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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by TheLonelyPather (talk | contribs) at 14:19, 19 June 2024 (→‎Margaret Street Chapel). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Things to work on:

  • Ecclesiastical history, not only architectural history
    • Significant vicars
  • The "thesis" of the article would be that it is a church founded upon a theological vision (Ang-Cath, Oxford mvnt), instead of merely talking about the architecture
  • All Saints Sisters

All Saints, Margaret Street

All Saints, Margaret Street
Clockwise from upper left: the exterior of All Saints; the chancel and the high altar; a panorama of the interior.
DenominationChurch of England
ChurchmanshipAnglo-Catholic
Websiteallsaintsmargaretstreet.org.uk
History
Consecrated1859
Architecture
Heritage designationGrade I
Architect(s)William Butterfield
StyleGothic Revival
Administration
ProvinceCanterbury
DioceseLondon
Clergy
Bishop(s)Jonathan Baker
Vicar(s)Peter Anthony
Laity
Director of musicStephen Farr

All Saints[a] is an Anglo-Catholic church on Margaret Street in London, England. Originially founded in the late 18th century as Margaret Street Chapel, the church became Anglo-Catholic in the 1830s under the influences of the Oxford Movement, which called for higher liturgy and Orthodox doctrines. The Movement also compelled to build the current church building, which was designed by William Butterfield and completed in 1855.

The church serves as a center of Anglo-Catholicism ... It housed the Society of All Saints Sisters of the Poor in the 19th and 20th centuries.

History

Margaret Street Chapel

According to the Survey of London, Margaret Street Chapel was founded by William Cudworth, who used to be Methodist but later became antinomian. The chapel was built in 1752 and leased to Cudworth in 1754, and there was a nonconformist congregation by 1757.[1] In 1776, the deist David Williams rented the chapel to promote a "universalist liturgy".[2] In the 1780s the chapel was closed[3] before it became a proprietary chapel in the Church of England and its ownership came under the Crown.[2] J. D. Hazlewood was the minister of the chapel for a period of time after its reopening.[4] According to Galloway and Rawll, the chapel looked like an 18th century meeting house of English Dissenters and did not possess architectural significance.[5]

The chapel was damaged in the Titchfield Street fire of 1825. In 1827 the English banker and politician Henry Drummond purchased the site and the building, hoping to promote Irvingism within the Church of England. He also appointed William Dodsworth to be the minister of Margaret Street Chapel in 1829.[6]

Oxford Movement

William Dodsworth (1798–1861) was the minister of Margaret Street Chapel from 1829 to 1837 who introduced the Oxford Movement there.

William Dodsworth became an early follower of the Oxford Movement,[7][8] an 19th-century religious movement in the Church of England that sought a return to Catholic thoughts and practices.[9] It was preceded by an 1820s intellectual revival at Oxford, in particular the Noetics of Oriel College,[10] and its key leaders were John Henry Newman, Richard Hurrell Froude, John Keble, and Edward Bouverie Pusey.[11][9] The Movement's ideas are manifest in the Tracts for the Times, and its adherents were often called "Tractarians".[12] Among its ideas, the Tracts emphasised apostolic succession and the episcopacy,[13] defended the practice of liturgy,[13] and underscored the importance of the eucharist, advocating for its more frequent celebration.[14] Anglo-Catholicism stemmed from the Movement.[15]

Dodsworth introduced many ideas of the Oxford Movement to Margaret Street Chapel.[16] He was a popular preacher,[7][16] and the chapel attracted many London Tractarian supporters.[16] Dodsworth later left Margaret Street Chapel in 1837 to join Christ Church, Albany Street and was succeeded by Charles Thornton.[17] Thornton was the cousin of Edward Bouverie Pusey and also a member of the Oxford Movement. He translated a volume within the Library of the Fathers, a collection of English translations of the works of the Church Fathers, but died in June 1839 before its publication.[18]

Frederick Oakeley, a fellow of Balliol College, Oxford who joined the Oxford Movement in early 1839, left the university and became minister of Margaret Street Chapel on 5 July that year.[19] As minister, Oakeley rearranged the interior of the chapel and practiced Anglo-Catholic high liturgy, making it a "showcase of the liturgical practices of the Oxford movement" according to Galloway and Rawll.[20] James Pereiro also wrote that the chapel was an example of the "new spirit of liturgical worship" of Oxford.[16] In 1845, Oakeley wrote a letter to Charles James Blomfield, Bishop of London, asserting his right to uphold all Roman doctrine. Facing opposition from the bishop, Oakeley gave up his minister license on 3 June[21] and joined the Roman Catholic Church on 29 October that year.[22] He was succeeded by William Upton Richards, assistant minister of the chapel.[22][b]

Members of the Oxford Movement were concerned with the liturgical use of architecture.[23] During his tenure, Oakeley envisioned rebuilding the chapel according to a proper ecclesiastical style and raised about £3,000.[24] His successor Upton Richards continued the project of rebuilding the chapel.[24] Meanwhile, the Cambridge Camden Society, a society studying Gothic architecture, was seeking to build a church that would embody their architectural ideal and provide orthodox liturgy at the same time.[24] In 1845, Alexander Beresford Hope, a leader of the society, realised that the chapel rebuilding scheme could be combined with the society's goal. His proposal received the approval of Richards and Bishop Blomfield.[24] Upton Richards purchased the sites of the chapel and adjoining houses in 1849 in order to build a new church, and the Ecclesiastical District of All Saints' was soon founded on 30 July 1849.[25][c]

The Cambridge Camden Society took charge of the rebuilding and appointed Sir Stephen Glynne and Beresford Hope overseeing the work.[24] Glynne, however, did not participate in the project, and Hope took sole charge.[24] William Butterfield was selected as the architect.[24] Margaret Street Chapel saw its last sermon preached by Charles Marriott on 7 April 1850 and held its final service the next day.[26] Edward Bouverie Pusey laid the foundation stone of the new church on All Saints' Day, 1850.[27] During the construction of the new church, the congregation worshipped in Great Titchfield Street and, after 1855, at 77a Margaret Street.[26] The total cost of the church, including the site and endowments, was around £70,000; several large individual donations helped to fund it.[28]

The Oxford Movement also led to the creation of religious orders for women in England,[29] including one at Margaret Street Chapel (and later All Saints).[30] Upton Richards encountered Harriet Brownlow Byron in 1848 and encouraged her to live a religious life. Brown later moved to 67 Mortimer Street and created a community for people with disabilities and orphaned children.[31] Upton Richards celebrated Eucharist for the community in 1851,[31] and in 1856 they moved to Margaret Street, across from the new church building.[32] On 5 May 1856 Upton Richards received the professions of religious sisterhood of Byron and two other women, and in August they founded the Society of All Saints (Sisters of the Poor). Byron was installed as the Superior of the society by Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford.[32] Maria, Christina Rossetti's older sister, joined the society as an associate sister in 1856.[33] Christina later had associations with the society,[34] working at the society's House of Charity in Highgate in the 1860s.[35][36] The scholar Elizabeth Ludlow argued that Rossetti's poem "Yet a Little While" contains phrases that describe the interior of All Saints, Margaret Street.[37]

All Saints, Margaret Street

On 28 May 1859, Bishop of London Archibald Campbell Tait consecrated the church building of All Saints.[32] Upton Richards served actively for ten years until he suffered strokes in 1869.[38] During his tenure, he established a parochial school on Margaret Street.[39] He remained the vicar of All Saints until his death on 16 June 1873[38] and was succeeded by Berdmore Compton succeeded on 28 October.[40] During Compton's tenure, Archbishop of Canterbury Edward White Benson preached at the church on Ascension Day, 3 June 1886.[41]

Compton's tenure ended in July 1886,[42] and William Allen Whitworth became vicar in November.[43]

Music

A choir school was established at the church in 1843, which provided music for daily choral services. The choir was widely recognised for its excellence and choristers sang at the Coronations of Edward VII (1902), George V (1911), George VI (1937) and Elizabeth II (1953) as well as at Victoria's Jubilees (1887 and 1897). Amongst its alumni is Laurence Olivier. The school closed in 1968,[44] at which point the boys' voices were replaced by adult sopranos. The survival of the choir school had been discussed many years earlier. Writing to parishioners in 1894, the vicar lamented that the changing demography of the area meant that there were now few children left in the parish, and that the number of wealthy patrons in the congregation had decreased as they moved further west.[45]

The present-day choir maintains the exacting standards of its predecessors.

The repertoire for choir and organ stretches from before the Renaissance to the 21st century and includes several pieces commissioned for the church, most famously Walter Vale's arrangement of Rachmaninoff's Liturgy of St John Chrysostom and All-Night Vigil for Western-Rite Mass and Evensong respectively. Rachmaninoff heard Vale's adaptations during his two visits to the church, in 1915 and 1923, and pronounced his approval of them. They are still sung on Palm Sunday.

All Saints' organ is a superb four-manual Harrison and Harrison instrument with 65 speaking stops, built in 1910 to a specification drawn up by Walter Vale. It retains the best of the pipework of its predecessor, the original and considerably smaller Hill organ. Though as big as those found in most cathedrals, it is perfectly tailored to All Saints' smaller dimensions – powerful, but not excessively so, sounding intimate when played quietly, and monumental when loud. Harrison rebuilt it in 1957, replacing the tubular pneumatic action with electro-pneumatic. Electrical blowers replaced the hydraulic blowing plant.

The tonal changes made to 10 stops in 1957 – like those made to many other organs at that time – altered the tone of the instrument, to a very limited extent, to a more 'classical' sound. Therefore, when the organ next required major restoration work, the decision was taken to try to restore the sound nearer to that of 1910: to return it to an 'Edwardian Romantic' organ. The completed restoration was celebrated with two inauguration concerts in March 2003.

Organists have included Richard Redhead, the first organist and remembered today as the composer of Rock of Ages and Bright the Vision, Walter Vale (1907–1939), William Lloyd Webber (1939–1948), John Birch (1953–58), Michael Fleming (1958–68) and Harry Bramma (1989–2004), many of whom wrote music for use at All Saints and beyond.

Directors of Music (selected)
  • 1839–1864 Richard Redhead[46]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sometimes written as All Saints'.
  2. ^ The last name of William is "Upton Richards".
  3. ^ According to Galloway and Rawll, Upton Richards further collected £9,000 for the purchase.[25] Charles Eastlake wrote in 1872 that the total cost for the grounds was £14,500.[24]

Citations

  1. ^ Temple & Thom 2017, pp. 730–731.
  2. ^ a b Temple & Thom 2017, p. 731.
  3. ^ Galloway & Rawll 1988, p. 5.
  4. ^ Whitworth 1891, p. 34.
  5. ^ Galloway & Rawll 1988, p. 6.
  6. ^ Whitworth 1891, p. 35.
  7. ^ a b Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 15 1888, p. 178.
  8. ^ Carter 2017, p. 39.
  9. ^ a b Encyclopedia Britannica 2020.
  10. ^ Nockles 2017, p. 81.
  11. ^ Gilley 2017.
  12. ^ Cooper 2017, p. 137.
  13. ^ a b Cooper 2017, p. 140.
  14. ^ Cooper 2017, pp. 142–143.
  15. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica 2021.
  16. ^ a b c d Pereiro 2017, p. 120.
  17. ^ Whitworth 1891, p. 31.
  18. ^ Pfaff 1973, p. 335.
  19. ^ Galloway & Rawll 1988, pp. 2–5.
  20. ^ Galloway & Rawll 1988, pp. 6, 13.
  21. ^ Galloway & Rawll 1988, pp. 2–8.
  22. ^ a b Galloway & Rawll 1988, p. 13.
  23. ^ Doll 2017, p. 367.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h Eastlake 1872, p. 251.
  25. ^ a b Galloway & Rawll 1988, p. 14.
  26. ^ a b Galloway & Rawll 1988, pp. 15–16.
  27. ^ Whitworth 1891, p. 63.
  28. ^ Eastlake 1872, p. 252.
  29. ^ Engelhardt 2017, p. 387.
  30. ^ Engelhardt 2017, p. 393.
  31. ^ a b Galloway & Rawll 1988, p. 16.
  32. ^ a b c Mayhew 1987, p. 30.
  33. ^ Engelhardt 2017, p. 395.
  34. ^ Thomas 1931, p. 35.
  35. ^ Bell 1898, p. 54.
  36. ^ Gill 2013, p. 21.
  37. ^ Ludlow 2017, pp. 434–435.
  38. ^ a b Galloway & Rawll 1988, pp. 20–21.
  39. ^ Galloway & Rawll 1988, pp. 16–17.
  40. ^ Galloway & Rawll 1988, p. 29.
  41. ^ Galloway & Rawll 1988, p. 33.
  42. ^ Galloway & Rawll, p. 39.
  43. ^ Galloway & Rawll, p. 46.
  44. ^ Crutchley, Leigh (5 November 1968). "Death of a Choir School: All Saints Margaret Street London 1968". BBC Radio. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  45. ^ "All Saints', Margaret Street choir school". The Guardian. 24 October 1894. p. 1650 – via newspapers.com.
  46. ^ Love, James (1841) Scottish Church Music: its Composers and Sources. Edinburgh: Blackwood; p. 233

Sources

Miscellaneous

Periodicals

  • Curl, James Stevens (20 June 1990). "All Saints', Margaret Street". The Architects' Journal. pp. 36–55.
  • Paflin, Glyn (6 November 2020). "The lost painting of All Saints'". Church Times.

Journal articles

Book chapters and sections

  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (20 Aug 2020). "Oxford movement". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2 Nov 2021). "Anglo-Catholicism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  • Love, James (1891). "Redheard, Richard". Scottish Church Music: Its Composer and Sources. William Blackwood and Sons. pp. 232–233.
  • Saint, Andrew (2017). "The 1895 Restoration of All Saints', Margaret Street". In Howell, Peter; Saint, Andrew (eds.). Butterfield Revisited. Studies in Victorian Architecture and Design. Vol. 6. London: The Victorian Society. pp. 113–141. ISBN 978-0901657558.
  • Temple, Philip; Thom, Colin, eds. (2017). "All Saints Church". South-East Marylebone: Part 2. Survey of London. Vol. 52. Yale University Press. pp. 731–747.

Books

Minor sources

  • Mayhew, Peter (1987). "Margaret Street". All Saints: Birth and Growth of a Community. Oxford. ISBN 9780951276402.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Further reading


51°31′02.10″N 00°08′20.64″W / 51.5172500°N 0.1390667°W / 51.5172500; -0.1390667

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