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2023 Prague shootings

Coordinates: 50°05′21″N 14°24′58″E / 50.08917°N 14.41611°E / 50.08917; 14.41611
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2023 Prague shootings
Faculty of Arts, Charles University and Mánes Bridge, the site of the shooting
2023 Prague shootings is located in Prague city centre
2023 Prague shootings
2023 Prague shootings (Prague city centre)
LocationPrague and Hostouň, Czech Republic
Coordinates50°05′21″N 14°24′58″E / 50.08917°N 14.41611°E / 50.08917; 14.41611
Date15 and 21 December 2023
14:59 – 15:20 (CET, UTC+1)
TargetStudents and staff at Faculty of Arts, Charles University
Attack type
School shooting, mass shooting, mass murder, spree shooting, murder–suicide, patricide
WeaponsKlánovice Forest:: Glock 45[1]

Patricide:Škorpion semi-automatic pistol[1]
Inside: Glock 47, Sig Sauer pistol[1]
Rooftop: ZEV AR-10 .308 semi-automatic rifle

Suicide: Francolin Guardian shotgun[1]
Deaths18 (including the perpetrator)[a][b][2]
Injured25
PerpetratorDavid Kozák[3][4]
MotiveUnknown
class=notpageimage|
Location of the murder sites in and around Prague. Hostouň is located just off the edge of this map.

On 21 December 2023, 14 people were killed and 22 injured in a mass shooting at the main Faculty of Arts building of Charles University in central Prague, Czech Republic. Another three people were injured when the perpetrator opened fire toward the streets from the faculty's fourth-floor rooftop terrace.[5][6][7][8][9][10] After having been engaged by the police, the perpetrator, 24-year-old postgraduate student David Kozák, committed suicide by shooting himself.[11][12][13] Before the attack, his father was found dead at his home in Hostouň.

At the time of the shooting, the perpetrator was one in a pool of about 4,000 suspects in a double murder case that took place six days earlier, 25 kilometres (16 mi) away, when a father and his infant daughter were murdered in Klánovice. The lead investigator confirmed that the police had not yet reviewed the perpetrator's potential as a suspect in the earlier killings when the Prague shootings took place. Still, evidence found in the latter event did link the two incidents.

The attack was the deadliest mass murder in the Czech Republic since its independence in 1993, surpassing the 2020 Bohumín arson attack.[14][15][16]

Events

Klánovice Forest murders

On 15 December 2023, a 32-year-old father and his two-month-old daughter in a stroller were shot dead in Klánovice Forest on the eastern outskirts of Prague, approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) away from the later Prague shootings.[17] The police conducted a detailed search of the entire forest with hundreds of officers, while a special task force was set up in order to find the perpetrator. The police had no direct leads. The scope of investigation was first directed at owners of registered firearms matching the ballistic report from the crime scene, which initially limited the search to about 30.000 people.[1] This was then further limited to 4.000[18], of which about 40 people lived in direct vicinity of the Klánovice forest.[1] The initial investigation focused on those 40 people brought no leads.[1] On 20 December, police said that they had no leads in the case but were continuing to search for the perpetrator.[19][20]

After excluding personal or work related motive, the police searched turned towards possibility of a random murder.[1] The firearms website zbrojnice.com noted a similarity of the case with the 2005 "Forest Killer" murders, in which a former police officer killed three random victims in forests in preparation for a planned mass murder in the Prague Metro, which was prevented by his early arrest; the article ended with an appeal to readers to remain vigilant and carry their concealed firearms.[21][22][23][24]

Later investigation revealed that the perpetrator had previously visited the Klánovice forest only once. On the day of the murders, he used public transport, and switched off his phone while changing transport on the other side of the City of Prague.[1] On the day of the University attack, Kozák had written a suicide note detailing the Klánovice murder on his computer, and had hidden the murder weapon at the family garden.[1] The chief detective of Prague's 1st General Crime Unit stated because Kozák lived in the Central Bohemian Region, they were a few days short of being able to prevent the shootings. Central Bohemia is a separate region from the city of Prague, and each region in the country has a separate police directorate.[25]

Hostouň patricide and police manhunt

On 21 December 2023 at 12:20 CET, the Central Bohemian Police received two phone calls, from Kozák's mother and a female friend Alice,[26] stating that Kozák was planning to take his own life, that "he could be dangerous"[1] and that he was en route from his hometown of Hostouň to Prague.[27] At 12:45, the police entered Kozák's home,[28] and found the body of his father, who was killed by three shots into the head.[29] A thorough search of the house was hindered by improvised explosive devices, which were decommissioned by specialists later that day.[29][30] The police discovered that Kozák was a student of the Faculty of Arts at Charles University. A search warrant was issued and published immediately afterwards; the warrant indicated that Kozák was armed and dangerous.[28] Police also commenced a security operation at Václav Havel Airport Prague,[31] where Kozák worked,[32] and where his father worked in the airport security department.[33]

The perpetrator entered the main building of the Faculty of Arts on Jan Palach Square at 13:23 CET with a heavy suitcase through the busy main entrance without arousing any suspicion. He proceeded to the fourth floor bathrooms, where he apparently remained until start of the attack.[1] In the suitcase, he brought weapons, a large amount of ammunition, cleavers, chains and bicycle locks.[1] Before starting the attack, the perpetrator placed under the bathroom window his ID, fourth floor plan with handwritten notes about classrooms capacities, unopened alcohol bottle and Rivotril pack of medicine.[1]

Police officers entered the main building of the Faculty of Arts on Jan Palach Square at 13:30 CET,[29] and searched the halls of the lower floors.[1][29] While doing so, they learned that Kozák was supposed to attend a lecture at 14:00 in a different building on Celetná street. As the Central Bohemian Police Directorate had issued the search warrant for an armed person likely to take his own life, the officers left the main building after 14:20[29] without taking any action there.[34] Multiple police units were sent to evacuate the building of the Faculty of Arts on Celetná street, where they believed Kozák would be present in a lecture room; the evacuation was finished at 14:22. Kozák was not found in the building or in its vicinity.[28]

At 14:38, Kozák's phone was turned on and registered by a telecommunications tower at the area of nearby Pařížská street [cs] close to the Old Town Square. The manhunt thus continued on the street level in this area,[1] including a nearby metro station.[35] The area is about five minutes walk from the main Faculty of Arts building.

Charles University shooting

The Faculty of Arts building at Charles University

At 14:59 CET, as the manhunt continued, the police received their first calls about a shooting taking place in the main Faculty of Arts building on Jan Palach Square, a twelve-minute walk from the evacuated building on Celetná.[28] The perpetrator opened fire inside the building's fourth floor corridors and classrooms, while staff and students barricaded themselves in rooms using furniture. Several of those inside fled the building by jumping onto a rooftop terrace from the exterior ledges.[36] At least one person apparently fell to their death after jumping from a window.[27]

Police gradually shut down a large part of Prague's city centre during the shooting

The first officer, a criminal police detective, entered the building at 15:02 CET who was joined by uniformed policemen at 15:05 CET. After the arrival of the police, no gunshots were heard from within the building.[37] Based on information given by students, the police searched for the perpetrator on the upper floors, while other officers started evacuating students from the lower floors to the Rudolfinum across the street.[38]

Police officers were searching for the perpetrator on the upper floors when they were alerted at 15:11 that he was shooting at people from the outside, with mistaken information that the perpetrator was on the rooftop, while in reality he was on 4th floor rooftop terrace.[39] The gunfire also caused panic outside, with crowds fleeing Charles Bridge.[36] Police lost some time searching for a route outside, as the area was difficult to navigate.[25] While the first three floors are accessible by the main central staircase, the position of the side staircase leading to the fourth floor was not immediately visible to the officers.[40] At 15:12, the advancing police forces split into two groups, with the first continuing their search for the perpetrator and the second initiating first aid to the victims.[35] Authorities reported seeing "piles of ammunition" inside the building's corridors, adding that Kozák had brought multiple weapons into the university.[41] The city emergency services also deployed a large number of ambulance units to the scene.[42]

Meanwhile, the perpetrator was engaged by a plainclothes detective from the street level, who fired three shots from a pistol from a distance of about 100 meters. Two other police officers armed with G36 carbines climbed to a top floor of a hotel on the opposite side of the street. The officer aimed his carbine at the perpetrator through a closed window at a moment when he threw the rifle off the roof and put his hands up. Shortly afterwards, Kozák fatally shot himself at around 15:20.[35] Over 200 police officers took part in the engagement in the building and its vicinity.[37]

Police later searched Jan Palach Square and a balcony for explosives.[43] A video by reporter Jiří Forman showed Kozák on the university's rooftop with a rifle. Forman, who had taken cover, shouted at Kozák to shoot in his direction in a successful attempt to draw his fire away from students evacuating the building.[44]

Victims

The Faculty of Arts building and its surroundings remained closed the day after the mass shooting

Fourteen people were killed, and twenty-five were injured (ten critically) from the shooting.[10] Kozák had earlier killed his father at their home.[45] Thirteen of the victims in the university died in the building, while another died later in hospital, although Czech media reported that one of the fatalities fell off the building while trying to escape and several others were injured in similar circumstances.[27]

Two of the victims were staff members, including Lenka Hlávková, head of the Institute of Musicology of Charles University,[41][46] and Jan Dlask [cs], a lecturer at the university's Department of Germanic Studies.[47] Among the remaining fatalities were students.[48]

Ten of the injured were in serious condition,[42] one of them being a daughter of MP and member of the parliamentary committee for education Jan Richter (ANO) [cs], who criticized police for wrongly triaging his daughter as a low-priority victim who subsequently nearly bled to death before reaching a hospital.[49] Three foreign nationals were reported to be among the injured: one Dutch and two Emiratis.[9]

Three people were wounded in the streets outside the building when the perpetrator opened fire from the rooftop. The perpetrator also hit a civilian vehicle and police cars.[25][50]

Perpetrator

Main article: David Kozák

General

A police officer with Interpol Prague identified the perpetrator as David Kozák,[51][52] a 24-year-old masters in world history student[18][53] from Hostouň, 21 kilometers (13 mi) outside Prague,[54][55] who had graduated with a bachelor's degree in History and European Studies from the Faculty of Arts.[56] Police said that the perpetrator had no prior criminal record.[36] The perpetrator had also passed an enhanced background check by the Civil Aviation Authority as part of a hiring process for his job at the Václav Havel International Airport.[32]

A Telegram account attributed to him contained writings in fluent Russian[57] that praised two school shooters from Russia, namely Ilnaz Galyaviev and Alina Afanaskina, and described suicidal tendencies.[36][58] This information was shared by Czech media but was not officially confirmed by police.[36] A Russia correspondent at Czech Radio suggested the Telegram account was likely fake, as one post was edited after the shooter's death and the posts were written "in the language of a young native Russian speaker".[59]

Interior Minister Vít Rakušan said that there were no other perpetrators, but urged everyone to cooperate with police, while adding investigators did not suspect an ideological or extremist link.[60] On 26 April 2024, state attorney Jana Murínová stated during a public hearing of the Parliamentary Securitee Committee that the perpetrator was not suffering from a mental disorder.[61]

Mental state

Czech Police Chief Martin Vondrášek [cs] said that the perpetrator had a gun license and owned eight firearms.[54] As a European Union member state, the Czech Republic adheres to the European Firearms Directive[62] and legal accessibility of firearms is comparable to other EU countries.[63] In 2021, a constitutional amendment to the country's Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms codified the citizens' the right to defend themselves or others with a weapon. To legally possess a firearm in the Czech Republic, a person must first obtain a firearms license, which requires among other also a medical examination.[64]

Kozák's friend, who has been named only as Alice by the media, became worried about his mental state in summer 2022.[1] Due to her intervention, Kozák underwent four visits with a psychiatrist between September and November 2022.[1] Here, Kozák disclosed first suicidal thoughts, but during the visits progressed towards also murderous ideas aimed at his parents as well as unassuming other people.[1] The psychiatrist advised that Kozák starts visiting a psychologist, which he did only once in December 2022.[1] Psychiatrists in the Czech Republic are bound to send their medical reports to the patient's general practitioner, "if the practitioner is known to them". As Kozák didn't disclose name of his general practitioner, no report was sent.[1]

The general practitioner could have learned about Kozák's psychiatrical visits also from online database of patient's medical prescriptions. However, reviewing this information is not obligatory and the general practitioner that issued the bill of health failed to do so. The only information in the bill of health for the gun license was that Kozák must wear glasses when using firearms.[1]

According to police ordered post-mortem psychological evaluation, Kozák had personality that was "schizoid with narcissistic and dissociative traits and a very solid IQ", however he did not suffer from any particular mental disorder.[1]

Planning of attack

Police concluded that Kozák had been planning to conduct a mass murder for a long time.[1] He researched information about mass murderers, including the "Forest Killer". In September 2023 he limited his planning to the University and its vicinity.[1] He researched teaching schedules of the fourth floor classrooms and downloaded floorplans both of the building where he attacked as well as the other school building at the Celetná street.[1] He made notes of probable number of students in each of the classrooms.[1] He was further researching public events at the nearby Rudolfinum building, Jan Palach square and other locations at the Prague Old Town.[1]

Kozák received a gift of CZK 300.000 (~USD 13.000) from his grandmother and liquidated CZK 400.000 (~17.000) from long-term savings account. This money as well as income from his airport job was used towards purchases of firearms and ammunition.[1]

Kozák had told several friends about his gun purchases.[1] He shared most information with his friend Alice, whom he informed also about undergoing shooting courses.[1] On 3 November 2023, the perpetrator told Alice that he started exercising as he will have to carry heavy bags in a month or two.[1] On 6 December 2023, Kozák wrote messages to Alice, which according to the investigators show clear determination to commit a murder.[1]

Aftermath

Place of remembrance next to Karolinum, the seat of the Charles University, the day after the attack

The evening after the attack, passersby lit candles and left flowers at the site of the attack.[36] The Charles University Foundation and the community of Klánovice announced humanitarian online fundraisers to help those affected by the tragedy.[65][66] The 2023–24 UEFA Women's Champions League football match between Slavia Prague and St. Pölten, set to be played at home in Prague on the day of the shooting, was postponed.[67] Several other sports and cultural events were also called off,[36] while Christmas markets across of the country were either closed or reduced operations on 23 December.[48] Interior minister Vít Rakušan called on mayors across the country to cancel New Year's fireworks displays in light of the killings and urged citizens to mark the event peacefully out of respect for those traumatised by the shootings.[18]

Following the shooting, police detained four people on suspicion of threatening to stage copycat attacks or expressing approval of the incident, while police presence in selected sites, including schools, were heightened until 1 January 2024.[68]

Authorities responded to several false alarms about potential attacks following the incident, including two bomb-related hoaxes in Prague and in Vaclav Havel airport.[69] In Slovakia, a 64-year-old man in Žilina was arrested by police after calling emergency services and saying that he intended to do "what happened in Prague" on the evening after the attack. He was subsequently charged with spreading general alarm.[70]

At some point after the shootings, Kozák's house in Hostouň was broken into, and subsequently put under police guard.[71]

On 4 January 2024, a march was held from the main building of Charles University to the Faculty of Arts building to commemorate the victims of the shootings, after which students formed a human chain around the building in a symbolic embrace before lighting a fire at Jan Palach square as bells in nearby churches tolled for 14 minutes.[72]

On 26 January 2024, the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic passed a new firearms act which had been in the making since 2017 and which was formally publicly introduced in September 2022.[73] The new act, which will become effective in 2026, includes several changes, such as requiring businesses to report suspicious purchases of firearms and ammunition to police, requiring gun owners to undergo a medical examination every five years as opposed to 10 years under the current laws, giving doctors access to databases to find out if their patients are gun owners, and expanding reasons for preliminary seizure of firearms by police. The legislation passed unopposed in the lower house, and must be approved by the Senate and President Petr Pavel for it to become law.[74][75]

On 14 June 2024, the Czech police closed the investigation. The report was first provided to the relatives of the victims, and later to the general public.[76] Investigators concluded that the shooter was a lone assailant, and that the motive was that he felt misunderstood by society and wanted to draw attention to himself.[77]

Reactions

Domestic

During a vigil at Charles University on 22 December, its rector Milena Králíčková said, "The academic community is shaken, deeply shaken."[78] Prime Minister Petr Fiala cancelled his scheduled events in Olomouc and travelled to Prague shortly after the shooting.[79] President Petr Pavel expressed his "sincere condolences" to the family and friends of the victims via social media, while also cutting short a trip to France.[80][81]

Fiala later announced a day of mourning for 23 December, with flags flying at half-mast and a minute of silence held at noon, along with the ringing of bells for the victims.[36][54] A mass for the victims was also held that day at Saint Vitus Cathedral, which was attended by Pavel, Senate president Miloš Vystrčil, and Chamber of Deputies president Markéta Pekarová Adamová. The service was officiated by Jan Graubner, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Prague, who expressed shock at the incident and expressed the "need to clearly condemn what happened" while also looking into the future. University rector Milena Králíčková also said during the event that "Nobody should be left alone in these tough moments." Religious services for the victims were also held in other parts of the country.[48]

In a social media post, SPD MP Jiří Kobza blamed the "inclusive progressive school system" at the Faculty of Arts for creating the shooter. The post was later deleted.[82][83] The Czech Rectors Conference [cs] called Kobza's post "absolutely shocking, crossing the boundaries of decency, morality, good manners, but also the boundaries of humanity."[84] Charles University announced it would file a criminal complaint against Kobza.[85] On 9 January 2024, Kobza apologized on social media, claiming he was under emotions at the time of his initial post.[86] Charles University called his apology "unsatisfactory" and too late.[87]

International

Many international leaders expressed condolences, including European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen, United States president Joe Biden, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy,[88] Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau,[89] Israeli president Isaac Herzog,[90][91] Slovak president Zuzana Čaputová and prime minister Robert Fico,[92] German chancellor Olaf Scholz,[93] Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán,[94] French president Emmanuel Macron,[95] Finnish president Sauli Niinistö,[96] Pope Francis,[97] and Taiwanese president Tsai Ing-wen.[98]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The number of fatalities includes 14 at the university, the perpetrator's father at his home, and 2 others in the Klánovice Forest.
  2. ^ The Klánovice Forest murders occurred on 15 December 2023, six days before the 21 December shootings.

References

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