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2023–24 European windstorm season

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2023–2024 European windstorm season
Storm Ciarán, the strongest storm of the season thus far.
First storm formed25 September 2023
Strongest storm1Ciarán 953 hPa (28.14 inHg)[1]
Strongest wind gustCiarán 207 km/h (129 mph), Pointe du raz, France: 2 November 2023
Total storms17
Total fatalities58 + 1 missing
1Strongest storm is determined by lowest pressure and maximum recorded non-mountainous wind gust is also included for reference.

The 2023–2024 European windstorm season is the ninth and current season of the European windstorm naming in Europe. The new season's storm names were announced on 1 September 2023. Storms that occur up until 31 August 2024 will be included in this season. This was the fifth season where the Netherlands participated, alongside the United Kingdom's Met Office and Ireland's Met Éireann in the western group. The Portuguese, Spanish, French and Belgian meteorological agencies collaborated for the seventh time, joined by Luxembourg's agency (South-western group). This is the third season where Greece, Israel and Cyprus (Eastern Mediterranean group), and Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta (Central Mediterranean group) named storms which affected their areas.

Background and naming

Definitions and naming conventions

Main article: Weather system naming in Europe

There is no universal definition of what constitutes a windstorm in Europe, nor is there a universally accepted system of naming storms. For example, in the Western Group, consisting of the UK, Ireland, and the Netherlands, a storm is named if one of the meteorological agencies in those countries issues an orange warning (amber in the UK), which generally requires a likelihood of widespread sustained wind speeds greater than 65 km/h, or widespread wind gust speeds over 110 km/h. (Required wind speeds vary slightly by agency and by season.) Both the likelihood of impact and the potential severity of the system are considered when naming a storm.[2][3][4] The Southwest Group of Spain, Portugal, and France share a similar storm-naming scheme, though their names differ from those used by the Western Group.[5] In Greece, however, naming criteria were established for storms when the storm's forecasted winds are above 50 km/h over land, with the wind expected to have a significant impact to infrastructures.[6] In Denmark, a windstorm must have an hourly average windspeed of at least 90 km/h (25 m/s).[7]

The Meteorology Department of the Free University of Berlin (FUB) names all high and low pressure systems that affect Europe, though they do not assign names to any actual storms.[8] A windstorm that is associated with one of these pressure systems will at times be recognized by the name assigned to the associated pressure system by the FUB. Named windstorms that have been recognized by a European meteorological agency are described in this article.

Naming conventions used in Europe are generally based on conditions that are forecast, not conditions that have actually occurred, as public awareness and preparedness are often cited as the main purpose of the naming schemes–for example, a reference.[3] Therefore, an assignment of a storm name does not mean that a storm will actually develop.

Western Group (United Kingdom, Ireland and the Netherlands)

In 2015, the Met Office and Met Éireann announced a project to name storms as part of the "Name our Storms" project for windstorms and asked the public for suggestions. The meteorological offices produced a full list of names for 2015–2016 through 2017–2018, common to both the United Kingdom and Ireland, with the Netherlands taking part from 2019 onwards. Names in the United Kingdom will be based on the National Severe Weather Warning Service.

The following names were chosen for the 2023–2024 season in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the Netherlands.[9] For a windstorm to be named, the United Kingdom's Met Office, Ireland's Met Eireann, or the Netherlands' Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) have to issue an amber weather warning, preferably for wind, but a storm can also be named for amber warnings of rain and snow (e.g. Storm Arwen in 2021).[10]

  • Henk (unused)
  • Isha (unused)
  • Jocelyn (unused)
  • Kathleen (unused)
  • Lilian (unused)
  • Minnie (unused)
  • Nicholas (unused)
  • Olga (unused)
  • Piet (unused)
  • Regina (unused)
  • Stuart (unused)
  • Tamiko (unused)
  • Vincent (unused)
  • Walid (unused)

South-western Group (France, Spain, Portugal, Belgium and Luxembourg)

This was the seventh year in which the meteorological agencies of France, Spain and Portugal named storms that affected their areas.[11]

  • Aline
  • Bernard
  • Celine
  • Domingos
  • Elisa
  • Frederico
  • Geraldine (unused)
  • Hipolito (unused)
  • Irene (unused)
  • Juan (unused)
  • Karlotta (unused)
  • Louis (unused)
  • Monica (unused)
  • Nelson (unused)
  • Olivia (unused)
  • Pierrick (unused)
  • Renata (unused)
  • Sancho (unused)
  • Tatiana (unused)
  • Vasco (unused)
  • Wilhelmina (unused)

Central Mediterranean Group (Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta)

The following names were chosen for the 2023–2024 season in Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Malta.[12]

  • Alexis
  • Bettina
  • Ciro
  • Dorothea (unused)
  • Emil (unused)
  • Fedra (unused)
  • Gori (unused)
  • Helga (unused)
  • Italo (unused)
  • Lilith (unused)
  • Marco (unused)
  • Nada (unused)
  • Ole (unused)
  • Palmira (unused)
  • Rocky (unused)
  • Shirlene (unused)
  • Tino (unused)
  • Ute (unused)
  • Vito (unused)
  • Zena (unused)

Eastern Mediterranean Group (Greece, Israel and Cyprus)

The Eastern Mediterranean Group works slightly differently compared to other naming lists, instead of ending a season on the 31 August of that year, they end the season on the 30 September of that year.[13] These are the names that were chosen for the 2023–24 season in Greece, Israel and Cyprus.[14]

  • Avgi (unused)
  • Ben (unused)
  • Cornelius (unused)
  • Doros (unused)
  • Eden (unused)
  • Fedra (unused)
  • Gea (unused)
  • Hillel (unused)
  • Iris (unused)
  • Kerean (unused)
  • Leonidas (unused)
  • Maria (unused)
  • Nir (unused)
  • Olympias (unused)
  • Petros (unused)
  • Qamar (unused)
  • Raphael (unused)
  • Sofia (unused)
  • Tal (unused)
  • Urania (unused)
  • Viran (unused)
  • Widad (unused)
  • Xenophon (unused)
  • Yakinthi (unused)
  • Ziv (unused)

Northern Group (Denmark, Norway and Sweden)/Central & Southern Group (FUB) (Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Austria)

This naming group, like the naming from the Free University of Berlin, does not use a naming list but names storms when it has not received a name by any other meteorological service in Europe and is projected to affect Denmark, Norway or Sweden.

  • Pia (Active)

FUB naming Group (Germany)

Like the Northern Group, The Free University of Berlin names storms based on low pressures across the continent and does not use a naming list. The storms listed below were strong enough or were anticipated to cause equal or more disruption then if it were named either by one of the other groups.

  • Oliver

Season summary

EUMETNET groups naming lists by colour
  Western group
  South-western group
  Northern group
  FUB naming group
  Central Mediterranean group
  North-east group
  South-east group
  Eastern Mediterranean group

All storms named by European meteorological organisations in their respective forecasting areas, as well as Atlantic hurricanes that transitioned into European windstorms and retained the name assigned by the National Hurricane Center:

Storm CiaránStorm Babet

Storms

Storm Agnes (Kilian)

"Storm Agnes" redirects here. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Agnes.
Storm Agnes
Area affectedIreland, United Kingdom
Date of impact25 – 29 September 2023
Maximum wind gust135 km/h (84 mph): Capel Curig, Wales: 27 September 2023 [15]
Fatalities0
DamageUnspecified

Storm Agnes was named by the UK's Met Office on 25 September 2023 and was forecasted to bring strong winds and heavy rain to much of the UK and Ireland.[16] The storm, which was also named Kilian by the Free University of Berlin and the Deutscher Wetterdienst,[17] impacted the British Isles on 27 September.

Storm Babet (Viktor)

Main article: Storm Babet
Storm Babet
Area affectedSpain, Portugal, France, Ireland, United Kingdom (particularly Angus, Scotland), Germany, Denmark, Sweden
Date of impact16–22 October 2023
Maximum wind gust185 km/h (115 mph) at Cairn Gorm Summit, Scotland on 19 October 2023
Fatalities10 + 1 missing (5 indirect deaths, car crashes caused by rain and wind)
Power outages55,000 (England), 27,000 (Scotland)[18]
DamageUnspecified

While Storm Babet was named by the United Kingdom's Met Office on 16 October and the Free University of Berlin named the system Viktor, affected large parts of western and northern Europe.[19][20] It first affected Portugal and southwestern Spain with strong winds, heavy rains and floods on 16–17 October, subsequently moving to northern Europe.[21] The Met Office issued several yellow rain and wind warnings for large parts of the UK, along with amber rain warnings for parts of north eastern England and Scotland.[22] A rare red weather warning was issued for eastern parts of Scotland.[23]

Met Éireann issued Yellow rain warnings for most of Ireland.[24] An orange rain warning for south western Ireland was also issued, and there was flooding in the south of the Island, especially the east of County Cork; Midleton was particularly badly hit.[25][26]

A rare red warning for rainfall was issued across portions of eastern Scotland by the Met Office on 19 October.[27] A wind gust of 124 km/h (77 mph) was registered at the coast in Inverbervie.[28] In the highlands, Cairn Gorm summit recorded a gust of 185 km/h (115 mph).[29] In Brechin, Scotland, residents were asked to evacuate their homes by the local council.[30]

In Denmark, southern Sweden and northern Germany, the wind caused some material damages, fallen trees and cancellations of ferries, trains and planes, but the most serious effect was a storm surge, with large amounts of seawater being pushed by the wind into the westernmost Baltic Sea and Danish straits (unlike floods in Great Britain, Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula that primarily were caused by heavy rain).[31][32][33] In parts of Denmark (southeastern Jutland, southern Funen, southern Zealand and smaller islands in the area) and Germany (eastern Schleswig-Holstein), it caused the highest floods in more than a century, with some places in Denmark having sea levels that were up to 2.39 m (7 ft 10 in) above normal and in the Germany up to 2.22 m (7 ft 3 in) above normal.[34][35][36] In certain, particularly exposed places, people were evacuated after levees broke and houses were flooded.[36][37] On the opposite, western side of Jutland and Schleswig-Holstein, the waters were forced away from the shore by the wind, with sea levels up to 3 m (9.8 ft) below normal, stranding boats and preventing several ferries from running because of insufficient water depths.[36][38][39]

There were at least six recorded fatalities: a 57 year old woman died after being swept into a river in Angus (Scotland), a 56 year old man died after his van hit a tree near Forfar in Angus, a man in his 60s was killed after being swept away by flood waters near Cleobury Mortimer (England),[40][41] a 33 year old woman was killed on the German island of Fehmarn when her car was hit by a falling tree,[36] and a woman in her 80s in Chesterfield died in floods. A man trapped in a vehicle in floodwater near the Aberdeenshire village of Marykirk was later found dead.[42]

Damage in Schleswig-Holstein was estimated to be 200 Million Euro.[43]

Storm Aline (Wolfgang)

Storm Aline
Area affectedIberian Peninsula, Portugal, Spain, France, Jersey, Guernsey, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy
Date of impact18–27 October 2023
Maximum wind gust146 km/h (90 mph), Quiberon, France, 20 October 2023[44]
Fatalities0
Power outagesUnspecified
DamageUnspecified

Storm Aline was named by Spain's state weather forecast agency AEMET, while Wolfgang was the name given by the Free University of Berlin[45] both on 18 October 2023. The storm caused heavy rainfall across several parts of Spain and France. More than 20 flights were diverted from Málaga Airport and a gust of 100 km/h was reported in Cabrera.[46][47]

Storm Bernard (Xanthos)

Storm Bernard
Area affectedMorocco, Iberian Peninsula, France, United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain
Date of impact21–26 October 2023
Fatalities2
Power outagesUnspecified
DamageUnspecified

Storm Bernard was named by the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA) on 22 October 2023, but the Free University of Berlin noticed and named this system, Xanthos, on 21 October 2023 instead.

Storm Celine (Benj)

Storm Celine
Area affectedPortugal, Spain, France, Iberian Peninsula
Date of impact28 October – 3 November 2023
Fatalities1
DamageUnspecified

Storm Celine was named and reported on 28 October 2023 by the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), at around 1 pm local time that same afternoon. The cold front moved down south, causing heavy rain accompanied by thunderstorms. IPMA also predicted wind gusts as high as 90 km/h in the highlands and waves up to 6 m in height.[48]

The storm passed through central Portugal on 29 October. By 30 October, it had swept through southern Portugal and prompted yellow weather warnings for heavy rain in nine provinces in five autonomous communities in Spain.[49] The Costa del Sol recorded temperatures as high as 25 °C while the interior experienced a dip in temperatures as low as 18 °C in Ronda. Weather warning were issued in western France until 31 October.[50]

One death was reported, namely a 70-year old woman killed a falling tree in France on 29 October.[51]

Storm Ciarán (Emir)

Main article: Storm Ciarán
Storm Ciarán
Area affectedIreland, United Kingdom, Benelux,[52] France,[53] Spain,[54] Czech Republic,[55] Italy,[56] Channel Islands
Date of impact29 October – 4 November 2023
Maximum wind gust207 km/h (129 mph), Pointe du raz, France: 2 November 2023
Fatalities15 [57][58][59]
Power outages1,305,000
DamageUnspecified

Storm Ciarán was named by the United Kingdom's Met Office on 29 October, while the Free University of Berlin gave this system Emir on 30 October 2023. It is expected to bring winds of 90 to 120 km/h (56 to 75 mph) widely with > 130 km/h (80 mph) on some coasts. More heavy rainfall is expected to fall which will exacerbate the flooding from Storm Babet a week prior. A large yellow weather warning for rain and wind in place for the South Wales, Devon and Cornwall, south coast and the east coast of East Anglia. In Cornwall, 4,000 properties were left without power.[60] In Devon, 250 schools were closed.[61] In Dorset, the Freshwater Beach Holiday Park at Burton Bradstock was destroyed. Other places in Dorset affected included Loders, Easton and West Bay.[62] A caravan park at Tenby in Wales was evacuated due to flooding.[63]

The Met Office stated Storm Ciarán is undergoing explosive cyclogenesis as of 1 November.[64] The storm especially affected the Isle of Jersey. Where a freak thunderstorm created spawned an IF2.5/T6 tornado alongside the golf ball sized hail with windspeeds of the storm reaching around over 160 km/h (100 mph).[65][66] The southern coast of England and France were severely affected by the storm, with record wind gusts in France being reported around 208 km/h (129 mph).[67] The storm also caused flooding and huge waves.[68] An IF3 tornado also touched down in Bulgaria.[69]

In the Netherlands, an orange weather warning was given for the coastal provinces for high winds. Events were cancelled, including the Dutch Headwind Cycling Championships at the last minute due to safety. There was a lot of disruption due to cancelled flights and trains.[70] People were advised to work from home, and to not drive unless absolutely necessary.[71]

There were 15 fatalities as a result of the storm. A 46-year-old woman died in Germany when a tree fell on her.[72] There were two deaths in Belgium, a 5-year-old child and a 64-year-old woman from falling branches.[73] A 23-year-old woman died in Spain from a fallen tree.[74] In France two deaths were reported, including a 72-year-old man who was blown off his balcony.[75] And in the Netherlands a person was killed when a tree fell on their car.[76] As of 3 November 2023, six more died in Italy and one in Albania.[77]

Six people were killed during heavy rains in the region of Tuscany, Italy, with rivers flooding and causing damage. Several roads and highways are closed amid landslides. Severe damage also occurred in Campobasso, Molise, evacuations were being made in Veneto with highways being closed, and emergency calls occurred in Rome. In Sardinia, strong winds fueled fires that burned hectares of vegetation, while a man was killed in Capoterra, and in Tortolì an entire sawmill burned down.[78]

In total there were more than 1 million power outages, and in Cornwall around 4,000 properties were left without power.[79][80][81]

Storm Domingos (Fred)

Storm Domingos
Area affectedPortugal, Spain, France, United Kingdom, Ireland,[82] Belgium,[83] Channel Islands (indirectly),[84] Iberia,[84] Andalusia,[85] Balearic Islands[86]
Date of impact3–5 November 2023
Fatalities1[87][88]
DamageUnspecified

Storm Domingos was named and reported on 3 November 2023 by the Spanish Met Service (AEMET). The storm was subsequently named Fred by the Free University of Berlin on 4 November 2023 at 12:00 UTC. It is expected to bring strong winds to France, Spain and Portugal with wind warnings in force for parts of those countries. The United Kingdom has a yellow rain warning for the south coast, issued by the Met Office.

One death was reported; an employee from Enedis was killed in the French region of Brittany, on 5 November 2023.[89]

Storm Elisa (Helmoe)

Storm Elisa
Area affectedFrance, Channel Islands, Ireland
Date of impact9–11 November 2023
DamageUnspecified

Storm Elisa was identified by Météo-France on 9 November 2023,[90][91] while the Free University of Berlin named this system Helmoe the very next day.

Heavy rain was forecast to fall in northern France between Le Havre and Calais with 80-100 millimetres to fall in the region. This caused rivers to burst their banks causing some flooding with 20-50 more widely.[92] No deaths were recorded from Storm Elisa.

Storm Debi

Storm Debi
Area affectedIreland, United Kingdom, Netherlands
Date of impact12–13 November 2023
Maximum wind gust90 mph (140 km/h; 78 kn) at North Pennines, England[93]
Fatalities0[94] (1 injured by flying debris in County Limerick)[95]
Power outages100,000 [96]
DamageUnspecified

Storm Debi was identified by Met Éireann on 12 November 2023,[97] while the Free University of Berlin will not be issuing a name for this system as it neither impacted Denmark, Sweden nor Norway. It heavily impacted Ireland on 12 November (Sunday night), before it made its way to the United Kingdom on 13 November, (Monday morning).

Met Éireann placed in effect a red wind warning for 14 counties: Kerry, Limerick, Tipperary, Clare, east Galway, south Roscommon, Dublin, Kildare, Laois, Louth, Meath, Wicklow, Offaly, and Westmeath, and yellow and orange wind and rain warnings for the rest of the country.[98][99]

The Met Office issued a yellow wind warning for regions of East Midlands, North East England, North West England, Wales, West Midlands (region), Yorkshire, Humber, Midlands, Tayside, Fife and Grampian.

The Tornado and Storm Research Organization issued a tornado watch for much of Ireland, Wales, Midlands and East Anglia on Sunday evening, starting from midnight to midday Monday.[100]

On Monday morning 13 November, the storm reached the Netherlands.[101]

Storm Frederico (Linus)

Storm Frederico
Area affectedFrance, United Kingdom, Channel Islands, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Turkey, Moldova, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Israel, Cyprus, Syria, Georgia, Armenia
Date of impact15–21 November 2023
Fatalities2 (last confirmed information in Bulgaria)
DamageUnspecified

Storm Frederico was identified by Météo-France on 15 November 2023 around 17:50 CET as a new depression, and the Free University of Berlin announced on 16 November 2023 that this system will be named Linus. Météo-France predicted this system will travel from the Gulf of Saint-Malo towards north of Germany, morning of 16 November 2023 near the Channel Islands and by the night, strong gale will reach Provence and Corsica.[102] overnight with significant gusts between 110km/h and 120km/h[103]

The Met Office issued yellow rain warnings in association with the storm system for the south coast of England and Wales where flooding is possible.[104][105] It is also reported that Météo-France already placed 55 departments on yellow alert, including Île-de-France.[106]

The system then tracked through south-eastern central parts of Europe bringing heavy rain and strong winds to the Balkans and southern Black Sea coasts such as Turkey. Orange and yellow wind and snow warnings were put up for parts of the Balkans particularly, Romania, Serbia and Bulgaria. The system brought heavy rain and some snowfall to western parts of Turkey. The eastern Mediterranean is forecast to also be impacted by Frederico, with yellow flood warnings for parts of Israel and a orange 'coastal event' warning issued. The storm moved out of Europe by 21 November 2023.

Storm Alexis

Storm Alexis
Area affectedItaly (especially Sicily, Lampedusa, Pantelleria), Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Malta, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia
Date of impact22-24 November 2023
Fatalities0
Power outagesUnspecified
DamageUnspecified

Though a weak and small system, Storm Alexis was assigned by the Italian Servizio Meteorologico, on 22 November 2023.[107] The storm was assigned for potential flash flooding due to heavy rain with orange warnings.[citation needed]

It is also predicted that Alexis will turn into an anticyclone by 24 November 2023, Friday.[108]

The national meteorological service predicted the arrival of cold air mass from Scandinavia, heading straight down for Central Mediterranean and the Balkans which would result in drastic temperature drop, especially countries on the Adriatic side.[109] This cold spell is also exacerbated by the formation and naming of the next storm, Storm Bettina.

Storm Bettina (Phil)

Storm Bettina
Area affectedItaly, Turkey, Greece, Ukraine, Moldova, Russia, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Croatia, Crimea, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
Date of impact25-28 November 2023
Fatalities22
Power outages>2,500,000 [110]
DamageUnspecified

Storm Bettina was assigned by the Servizio Meteorologico, the Italian Meteorological Service, as a cold plunge from northern Europe takes grip of much of the continent. The Free University of Berlin named this system Phil the next day on 26 November 2023.[111]

Up to 60cm of snow is forecast for Ukraine and Romania with blizzards possible for parts of southern Europe. Many red and orange snow, rain, wind and ice warnings are in force for many parts of south, central and south-eastern parts of Europe. Red wind warnings are in place for coastal parts of Croatia with orange and yellow wind warnings in force widely for parts of the Italian Peninsula as well as much of the Balkans much of Greece and the island of Sardinia. Turkey is also expected to see impacts from this system with a heavy band of rain with strong winds in association especially in the west and north-west of the country.

Multiple districts and municipalities in Bulgaria have declared states of emergency on 26 November 2023 due to heavy snowfalls and strong winds causing severe traffic disruptions and widespread power outages to estimated 800,000 households in Bulgaria. By 27 November 2023, the country's meteorological agency issued Code Yellow warning for low temperatures to Blagoevgrad, Kyustendil, Pernik and Sofia while others were still in the Green.[112]

Currently, Storm Bettina had claimed a total of 5 lives while 1 still missing. The storm also heavily impacted Crimea as one of the worse storms coming from the Black Sea

Storm Bettina had claimed 2 lives in İzmir, Turkey; a 62-year-old man died in Konya on 25 November 2023 in his car and was swept away by a flash flood while trying to turn back. On 26 November 2023, a 58-year-old man died in Sinop while working at a construction site when the wall collapsed on him. He was taken to the hospital but could not be saved.[113]

The storm caused heavy snowfall and strong blizzards that lashed Eastern Europe over the weekend, forcing the closure of national roads. This is the first major cold snap that hit and spread across Romania and Moldova, prompting an emergency declaration in Bulgaria. The storm claimed the life of a 40-year-old man in Moldova on 26 November 2023 after his vehicle skidded off the road and crashed into a tree while two people in Bulgaria had died in traffic accidents and 36 were left injured during the stormy weather in the last 24 hours. At least 10 died and 23 were injured across Ukraine.[114][115]

Storm Bettina also caused power outages to about half a million residents in Crimea, forcing road closure between the villages of Metyevo and Trudovoy in the region of Saki, as well as between the village of Morskoye and the town of Sudak. This caused four people to be injured and another one is still missing after the heavy storm in Crimea.[116]

Storm Oliver

Storm Oliver
Area affectedGermany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Balkan Peninsula, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, Baltics
Date of impact28-30 November 2023
Fatalities1

A new area of low pressure was named Oliver by Free University of Berlin on 28 November 2023 [117] for potential risk for further damage after Storm Bettina a few days prior. The storm is associated with the same cold plunge coming down from northern Europe and the Arctic so there are yellow and orange ice warnings issued for Germany and the Czech Republic, along with many orange wind warnings for parts of northern Italy and the Adriatic Sea coast of Croatia. There is also the threat of heavy flooding rainfall so there are a plethora of yellow rain warnings in place, especially for Croatia and orange snow warnings in Romania and Slovakia.[citation needed]

On 28 November 2023, Hellenic National Meteorological Service had declared and issued a Level 4 storm warning to Ionian and western parts of mainland Greece and the Peloponnese, which is just one notch below the highest storm grade for the region.[118]

The storm disrupted rescue efforts thus had claimed the life of one crew member while authorities managed to save another crew member after Storm Bettina caused a ship to sink. Greek rescuers on 26 November 2023 are still searching for 12 people missing after a ship sank in gale-force winds off the coast of Lesbos.[119]

Storm Oliver, on 29 November passed through central Ukraine bringing more disruptive winds as the storm exits to the north. Oliver dissipated by 30 November.[citation needed]

Storm Ciro

Storm Ciro
Area affectedSpain, Portugal, France, Italy, Switzerland, Croatia, Poland, Czech Republic
Date of impact30 November - 3 December 2023

Storm Ciro was identified and named by Servizio Meteorologico,[120] the Italian Meteorological Service for potential for flooding from heavy rain.

A red rain warning is in force for the regions of Liguria and Tuscany from 01:00 1 December - 18:00 2 December local time. [121] All northern and eastern regions, along with Sicily are under a red warning as a cold front passes through where disruption is likely.[122]

In a broad yellow rain warning has been issued for parts of Corsica and southern France from the west coast south of the Garonne going through to eastern central parts and the regions of Aude, Pyrénées-Orientales and Ariège (department) with a smaller orange warning for rain and possible avalanches and snow for Savoy and Upper Savoy as well as Hautes-Alpes and the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence.[123]

In Poland and the Czech Republic red snow and ice warnings were issued in response to the storm projected track and snowfall coverage extent. Meanwhile, a red extreme low temperature warning has been issued for central and eastern parts of Italy, including the regions of Molise, Abruzzi and Marches.[124]

Storm Elin (Vanja)

Storm Elin
Area affectedIreland, United Kingdom
Date of impact9-10 December 2023
Maximum wind gust130 km/h (81mph): Capel Curig, Wales

Storm Elin was one out of the two storms that were named by Met Éireann on 9 December 2023. This first one was named in the early hours on 9 December 2023. The storm was subsequently named Vanja by the Free University of Berlin the next day on 10 December 2023[125]

The storm hit Ireland, generating gale force winds and severe gusts which caused travel disruptions during Saturday. Orange wind warnings were already issued by Met Éireann for Wicklow, Dublin and County Donegal. Yellow wind warnings were also issued for County Clare, County Tipperary, County Cavan and County Monaghan[126]

Storm Elin then affected United Kingdom, where Met Office issued yellow rain warnings for Northern Ireland for County Antrim, County Down, County Tyrone and County Londonderry[127] There was also a broad yellow wind warning covering large parts Wales and the south-west of England to the coast of East Anglia where in parts 40-60 mph gusts were expected. Some areas in north Wales were forecast of 70+ mph.[128] [129]

The Environment Agency had already issued 33 flood warnings for England, indicating potential flash flooding (including for the River Ouse, Yorkshire,[130] with 150 flood alerts in force.[131] As for Ireland, Met Éireann issued orange and yellow rain and wind warnings to 22 counties overnight in order to prepare for the upcoming storm on Sunday[132]

Storm Fergus (Walter)

Storm Fergus
Area affectedIreland, United Kingdom
Date of impact9-11 December 2023
Maximum wind gust124 km/h (77 mph): Leeds, United Kingdom: 10 December 2023

Storm Fergus was the second storms out of the two that were named by Met Éireann on 9 December 2023. This storm was named in the late morning on 9 December 2023[133] and named by the Free University of Berlin as Walter that same day.[134]

This storm affected Ireland and United Kingdom, with very strong offshore winds coupled with high waves and tides during Sunday for Ireland. Met Éireann has also predicted localized coastal flooding and wave overtopping as potential impacts by the storm

Meanwhile, in preparation for Storm Fergus to make landfall, yellow wind warnings were issued for County Cavan, Dublin, County Kildare, County Longford, County Louth, County Meath, County Offaly, County Westmeath, County Leitrim, County Roscommon and County Sligo.[135] On top of the yellow warnings, orange wind warnings were already issued for County Clare, County Galway and County Mayo[136]

A tornado has caused damage to vehicles and buildings in Leitrim village in County Leitrim. It happened early on Sunday afternoon as heavy rain was passing over the area. Footage and photographs posted online show the aftermath of what has been described as a quick and nasty event. It came as severe wind warnings were issued for the west coast of Ireland, including, briefly, a red warning, the highest weather alert. It only lasted a very short amount of time but caused a lot of damage," said Paddy Farrell, a Leitrim county councillor. No-one was injured. [137]

In Lincolnshire two women had a lucky escape when a tree fell on their car. Both women were not injured but left shaken. The road this occurred on will remain closed for a few hours after the incident to allow services to clean up.[138]

Storm Pia (Zoltan)

Storm Pia
Area affectedScandinavia, United Kingdom & the Netherlands
Date of impact20 December - present
Maximum wind gust185 km/h (115 mph) - Cairn Gorm summit, Scotland[139]

Storm Pia was named by the Danish Meteorological Institute, a part of the Northern Group, on 20 December 2023. The Free University of Berlin named this system Zoltan.[140]

On Thursday 21 December the storm will impact the Netherlands, at Schiphol Airport 200 flights have been canceled for Thursday due to high wind gusts expected up to 90 km/h (56 mph).[141][142]

Season effects

Storm Dates active Highest wind gust Lowest pressure First reported by Areas affected Fatalities (+missing) Damage Refs
Agnes 25–29 September 2023 135 km/h (84 mph), Capel Curig, Wales[15] 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) United Kingdom Ireland, United Kingdom 0 Moderate [143]
Babet 16–22 October 2023 185 km/h (115 mph) Cairn Gorm, Scotland 977 hPa (28.85 inHg) United Kingdom Spain, Portugal, France, Ireland, United Kingdom, Angus, Scotland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden 10 (+2) 3 (indirect deaths) Major
Aline 18–27 October 2023 146 km/h (90 mph), Quiberon, France 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Spain Iberian Peninsula, Portugal, Spain, France, Jersey, Guernsey, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy 0 Unspecified
Bernard 21–26 October 2023 Unspecified Unspecified Portugal Morocco, Iberian Peninsula, France, United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain 2 Unspecified [144]
Celine 28 October 2023 – 3 November 2023 Unspecified Unspecified Portugal Portugal, Spain, France, Iberian Peninsula 1 Unspecified [145][51]
Ciarán 29 October 2023 – 4 November 2023 207 km/h (129 mph): Pointe du Raz, France 953 hPa (28.14 inHg)[1] United Kingdom Ireland, United Kingdom, Benelux, France, Spain, Czech Republic, Italy, Channel Islands 16 [146][147] Major [57][148][149]
Domingos 3–5 November 2023 Unspecified Unspecified Spain Portugal, Spain, France, United Kingdom, Ireland, Belgium, Channel Islands (indirectly), Iberia, Andalusia, Balearic Islands 1 Moderate [150][89]
Elisa 9–11 November 2023 Unspecified Unspecified France France, Channel Islands, Ireland 0 Minor [90]
Debi 12–13 November 2023 140 km/h (90 mph): at North Pennines, England 970 hPa (28.64 inHg) Ireland Ireland, United Kingdom, Netherlands 0 Major [151]
Frederico 15–21 November 2023 Unspecified 995 hPa (29.38 inHg) France France, United Kingdom, Channel Islands, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Turkey, Moldova, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Israel, Cyprus, Georgia Syria, Armenia Unspecified Major [152][153]
Alexis 22–24 November 2023 Unspecified 1,000 hPa (29.53 inHg) Italy[154] Italy (especially Sicily, Lampedusa, Pantelleria), Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Malta, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia Unspecified Moderate [155][156]
Bettina 25–28 November 2023 Unspecified 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Italy[157] Italy, Turkey, Greece, Moldova, Russia, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Croatia, Slovenia, Ukraine, especially Crimea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania 22 Major [158][159][160][161]
Oliver 28-30 November 2023 Unspecified 990 hPa (29.23 inHg) Germany Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Italy, Balkan Peninsula, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, Baltics 1 Moderate
Ciro 30 November - 3 December 2023 Unspecified 991 hPa (29.26 inHg) Italy[162] Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Croatia, Poland, Czech Republic Unspecified Moderate
Elin 9-10 December 2023 130 km/h (81 mph): at Capel Curig, Wales Ireland[163] Ireland, United Kingdom 0 Moderate [164]
Fergus 9-11 December 2023 Unspecified Ireland[165] Ireland, United Kingdom 0 Major [166]
Pia 20 December 2023-present 185 km/h (115 mph): Cairn Gorm summit, Scotland 960 hPa

(28.34 inHg)

Denmark Scandinavia, Netherlands & UK

See also

  • Weather of: 2023
  • Tropical cyclones in 2023

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  143. ^ "UK, Ireland: Storm Agnes to bring adverse weather across Ireland and the UK through at least Sept. 29". UK, Ireland: Storm Agnes to bring adverse weather across Ireland and the UK through at least Sept. 29 | Crisis24. Retrieved 2023-11-13.
  144. ^ "Storm Bernard leaves 2 dead, several injured in Spain". aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  145. ^ "Storm Celine expected to hit Portugal with heavy rain and storms this weekend". 2023-10-28.
  146. ^ "Dodental storm Ciarán loopt op tot 16, kosten door schade in Nederland vallen mee". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 2023-11-03. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  147. ^ "La tempête Ciaran a fait douze morts en Europe". 2023-11-03.
  148. ^ "Storm Ciarán arrives: Trains and planes cancelled, first death recorded in Belgium". 2023-11-02.
  149. ^ "Tempête Ciaran : Un homme de 72 ans est mort en tombant de son balcon en France, 2e mort lié à la tempête dans le pays" (in French). 2023-11-02.
  150. ^ "Storm Domingos: French regions worried after third storm in a week". Le Monde.fr. 2023-11-05. Retrieved 2023-11-07.
  151. ^ "Warnings & Advisories - Met Éireann - the Irish Meteorological Service".
  152. ^ https://meteofrance.com/actualites-et-dossiers/actualites/encore-de-la-pluie-et-du-vent-au-passage-de-frederico
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  159. ^ https://bianet.org/haber/storms-and-floods-wreak-havoc-in-turkey-killing-two-288476
  160. ^ https://www.gulf-times.com/article/672511/international/heavy-storm-leaves-1-missing-4-injured-in-crimea
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  166. ^ https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/second-storm-named-elin-immediately-28260562
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