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Expo 67

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Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition
Company typeGoverment Crown Corporation
IndustryExpositions
GenreGeneral Exhibition Category 1 World's Fair
Founded1962
FounderPrime Minister John Diefenbaker
Headquarters
Montreal, Quebec
,
Canada
Area served
the world
Key people
Pierre Dupuy, Robert Fletcher Shaw, Andrew Kniewasser, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, Colonel Edward Churchill
Revenue$221,239,872 worth $1.768 billion in 2007 dollars[citation needed]

The 1967 International and Universal Exposition, or simply Expo 67 was the General Exhibition Category 1 World's Fair held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada from April 27 to October 29 1967. It coincided with the Canadian Centennial that year. Expo 67 was originally going to be held in Moscow, to help the Soviet Union celebrate the 50th anniversary of its revolution.

History

Background

The idea of hosting the 1967 World's Fair dates back to 1956. But it was in 1958 when the Conservative Senator Mark Drouin pushed for the exhibition that the idea of hosting a fair to celebrate Canada's centennial began to take shape. Initially offered to Toronto, politicians there rejected the idea, yet Montreal mayor Sarto Fournier backed the proposal. But Canada lost out to Moscow when that city was awarded the fair by the Bureau International des Expositions (B.I.E.). In 1962 the Soviets scrapped plans to host the fair due to financial constraints and concerns about travelers bringing western ideas and customs to the Soviet public.[1] Montreal's new mayor, Jean Drapeau, lobbied the Canadian government to try again for the fair, which they did. On November 13, 1962[2] the B.I.E. changed the location of the World's fair to Canada, and the resulting Expo 67 is the third-best attended of all BIE-sanctioned world expositions, as of 2007 (after Osaka and Paris).

Expo 67 poster, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa (Accession No. 1990-552-1)
Expo 67 poster, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa (Accession No. 1990-552-1)

Several sites were proposed to be the main Expo grounds. One place considered was Mount Royal Park, to the north of the downtown core [3]. It was Drapeau's idea to create new islands in the St. Lawrence river, along with using Saint Helen's Island. It also prevented wild land speculation, that was expected, and overcame opposition from Montreal's surrounding municipalities.[4]

Key people

Expo didn't get off to a smooth start when, in 1963, many top organizing committee officials resigned. One of the reasons for the resignations was that a computer program predicted that the event couldn't possibly be constructed in time.[5] Another, more likely, reason for the mass resignations was the fact that on April 22, 1963, the federal Liberal government of Prime Minister Lester Pearson was sworn in. This meant that former Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's Conservative government appointees on the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition board of directors were likely forced to resign.[6]

Pierre Dupuy, a diplomat in Canada's foreign service, was named Commissioner General, after Diefenbaker appointee Paul Bienvenue resigned from the post in 1963.[7] One of the main responsibilities of the Commissioner General was to attract other nations to build pavilions at Expo.[8] Dupuy would spend most of 1964 and 1965 soliciting 125 countries, spending more time abroad than in Canada during this period.[9]. Dupuy's 'right-hand' man was Robert Fletcher Shaw, the deputy commissioner general and vice-president of the fair's corporation.[10] He also replaced another Diefenbaker appointee, C.F. Carsley, on the board of the Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World Exhibition.[11] Shaw was a professional engineer and builder, and he was in charge when Dupuy was away.[12] Dupuy hired Andrew Kniewasser as the general manager. They called themselves Les Durs, or the tough guys and they were in charge of building Expo.[13] The two main people that were in-charge of organizing the fair were: Quebec Francophone, Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien, director of operations, dubbed "the mayor of Expo"; and Winnipeg Anglophone, Colonel Edward Churchill, director of installations.[14] As Canadian historian Pierre Berton put it, the cooperation between Canada's French and English speaking communities "was the secret of Expo's success–'the Québécois flair, the English-Canadian pragmatism.'"[15] However, Berton also points out that this is an over-simplification of national stereotypes, but Expo did, for a short period anyway, bridge the 'Two Solitudes.'[16]


Montebello conference produces theme

In May 1963, a group of prominent Canadian thinkers including – Alan Jarvis, director of the National Gallery of Canada; novelists Hugh MacLennan and Gabrielle Roy; J. Tuzo Wilson, geophysicist, and Claude Robillard, town planner – met for three days at the Seigneury Club in Montebello, Quebec.[17] The theme, "Man and His World" was based on the 1939 book entitled: "Terre des Hommes (In English it was translated as Wind, Sand and Stars)" by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. In Roy's introduction to the Expo 67 corporation's book, entitled Terre des Hommes/Man and His World, she elucidates the theme:

File:Building the Canadian Pavillion e000756920.jpg
The Canadian pavilion complex, seen here under construction in 1966. All that survives today is the white flat building, which serves as La Toundra Hall and the Parc Jean-Drapeau administration building. National Archives of Canada


In Terre des Hommes, his haunting book, so filled with dreams and hopes for the future, Antoine de Saint-Exupéry writes of how deeply moved he was when, flying for the first time by night alone over Argentina, he happened to notice a few flickering lights scattered below him across an almost empty plain. They "twinkled here and there, alone like stars."

...In truth, being made aware of our own solitude can give us insight into the solitude of others. it can even cause us to gravitate towards one another as if to lessen our distress. Without this inevitable solitude, would there be any fusion at all, any tenderness between human being.

Moved as he was by a heightened awareness of the solitude of all creation and by the human need for solidarity, Saint-Exupéry found a phrase to express his anguish and his hope that was as simple as it was rich in meaning; and because that phrase was chosen many years later to be the governing idea of Expo 67, a group of people from all walks of life was invited by the Corporation to reflect upon it and to see how it could be given tangible form.[18]

The organizers also created seventeen theme elements for Man and his World:[19]

  • Man the Creator: The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
  • Man the Producer: Resources for Man; Man in Control; Progress.
  • Man the Explorer: Man, his Planet and Space; Man and Life; Man and the Oceans; Man and the Polar Regions
  • Man the Provider
  • Man and his Health
  • Man in the Community
  • Labyrinth
  • Habitat 67
  • Du Pont Auditorium of Canada

Construction begins

Construction started on August 13 1963, when Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson pulled a lever that signalled a front-end loader to dump the first batch of fill to enlarge Île Sainte-Hélène.[20] The 25 million tons of fill needed to construct the islands was coming from the Montreal metro's excavations, a public works project that was already under construction before Expo was awarded to Montreal.[21] Expo's initial period of construction mainly centred on enlarging Île Ste-Hélène and creating the artificial island of Île Notre-Dame. While construction continued, the land rising out of Montreal harbour was not owned by the Expo Corporation yet. After the final mounds of earth completed the islands, the grounds that would hold the fair were officially transferred from the City of Montreal to the corporation on June 20, 1964.[22] This gave Churchill only 1042 days to have everything built, and functioning for opening day.

Building and enlarging the islands, along with the new Concorde Bridge built to connect them with the site-specific mass transit system known as the Montreal Expo Express, plus a boat pier, cost more than theSaint Lawrence Seaway project did only five years earlier: this was even before any buildings or infrastructure were constructed.[23] With the initial phase of construction completed, it is easy to see why the budget for the fair was going to be larger than anyone expected. In the fall of 1963, Expo's general manager, Andrew Kniewasser, presented the master plan and the preliminary budget of $167 million for construction: it would balloon to over $439 million by 1967. The plan and budget narrowly passed a vote in Pearson's federal cabinet, passing by one vote, and then it was officially submitted on December 23 1963.[24]

File:Expo67 Logo.gif
Expo '67 logo designed by Julien Hébert

The logo was designed by Montreal artist Julien Hébert. The basic unit of the logo is an ancient symbol of man. Two of the symbols (pictograms of 'man') are linked as to represent friendship. The icon was repeated in a circular arrangement to represent 'friendship around the world'. The font for the text is lower-case bold-face, Optima font. It did not enjoy unanimous support from federal politicians, as some of them tried to kill it with a motion in the Canadian House of Commons.[25]

Theme songs

File:Expo67 Montreal Hey Friend Say Friend Album Cover.jpg
Record album cover for the official theme song

The official Expo 67 Theme Song was composed by Stephane Venne and was titled: "Hey Friend, Say Friend / Un Jour, Un Jour". Complaints were made about the suitability of the song as lyrics mention neither Montreal or Expo 67. The song was selected from an international competition. Over 2,200 entries from 35 countries were made.

But the song that most Canadians associate with Expo was written by Bobby Gimby, a veteran commercial jingle writer who wrote the popular Expo tune "Ca-na-da", which went on to sell over 500,000 copies. Gimby earned the name the "Pied Piper of Canada". The musical score of the song was composed by Ben McPeek, who also created the music played in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry pavilion. In 1971, Gimby granted all future royalties to the Boy Scouts of Canada.

The theme song Something to Sing About was used for the Canadian Pavilion, was initially written for a 1963 television special.

The Ontario pavilion also had its own theme song: "A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow"

Expo opens

Main article: Expo 67 (opening week)

Opening ceremonies

The Official Opening Ceremonies were held on Thursday afternoon, April 27 1967.[26] The ceremonies were an invitation only event,held at Place des Nations. Governor General of Canada Roland Michener proclaimed the fair open, after the Expo flame was ignited by Prime Minister Pearson. On hand were over 7,000 media and invited guests including 53 heads of state. Over 1000 reporters covered the event, which was broadcasted in NTSC Color, live via satellite, to a world-wide audience of over 700,000,000 viewers and listeners.[27]

File:Opening ceremony Expo 67 e001096646.jpg
Opening Ceremonies on April 27, 1967. From left to right Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, Governor General Roland Michener, Quebec Premier Daniel Johnson, Sr, and Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau

Open to the public

Expo 67 officially opened to the public on the morning of Friday, April 28 1967, with a space age style countdown. A capacity crowd at Place d'Accuel participated in the atomic clock controlled countdown that ended when the fair opened at precisely at 9:30 a.m. An estimated crowd of between 310,000 to 335,000 visitors showed up for opening day, as opposed to the 200,000 people the authorities expected.[28] The first person through the Expo gates at Place d'Accueil was Al Carter, a 41 year old jazz drummer from Chicago, who was recognized for his accomplishment by Expo 67's director of operations Philippe de Gaspé Beaubien.[29] Beaubien presented Carter with a gold watch for his feat.[30]

Entertainment and Ed Sullivan Show

File:EdSullivanatExpo.jpg
Ed Sullivan on the minirail as it passes near the Ontario Pavilion at Expo 67

A notable feature of Expo 67 was the World Festival of Entertainment, featuring opera, ballet and theatre companies, alongside orchestras, jazz groups, famous Canadian pop musicians and other cultural attractions.

In addition, The Ed Sullivan Show was broadcast live on May 7 and May 21 from Expo 67. Stars on the shows included America's The Supremes, Britain's Petula Clark and Australia's The Seekers.[31]

Problems

File:General Charles de Gaulle at Expo 67 e000996503.jpg
French President, Charles De Gaulle attracts a crowd at Expo 67 on July 25, 1967.

Despite the successes, there were problems: FLQ terrorists had initially threatened to disrupt the fair, but were inactive during this period. Anti-Vietnam war protesters picketed during the opening day, April 28. American President Lyndon B. Johnson's visit became a focus of anti-war protesters. The president of France, Charles De Gaulle, caused an international incident on July 24 when he addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words of: "Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!" (See Vive le Québec libre speech). He appeared the next day at Expo and received the normal VIP treatment from the Expo staff, as was expected for a head-of-state, despite his diplomatic faux pas. Habitat 67 was not completed by opening day, so it had to be displayed as a work-in-progress, which actually made it even more popular.

Expo ends

The fair closed on Sunday, October 29 1967. More than 50 million visitors (50,306,648) attended Expo 67 at a time when Canada's population was only 20 million, setting a record for World Fair attendance that still stands. The fair was visited by many of the most notable people of the day including Queen Elizabeth II, Lyndon Johnson, Princess Grace, Jacqueline Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy and Charles de Gaulle.

Pavilions

Expo featured 90 pavilions for nations, corporations and industries including the U.S. pavilion, a geodesic dome designed by Buckminster Fuller. Expo 67 also featured the Habitat 67 housing complex designed by architect Moshe Safdie, which is still occupied.

File:Aerial view of whole Expo 67 site e000990829.jpg
April 1967 aerial view of Île Sainte-Hélène on the left and Île Notre-Dame on the right, with most of the Expo 67 site in view, except Habitat 67 and the rest of the pavilions on la Cité du Havre. Source: the National Archives of Canada.

National pavilions

(From the Official Guide of Expo 67)

File:Canadian Pavillion at Expo 67 e000990974.jpg
Katimavik, the Canadian Pavilion at Expo 67
File:Germany Pavilion Expo 67 - Montreal Quebec.jpg
The West Germany Pavilion designed by Frei Otto
File:Night view of American pavillion e001096692.jpg
United States pavilion at night in 1967
File:Israeli Pavilion at night Expo 67 e000990944.jpg
The Israel pavilion at night
File:Venezuela Pavilion at Expo 67 e000990936.jpg
The Venezuela Pavilion at Expo 67

Thematic pavilions

File:Man the Provider Pavilion at Expo 67 e000996018.jpg
Man the Provider theme pavilion on Île Notre-Dame, Expo 67.

(From the Official Guide of Expo 67)

  • Man the explorer - Man and Life; Man his Planet and Space; Man and the Oceans; man and the Polar Regions; Man and his Health.
  • Man the producer - Resources for Man; Man in Control.
  • Man and the creator - The Gallery of Fine Arts; Contemporary Sculpture; Industrial Design; Photography.
  • Man in the community - Seven displays relating Man to the urban life and his interdependence on others.
  • Man the provider - Agriculture.
  • Labryinth - A pavilion of functional architecture designed for the presentation of a new film concept.
  • Habitat 67 - A novel construction project related to Man's housing needs.

Private pavilions

File:0-1967-Expo-Montreal-Canada-PulpandPaperPavilion.jpg
Canadian Pulp and Paper Industry Pavilion
File:Sermons from Science pavilion Expo 67 e000995987.jpg
Sermons from Science pavilion
File:Steel Pavilion at Expo 67 e000990899.jpg
Steel pavilion at Expo 67

Provincial and State Pavilions

File:Ontario pavilion at Expo 67 colour.jpg
Expo 67 - Ontario Pavilion, with the Canadian Pavilion in the background.

Facts and figures

File:Barbados hostestes Expo 67 e000996037.jpg
Hosts at the Barbados pavilion at Expo 67.
  • All figures in 1967 values and in Canadian funds:
    • Cost: $431,904,683
    • Revenue: $221,239,872
      today worth $1.768 billion
    • Deficit: $210,664,811
    • Chief Architect: M. Edouard Fiset (and Jerry Miller, senior assistant architect)
  • Participating Countries:
    • Africa: Algeria, Cameroun, Chad, Congo, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Morocco, Mauritius, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, and Upper Volta
    • Asia: Burma, Ceylon, China (Taiwan), Korea, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Thailand and the United Arab Republic
    • Australia
    • Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Monaco, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, the USSR, and Yugoslavia
    • Latin America: Barbados, Cuba, Grenade, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
    • North America: Canada, Mexico, and the United States
    • Absent countries included The People's Republic of China, Spain, South Africa, and many countries of South America.
  • Bowser and Blue wrote a full length musical set at Expo 67 called "The Paris of America" which ran for 6 sold out weeks at the Centaur theatre in Montreal in April and May 2003.
  • On opening day, there was considerable comment on the uniform of the hostesses from the UK Pavilion. The dresses had been designed to the then new minidress style, which had been introduced in the previous year by Mary Quant. By the middle of the summer, nearly every other pavilion had raised the hem of the uniforms of their hostesses. Canadian women were quick to take to the liberated style of the mini skirt.
  • With the closure of Expo 67, the exhibition site on Saint Helen's Island was used during the next year and several following years as an attraction called "Man & His World" (which was the sub-title of Expo 67). The Montreal Metro (Underground railway) was opened in time for Expo 67, and included a station on St Helen's island to give public transport to the exhibition. This resulted in Montrealers having easy access to the park on the island after all of the other attractions had closed.

Legacy

File:RCMP officer Expo 67.jpg
Crowds in front of the Quebec pavilion.

After 1967, the site struggled on for years as a standing collection of international pavilions known as "Man and His World." However, as attendance declined, the physical condition of the site deteriorated, and less and less of it was open to the public. In 1975 the Île Notre-Dame section of the site was completely rebuilt around the new rowing basin for Montreal's 1976 Summer Olympics. Space for the basin, the boathouses, the changing rooms and other buildings was obtained by demolishing many of the former pavilions and cutting in half the area taken by the artificial lake and the canals. In 1976, a fire destroyed the acrylic outer skin of Buckminster Fuller's dome. With the site falling into disrepair it began to resemble ruins of a futuristic city. In the late 70s, scenes for Robert Altman's post-apocalyptic ice age Quintet were shot on site, as was the "Greetings from Earth" episode of Battlestar Galactica, which portrayed it as the ruins of a city left behind after a biological attack. The music video for the song Ghost Town by Cheap Trick was also shot on this site. Some of the footage showing the United Kingdom pavilion was reused in Buck Rogers. Minor thematic exhibitions were held at the Atlantic pavilion and Quebec pavilion, until the Montreal Casino was built. The remaining original exhibits of the site closed for good in 1982.

Place des Nations as it appeared in 2006.

After the Man and his World exhibition was discontinued, the former site for Expo 67 on Île Sainte-Hélène and Île Notre-Dame, has been incorporated into a municipal park run by the city of Montreal.[33] In the year 2000, the park was renamed from Parc des Îles to Parc Jean-Drapeau, after the mayor that brought the fair to Montreal: Jean Drapeau. In 2006, the corporation that runs the park also changed its name from the Société du parc des Îles to the Société du parc Jean-Drapeau.[33] Two prominent buildings remaining in use on the Expo grounds are the Buckminster Fuller dome (now operating as an environmental sciences museum called Biosphère) and the Habitat 67 residences. Also, the French and Quebec pavilions now form the Montreal Casino. La Toundra Hall,[34]is part of the surviving structural remains of the Canadian pavilion. It is now a restaurant and special events hall.[34] Another part of the pavilion now serves as the administration building of Parc Jean-Drapeau.[35]Katimavik's distinctive inverted pyramid and much of the rest of the Canadian pavilion were dismantled during the 1970s. The Jamaican Pavilion is still standing, and the Place des Nations, where the opening and closing ceremonies were held, also survives. Other remaining structures include sculptures, lampposts and landscaping. The rapid transit subway system still has at least one "Man and His World" logo on a station's wall. La Ronde survives and is expanding. In 2001 it was sold the New York amusement park company Six Flags.[33] The Alcan Aquarium built for the Expo remained in operation for a couple of decades until its closure in 1991.

File:French Pavilion with minirail Expo 67 e000990875.jpg
The France Pavilion with minirail during Expo 67. Today the minirail is gone, but the pavilion exists as the government-administered Montreal Casino.

Another attraction on today's Île Notre-Dame site is the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve race track - which is used for the Canadian Grand Prix. The Olympic basin is used today by many rowing clubs of the area. In summer, an artificial beach, recently built on the shore of the remaining artificial lake, has been very popular. There are many acres of parkland and cycle paths on both Île Sainte-Hélène and the western tip of Île Notre-Dame. In previous years the site has been used for a number of events such as an international botanical festival, Les floralies. The young trees and shrubs planted for Expo 67 are now mature. The plants introduced during the botanical events have flourished also. In the warmest weeks of the summer the two islands are cool, leafy havens compared to the overheated city. In the winter, brave Montrealers skate on the frozen Olympic basin, whipped by the glacial winds coming from the Saint Lawrence River.

In a political and cultural context, Expo 67 was seen as a landmark moment in Canadian history. As the Montreal Star described it: "the most staggering Canadian achievement since this vast land was finally linked by a transcontinental railway". In 1969, as a salute to the cultural impact the fair had on the city, Montreal's new Major League baseball team, the Expos, was named after the event. 1967 was also the year that invited Expo guest Charles De Gaulle on July 24 addressed thousands at Montreal City Hall by yelling out the now famous words of: "Vive Montréal... Vive le Québec ...Vive le Québec Libre!" (See Vive le Québec libre speech). To be later rebutted by Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson: "Canadians do not need to be liberated, Canada will remain united and will reject any effort to destroy her unity". In the years that followed, the tensions between the English and French communities would continue.

Expo 67 was one of the most successful World's Fairs and is still regarded fondly by Canadians. Some even consider it to be one of the biggest events of the 20th century. 1967 is often referred to as "the last good year" before economic decline, Quebec sovereigntism (seen as negative from a federalist viewpoint), and political apathy became common.[36] In 2007, a new group, Expo 17, is looking to bring a smaller-scale – BIE sanctioned – exposition to Montreal for the 50th anniversary of Expo 67 and Canada's Sesquicentennial.[37] Expo 17 hopes a new World's Fair will regenerate the spirit of Canada's landmark centennial project.[37]

References and notes

  1. ^ Berton, p. 267
  2. ^ Berton, p.257
  3. ^ Simms, 1962-11-13
  4. ^ Berton, p. 260
  5. ^ Brown, 1963-11-05
  6. ^ Berton, p. 262
  7. ^ Berton, p. 263
  8. ^ Berton, p. 263
  9. ^ Berton, p. 264
  10. ^ Berton, p.264
  11. ^ Berton, p.264
  12. ^ Berton, p.264
  13. ^ Berton, p.264
  14. ^ Berton, p.265
  15. ^ Berton, p. 269
  16. ^ Berton, pp.269-270
  17. ^ Berton, p. 258
  18. ^ Roy G., p. 24
  19. ^ Roy G., Table of contents
  20. ^ Berton, p. 259
  21. ^ Berton, pp. 260,262
  22. ^ Berton, p. 263
  23. ^ Berton, p. 263
  24. ^ Berton, p.261
  25. ^ Berton, p. 262
  26. ^ Back to the Future, Opening Ceremonies television broadcast
  27. ^ Back to the Future, Opening Ceremonies television broadcast. During the original 1967 CBC broadcast, reporter Lloyd Robertson mentioned the estimated audience numbers on air.
  28. ^ Berton, p. 272
  29. ^ Berton, p. 272
  30. ^ Berton, pp.272-273
  31. ^ Back to the Future, clips from the Ed Sullivan show
  32. ^ Expo guide book, p. 178
  33. ^ a b c "History" (HTML). Parc Jean-Drapeau. City of Montreal. Retrieved 2007-04-30. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  34. ^ a b "Room Rental La Toundra Hall" (HTML). parc Jean-Drapeau. City of Montreal. Retrieved 2007-04-29. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  35. ^ "The Canadian pavillion" (HTML). Buildings with a tale to tell. City of Montreal. Retrieved 2007-04-29. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  36. ^ Berton, Book Jacket and pp.358-364
  37. ^ a b "Expo 17 Proposal" (PDF). Expo 17. 2007-04-21. Retrieved 2007-05-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)


See also

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Preceded by World Expositions
1967 		Succeeded by
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