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Short Creek raid

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Short Creek raid
A black-and-white newspaper photograph published in the August 12, 1954 edition of the Nome Nugget. A crowd of men, dressed in pants and shirts and belts, stand in a courtyard outside a single-story schoolhouse. A pole (possibly a flagpole?) appears to be in the middle. At the edges on the left appear to be men in hats (possibly law enforcement?) and on the edge at the right is what appears to be a woman in a dress.
Men from Short Creek gathered at local school
DateJuly 26, 1953 (1953-07-26)
LocationShort Creek Community

The Short Creek raid was an Arizona Department of Public Safety and Arizona National Guard action against Mormon fundamentalists that took place on the morning of July 26, 1953, at Short Creek, Arizona. The Short Creek raid was the "largest mass arrest of polygamists in American history".[1] Law enforcement arrested polygamist men and removed children from their families. Arizona governor John Howard Pyle had invited journalists to view the raid, and the resulting media coverage from multiple outlets was negative, criticizing the raid's tactics and the intrusion upon children.

Events

Mormonism and polygamy
Portrait of five caucasian Latter-day Saints, married to each other in nineteenth-century Latter-day Saint polygamy, against the backdrop of what may be a hedge. All seem to be posing; none face the camera. Leftmost is a woman, seated, her hair done in a high, braided bun, wearing a dress with buttons down the middle; in her hands are an open book. Center-left, standing furthest to the back (though still very much with the portraited group) is a woman, her hair done up but resting low, in a polka-dotted top and a scarf or ascot around her neck and a skirt. She carries a hat, held to her waist. Center is a woman, sort of kneeling or seated (perhaps there is an unseen stool she's sitting on?). She wears a white dress, her hair is done up in a high and large bun and she wears a headband. In her right arm she holds a hat, over her knees; her left arm rests on the lap of the man sitting center right. She may be leaning against his legs. Center-right is a man, wearing a suit jacket of some kind and a high-collared shirt. He is balded and bearded. His left hand is placed over the left arm of the center woman. Rightmost is a woman, her hair done up but resting low, sitting in a visibly wooden (likely handcrafted) chair. She wears a dress with buttons going down the middle. She holds a hat, which looks very like center's hat, over her knees.
A Mormon "Saint" and Wives by Charles Weitfle (c. 1878–1885)
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The schoolhouse where the Mormon fundamentalists were during the raid.

Just before dawn on July 26, 1953, 102 Arizona officers of public safety and soldiers from the Arizona National Guard entered Short Creek. The community, which was composed of approximately 400 Mormon fundamentalists, had been tipped off about the planned raid and were found singing hymns in the schoolhouse while the children played outside. The entire community was taken into custody, with the exception of six individuals who were found not to be fundamentalist Mormons.[2] Time called it "the largest mass arrest of polygamists in American history".[1] Arizona law enforcement took 164 dependent children into custody; a superior court ordered in March 1954 that they be released back to their families.[3] Numerous Short Creek children ended up in foster care and some were never returned to their families.[1] Historian D. Michael Quinn argued that the raid's "only American parallel is the federal actions against Native Americans in the nineteenth century."[4]

Media attention

Arizona Governor John Howard Pyle initially called the raid "a momentous police action against insurrection"[5][6] and described the Mormon fundamentalists as participating in "the foulest conspiracy you could possibly imagine" that was designed to produce "white slaves."[2] More than 100 reporters had been invited by Pyle to accompany the police to observe the raid. However, the raid and its tactics attracted mostly negative media attention; one newspaper editorialized:

By what stretch of the imagination could the actions of the Short Creek children be classified as insurrection? Were those teenagers playing volleyball in a school yard inspiring a rebellion? Insurrection? Well, if so, an insurrection with diapers and volleyballs![7]

Arizona newspapers variously called the raid "odious" and "un-American."[8] Time and Newsweek also covered the raid.[9][10] One commentator has averred that coverage of the raid was "probably the first time in history that American polygamists had received media coverage that was largely sympathetic."[11] When Pyle lost his bid for re-election in 1954 to Democratic candidate Ernest McFarland, Pyle blamed the fallout from the raid as having destroyed his political career.[12]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) owned the Deseret News,[13] a periodical that supported the raid on Short Creek.[14] The News applauded the action as necessary to prevent the fundamentalists from becoming "a cancer of a sort that is beyond hope of human repair."[15] When the paper later editorialized its support for separating children from their polygamist parents, there was a backlash against the paper and the church by a number of Latter-day Saints, including Juanita Brooks, who complained that the church organization was approving of "such a basically cruel and wicked thing as the taking of little children from their mother."[16] The Short Creek raid was the last action against polygamous Mormon fundamentalists that has been actively supported by the LDS Church.[17][citation needed]

Aftermath

After the Short Creek raid, the fundamentalist Mormon polygamist colony at Short Creek eventually rejuvenated.[18] Short Creek was renamed Colorado City in 1960. In 1991, the Mormon fundamentalists at Colorado City formally established the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS Church). The members of the sect did not face any prosecutions for its polygamous behavior until the late 1990s, when isolated individuals began to be prosecuted.[19] In 2006, FLDS Church leader Warren Jeffs was placed on the FBI Ten Most Wanted List; he was arrested in 2007 and in 2011 was convicted in Texas of two counts of child sexual abuse[20] and sentenced to life in prison.[21]

On 3 April 2008, following allegations of physical and sexual abuse by an unidentified caller who claimed to be a 16-year-old girl, law enforcement officers raided a FLDS compound Jeffs had founded in Texas called the YFZ Ranch.[22] As of 8 April, a total of 416 children had been removed from the compound by authorities.[23] A former member of the FLDS Church, Carolyn Jessop, arrived on-site 6 April and stated her opinion that the action in Texas was unlike the Short Creek raid.[24] Others, however, have drawn direct connections between the two events.[25][26]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Cosgrove, Ben (April 20, 2014). "Photos From a Notorious 1953 Raid on a Polygamist Arizona Town". Time.
  2. ^ a b Driggs (1990, p. 367).
  3. ^ Driggs (1992, paragraph 10).
  4. ^ Quinn (1998, p. 12).
  5. ^ Bradley (1993, p. 207).
  6. ^ "Parallels to Short Creek raid in 1953 are pointed out". Deseret News. April 10, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2021. Pyle called it "a momentous police action against insurrection," and described the fundamentalists as "the foulest conspiracy you could possibly imagine," saying it amounted to white slavery.
  7. ^ Arizona Republic, 1953-07-28.
  8. ^ Van Wagoner (1992, p. 294).
  9. ^ "The Great Love-Nest Raid". Time magazine. August 3, 1953. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  10. ^ "People: The Big Raid", Newsweek, 1953-08-03, p. 26.
  11. ^ Stephen Eliot Smith, The "Mormon Question Revisited : Anti-polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause (LL.M. thesis, Harvard Law School, 2005).
  12. ^ Abbie Gripman, "Short Creek Raid Remembered" Archived August 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The Miner, 2002-08-02.
  13. ^ Barringer, Felicity (January 7, 2001). "Of Church, State, and Journalism". The New York Times.
  14. ^ Van Wagoner (1992, pp. 294–295).
  15. ^ Van Wagoner (1992, p. 295).
  16. ^ Van Wagoner (1992, pp. 296–297).
  17. ^ Gordon B. Hinckley, president of the LDS Church, has stated that the decision whether or not to prosecute a Mormon polygamist is "entirely in the hands of the civil officers. It's a civil offence. It's in violation of the law. We have nothing to do with it. We're totally distanced from it. And if the state chooses to move on it, that's a responsibility of civil officers." : Gordon B. Hinckley on Larry King Live, CNN tevevision broadcast, 1998-09-08.
  18. ^ Neil J. Young, "Short Creek's Long Legacy", Slate, April 16, 2008.
  19. ^ "The Primer" Archived 2005-01-11 at the Wayback Machine – Helping Victims of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Polygamous Communities. A joint report from the offices of the Attorneys General of Arizona and Utah.
  20. ^ Wagner, Dennis (24 February 2011). "Jailed sect leader retakes legal control of church". USA Today. McLean, Virginia. Retrieved 6 May 2019
  21. ^ "Polygamist leader Warren Jeffs sentenced to life in prison". CNN.
  22. ^ "52 children taken during raid". The Eldorado Success. April 4, 2008. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
  23. ^ "Texas takes legal custody of 401 sect children". CNN. April 7, 2008. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
  24. ^ Adams, Brooke (April 7, 2008). "People who have left sect go to Texas to help". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on April 8, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
  25. ^ Adams, Brooke (April 11, 2008). "Polygamous crackdown echoes 1953 Short Creek arrests". The Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
  26. ^ "Polygamy: Where religious liberty ends". The Salt Lake Tribune. April 13, 2008. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2008.

Sources

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