of Kırklareli Province. The deaths happened in the vicinity of İğneada Floodplain Forests National Park in an unlicensed bungalow establishment. Rising waters carried logs from a nearby forestry business and the logs dragged the houses along with them, destroying the buildings and killing the people in the process.[25]

On September 6 the districts of Arnavutköy, Başakşehir and Küçükçekmece in Istanbul flooded due to heavy rainfall. Two died in the districts of Başakşehir and Küçükçekmece, with 31 injured.[8][26]

Bulgaria

Storm Daniel on 5 September 2023

Villages on and near the Black Sea coast in Burgas Province of southeastern Bulgaria, including Kosti and Arapya, became submerged, forcing evacuations. Three people were swept away after a bridge collapsed in the Tsarevo area, and another person drowned near the town.[27][28]

Rainfall in Kosti was measured at 311 mm (420% of the monthly average for September), in Ahtopol it amounted to 196 mm (350% of the monthly average), and in Gramatikovo to 275 mm (368% of the monthly average).[29] In Tsarevo, rainfall was expected to set a Bulgarian record, with 330 mm of precipitation within 20 hours (40% of the annual average).[30]

A rare waterspout was observed in the sea near Tyulenovo in northeastern Bulgaria.[31]

Libya

Osama Hamada, Prime Minister of the Government of National Stability which controls eastern Libya, declared a state of emergency on 9 September and suspended classes as a precaution.[32]

In Derna, at least 6,000 people[33] were confirmed dead after two dams collapsed, releasing an estimated 30 million cubic metres (39 million cubic yards) of water.[34] and causing catastrophic damage across the area after the Wadi Derna overflowed its banks[35] by 50 metres (160 ft) on each side.[36] Residents recalled hearing loud explosions at the time the dams burst.[37] Prime Minister Hamada stated that residential neighborhoods were swept away. Videos posted to social media showed cars being submerged in the deluge.[38] Four bridges also collapsed, while Hamada's aviation minister Hisham Chkiouat said that Derna looked as if it had been hit by a "tsunami". He also said that 25% of the city had "disappeared",[39] with large parts of the city dragged out to the Mediterranean Sea.[40]

Hamada’s health minister, Othman Abduljalil, said 6,000 people were missing in Derna alone.[41] The mayor of Derna, Abdulmenam Al-Ghaithi, told al-Arabiya that the final death toll in the city could range from 18,000 to 20,000.[2] Only three of the city's ten districts escaped the flooding,[42] while five out of seven entry routes into Derna were rendered inaccessible.[43] The collapse of bridges along the Wadi Derna effectively split the city into two.[44] Analysis by the United Nations showed that more than 2,200 buildings in the city were flooded.[45]

Hospitals in the city were rendered inoperable while morgues filled up, prompting bodies to be laid out on sidewalks[41] and in the city's main square. More than 300 bodies were sent to a morgue in Tobruk to cope with the overcrowding.[46] About 300 of the dead were buried on 11 September, mostly in mass graves.[47] Naval teams were dispatched to recover bodies swept out to sea by the floods.[48] Prior to the storm, residents were prevented from leaving their homes after authorities imposed a precautionary curfew on 10 September.[40]

The scale of the disaster in Derna was attributed to decades of neglect of the region by the regime of Muammar Gaddafi,[49] followed by the city becoming a battleground during the Libyan civil war and concurrent NATO intervention in the 2010s and its resulting political effects that included the establishment of rival governments in the west and east of the country respectively.[50] The collapsed dams, called Derna and Mansur respectively, were built by Yugoslav company Hidrotehnika-Hidroenergetika from 1973 to 1977 to irrigate agricultural lands and provide water to nearby communities. They were described as clay-filled embankment dams with a height of 75 meters and 45 meters respectively. The Derna dam had a water storage capacity of 18 million cubic meters, while the smaller Mansour dam had a capacity of 1.5 million cubic meters.[49]

Derna's deputy mayor said that the dams had not been maintained since 2002 and were not built to withstand such volumes of water.[51] The lack of maintenance occurred despite the allocation of more than 2 million euros for that purpose in 2012 and 2013.[52] It is believed that the collapse of the Derna dam, located at the convergence of two river valleys,[48] led to waters rushing 12 kilometers (seven miles) towards the sea and overwhelming the Mansur dam, which was also under stress from rising water levels in its reservoir, along the way.[34] Representatives of the Red Cross said that the dams' failure produced waves with a height of seven metres (23 feet).[2]

About 170 millimetres (6.7 in) of rain fell in Al Abraq. Witnesses told Reuters that floodwaters rose as high as 3.0 metres (10 ft).[53] Flooding also occurred in Tobruk, Tacnis, Al-Bayada, Battah[41], and Mechili[54] as well as throughout the Jabal al Akhdar district[47] and in Misrata to the west. Three volunteers of the Libyan Red Crescent were killed while responding to the floods.[55] In Bayda, hospitals were evacuated due to significant flooding brought by Daniel.[38] 200 people were killed[56] and dozens were missing.[57] About 414 millimeters of rain fell in the city, equivalent to 77% of its average annual total.[40] There were seven deaths reported in Susa, seven in the towns of Omar al-Mokhtar and Shahhat, and one in Marj.[58] Eight people were reported to have died in Alfaydia.[59]

The disaster was seen as the worst to hit the Cyrenaica region since the 1963 Marj earthquake.[60] According to the Red Cross, at least 11,000 people have died as of 14 September,[1] while Libyan authorities say between 10,000 and 100,000 others are missing,[61] including seven members of the Libyan National Army.[62] About 7,000 people were reportedly injured[63] and 40,000 were displaced.[64][41] Ten hospitals and 20 other medical facilities were forced out of service by the storm.[65] The World Meteorological Organization said that the casualties caused by the floods could have been prevented had a functional weather service been in place in Libya, adding that its attempts to help local authorities in that effort had been hampered by the prevailing security situation.[66] Khalifa Haftar, the de facto military ruler of eastern Libya, called the damage "huge" and "hard to describe or measure".[67]

The Libyan Football Federation confirmed the deaths of four players in its leagues, namely Shaheen Al-Jamil, a member of Premier League club Al Tahaddi based in Benghazi, Monder Sadaqa, from Premier-League club Darnes based in Derna, and brothers Saleh and Ayoub Sasi, who were members of Darnes' youth team. A fifth player, Ibrahim Al-Qaziri of Second Division club Nusour Martouba, was also reported by the BBC to have been killed. Darnes' stadium also suffered severe damage from the floods.[68]

At least 400 foreign nationals[69] were killed during the floods, including at least 145 Egyptian citizens,[70] seventy-five of whom were from the village of Al-Sharif in Beni Suef,[71] 23 Palestinians,[72] and dozens of migrants from Sudan.[73]

On 9 September, the National Oil Corporation announced a three-day closure of four oil ports including Ras Lanuf, Zueitina, Brega, and Sidra.[74] The facilities in Ras Lanuf, Brega, and Sidra reopened on 12 September, while the port of Zueitina reopened on 13 September.[75]

Egypt

Daniel reached Egypt on 11 September, where parts of the northwestern region of the country experienced moderate rainfall.[76]

As Daniel's remnants reached the Nile Delta and Cairo, residents across the country reported an unusual odor on 12 September. Manar Ghanem, a representative from the media center of the Egyptian Meteorological Authority, refuted any connection between the phenomenon and Daniel, but noted that the storm had caused dust, rain and weather fluctuations.[77]

Israel

The remnants of Daniel reached Israel on 13 September, causing unusually heavy localized rains. Minor property damage and number of sinkholes were reported but without injuries.[78]

Aftermath

Libya

The Libyan Presidential Council based in Tripoli declared the cities of Derna, Shahhat, and Bayda disaster zones,[79] while the Tripoli-based Health Ministry dispatched a plane carrying 14 tons of medical equipment, drugs, body bags, and personnel to Benghazi on 12 September.[80] The House of Representatives based in Benghazi, which controls most of the areas affected, declared three days of national mourning, as did the internationally-recognized Government of National Unity (GNU) based in Tripoli led by Prime Minister Abdulhamid al-Dbeibah.[81] Dbeibah pledged an investigation over the extensive damage, as well as the allotment of 2.5 billion Libyan dinars ($515 million) to help rebuild Derna and Benghazi.[82] He also announced the establishment of a meticulous evaluation process for foreign aid, saying that they would "only accept aid that is deemed necessary."[83]

The United Nations noted that the rival governments had been coordinating with each other over the relief efforts.[84] On 13 September, a GNU ministerial delegation left Tripoli to assess the damage in Derna. At the same time, reports emerged of the Libyan National Army commanded by Khalifa Haftar preventing journalists from entering the city and confiscating their phones.[85] The first relief convoys arrived in Derna late on 12 September.[86] On 14 September, the port of Derna was reopened to vessels with a minimum draft level of 6.5 meters delivering humanitarian aid.[87]

Tunisia, Germany, Qatar, Iran, Malta, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates pledged humanitarian assistance to Libya,[88][41][40][89] while Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi said that he would deploy the country's military in coordination with eastern Libyan forces to help in relief operations.[80] He also declared three days of national mourning for the victims of the floods as well as those of the 2023 Moroccan earthquake on 8 September.[90] A military delegation led by armed forces chief of staff Osama Askar went to eastern Libya on 12 September to meet with Khalifa Haftar. The delegation included 25 rescue teams and three military aircraft carrying humanitarian supplies.[91] Following a request from the president of the Libyan Presidential Council, Mohamed al-Menfi, Algeria sent eight Ilyushin Il-78 aircraft carrying humanitarian aid that included food supplies, medical equipment, clothing, and tents.[92][93]

On 12 September, Italy activated its civil protection departments, with Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani stating an assessment team was on their way. Anne-Claire Legendre, a spokesperson for France's foreign ministry, announced that the country was ready to respond to requests made by Libya's government. EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said the organization was on stand-by to bring support, while the commission's president Ursula von der Leyen expressed condolences.[88] Member states Germany, Romania and Finland subsequently sent aid.[94] The World Health Organization sent a shipment consisting of 40 tons of aid to Libya.[95] The United Nations allocated $10 million for disaster relief.[94]

On 13 September, evacuations were advised by authorities for the town of Tocra, west of Derna, after they warned that a dam in the area was at risk of collapse.[96]

Libyan club Al-Ahly Benghazi asked the Confederation of African Football (CAF) to postpone its upcoming African Champions League match scheduled on 17 September against Ivoirian side ASEC Mimosas. Al-Hilal Benghazi also asked the CAF to postpone its upcoming African Confederation Cup match scheduled on 15 September against Rwandan side Rayon Sport, citing the "unsuitable" situation created by the floods.[68]

The disruption of oil exports from Libya due to the storm contributed to the price of Brent crude rising to $92.38 per barrel on 12 September, the highest price recorded since November 2022.[97]

See also

Other disasters which occurred around the same time as Daniel:

References

Notes

  1. ^ The season traditionally ends on 31 August. Storm Daniel, which was named on 4 September, was still included.

Citations

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  3. ^ Magdy, Samy (12 September 2023). "Thousands are feared dead and thousands more are missing in flood-ravaged eastern Libya". AP News. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  4. ^ "Storm Daniel continues to sweep through the Mediterranean Basin". European Union, Copernicus Sentinel-3 imagery. 10 September 2023. Archived from the original on 12 September 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  5. ^ Badshah, Nadeem (6 September 2023). "UK heat and floods in south-east Europe blamed on 'omega' weather system". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 September 2023.
  6. ^ "UK heatwave: What is an omega block – and how is it causing our extreme weather?". Sky News. 6 September 2023. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023.
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